Everything about or about Indian Land

There is a continent in the United States called "Indiana" which is a "reservation" for Indians and Indian lands

There is a road called the "Trail of Tears"

Also known as Amerindian or Amerind.

Also known as Native Americans, it is the general name for all indigenous peoples of the Americas except Eskimos. Indians are the native peoples of America. This race of people is distributed in various countries in North and South America and belongs to the American branch of the Mongoloid race. Indian languages ??are spoken, including more than a dozen language families, and there is still no generally accepted classification of languages.

The Indians were formerly called Red People because their skin was often red. It was later learned that these red colors were a misconception due to the habit of wearing red paint on their faces.

Researchers believe that the ancestors of the Indians may have crossed the Bering Strait from Asia to the Americas about 20,000 years ago, or passed through the frozen strait land bridge. They share some cultural characteristics with their Asian contemporaries, such as the use of fire, dog training, and certain special rituals and medical treatments.

After more than 20,000 years of differentiation, the Indians have produced many different ethnic groups and languages. They have established four empires in history, the most important of which are the Aztec Empire in Central America and the South American Empire. The Inca Empire in the Americas invented Mayan writing and had profound knowledge in astronomical research. It provided the world with crops such as corn, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, and cocoa. Due to the colonists' persecution and killing of Indians and the destruction of Indian culture, there are not many remaining ancient civilization materials. However, current research has attracted more and more attention from the archaeological community, and American countries have also begun to vigorously excavate ancient Indians. Di'an culture.

North America

The Paleo-Indians of the West, the Great Plains, and eastern North America had similar economic activities despite different environments. In what is now the western United States—from Oregon to northern Mexico, from the Pacific Coast to the east of the Rockies—there are scattered desert culture Indians who make a living by hunting and gathering fruits, but have already developed primitive agricultural technologies.

In the late Archaic period, there were progressive developments in tool technology, such as grooved stone axes and stone hammers, and there was a trading system between tribes in different geographical areas. From 3000 BC to 2000 BC, the climate became warmer, so some Indians followed the grazing bison into the Saskatchewan River and the Alberta region, and some even went further north into the Arctic. Tundra.

Around 2000 BC, indigenous people in the southwestern United States began to cultivate corn. A.D. 200-700 was a cold period that hindered agricultural development. Between 700 and 1200, a village-based culture developed in the Mississippi Valley, characterized by advanced farming methods and complex religious rituals. During this period, the indigenous people scattered throughout the southwest, such as the Anasazi, Mogollon, and Hohokam, all belonged to pre-Pueblo society. The Mogollon agricultural technology was improved by the Anasazi, using rain and channeled river water to irrigate crops; the Hohokam culture in southern Arizona used irrigation to maintain its agricultural economy. During the first 1,000 AD, the Pueblo culture developed techniques for building dwellings out of stone and made significant advances in pottery. The period from 1300 to 1700 was the regressive Pueblo period. As residents moved east and south, many stone houses were abandoned. The modern Pueblo period began in the late 16th century, when the Spanish came to settle the area. Certain features of Pueblo culture and farming methods still exist today.

During the colonial era, European countries adopted different policies to treat North American Indians. The Spaniards absorbed the indigenous people into becoming Christians and settled them in designated areas. The French established trade relations with the Indians. In 1763, the British announced that the area west of the Appalachian Mountains would be allocated to the indigenous peoples, which would be effective until the end of British rule, and then be adopted by the United States. After gold was discovered in California in 1848, many whites moved westward, and a long-term war broke out between white Europeans and Indians over land, including the Custer War in 1876 between the Sioux and Cheyenne. Massacre. In 1887, most Indians moved to reservations. In that year, the Dawes General Allotment Act caused the Indians to lose nearly 348,100 square kilometers (134,400 square miles) of land. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 implemented measures to improve the lives of Aboriginal people. Since the 1950s, as a result of new policies and social concerns about civil rights, Indians have established many organizations and drawn national attention to their problems.

Central America

More than 10,000 years ago, Indians entered Central America between Nicaragua and northern Mexico. The development of farming technology can be traced back to around 4500 BC. Due to the agricultural Steady advances in technology led to the establishment of an agricultural society around 2000 BC. As food supplies became more stable, small settlements evolved into large towns and stimulated the growth of pottery and other works of art. The first 1,000 AD is called the Classical Period, with the rise of the Mayan civilization, when people were ruled by a priestly class. Their most important god was the harvest god Tlaloc, whose symbol was the jaguar, a common theme in surviving carvings. In later cultures, the jaguar was replaced by the traditionally more warlike eagle, and human sacrifice became a common religious practice. Around 1000 AD, the Toltec and Aztec empires replaced these religiously based societies until the Spanish invasion in the 16th century. At its peak, the Aztec Empire controlled almost all of Central America.

The earliest ethnic groups that immigrated can be divided into several different cultural branches according to the area where they live. One of them made a living on the coast, desert and mountainous areas of what is now northwestern Mexico. Another group of Tarascos settled in the mountains of Michoacan. The Mayans occupy parts of Guatemala, the Yucatan Peninsula and Chiapas in Mexico. The Aztecs were concentrated in the highlands of central Mexico and today's Mexico City. The fifth branch is on the southern coast and highlands of Mexico. The cultural characteristic of Central American Indians is that they settle in small communities, with individual families as the basic unit, and men and the elderly occupy leadership positions. Community activities are centered around the market, and another center is government agencies. Government officials also preside over religious ceremonies. Although Catholicism introduced by the Spanish is the main way of worship, spirit worship, superstition and divination still exist.

European industrial technologies and tools were introduced to Central America with the conquests of the Catholic Church and the Spanish. Later, mineral deposits, farms, and cattle herds became the economic center of colonial society. The revolution of 1821 enabled Spanish and other mixed-race descendants born in Mexico and Guatemala to break away from European control and form a new republican government. In 1910, another revolution occurred in Mexico, which swept away exclusive social and economic policies and began to recognize the political, cultural and economic contributions of Indians. In the late 20th century, more complete indiscriminate treatment of Indians emerged in Mexican urban and rural societies.

South America

According to archaeological records, South American civilization began in 10,000 BC, when the first batch of North and Central American immigrants arrived. They settled in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, southern Chile, the south-central plains of the Mansion Valley region, and parts of the central Andes. Their groups are based on kinship, and their classes are defined by gender and age. These nomadic groups were later replaced by highly agricultural societies. Agrarian societies are located in the Arawak coast and inland forest areas of Brazil and the Greater Antilles. Because they had plenty of food, they were able to maintain large and stable social units. Other peoples who settled on the Caribbean coast and in the northern Andes developed more complex social organizations based on military and religious rituals and with the support of agricultural technology.

The indigenous civilization of South America took root in the central Andes around 2300 BC. Since then, it has progressed rapidly, developing agriculture and technology for thousands of years. Around AD 1000, there were the kingdoms of Chimu and Tiwanaku, and later the Inca Empire. The Inca's prosperity did not decline until the Spanish invasion in the 16th century. Its territory stretched from Peru to northern Chile and developed efficient irrigation systems and complex systems for controlling food production, storage and distribution. The population peaked at 3.5 million. Its social classes are divided into hereditary royal families, nobles, craftsmen and farmers. The most significant innovation of Inca civilization was the achievement of replacing customs with laws to formulate social organizations and high-level artistic products.

The European conquest of South America in the 16th century completely replaced the agricultural and political habits of the Inca Empire with Spanish methods, and Catholicism also replaced the Inca religion. The Inca nobles and artisan classes were integrated into the colonial class system, while the peasants were reduced to laborers. In lightly developed areas, the Inca people still maintained some of their cultural traditions and maintained economic transactions with modern industrial centers. Other South American Indians, such as the Araucanians, successfully resisted Spanish rule until the late 19th century when they were suppressed, assimilated or sent to reservations.