Help urgently! The living conditions of black Americans! ! !

In the history of the United States, at the beginning of immigration to the United States, various races often lived together, but once they gained a foothold, this kind of residence

The boundaries of life will be broken. And black people have been living together since they entered the city in large numbers. according to

Statistics from the 2000 census in the United States show that more than 60% of blacks live in big cities and are highly concentrated.

Three fifths of the people living in the community are black, and the community is in a relatively closed state. As we all know, black people live in compact communities.

In today's American cities, this area is a so-called "problem block", and poverty, unemployment, crime, single-parent families and other societies are widespread.

There will be problems. This paper aims to analyze the formation and present situation of black community, explain its causes and discuss its governance.

Road, the governance of black settlements is also the focus of American society at present.

First, the formation of black communities.

The formation of black societies can be roughly divided into three stages: (1)1900-1940: the emergence of societies. (2) 1940- 1970

The development of residential areas. (3) 1970- Up to now: deterioration of residential areas.

1900 years ago, there was no racial segregation between blacks and whites in both northern and southern cities.

It is very serious, one of the reasons is that the vast majority of blacks live in remote areas in the south. At 1870, the figure is.

80%, when the urbanization rate was extremely low. With the shortage of labor force in the north during and after the First World War, agriculture in South China

The weak economy and the "pull" and "thrust" produced by these two aspects have caused a large number of blacks to leave their homeland in the south and go to the north.

Seeking a better life is the first great black migration in American history. The result of this great migration is 19 10 year.

Between 1920, 572,000 blacks left the south, while 1920 was 877,000. Due to the Great Depression of 1930,

The number of people decreased slightly, but it also maintained the momentum of 473,000. A large number of blacks flocked to the big cities in the north, not only to find jobs,

The first problem is housing, which is the background of the emergence of black communities.

When discussing the reasons for the formation of black settlements, American scholars pointedly pointed out that the formation of black settlements is not simply black.

The increase in population is due to fewer and fewer residential areas that can accept blacks. In other words, white people are right.

Racial discrimination against blacks directly led to the emergence of black settlements. The first means used by white people is violence. 1900- 1920.

During 1998, racial riots occurred in new york, Chicago and other places, and the houses of black families living in non-black areas were destroyed.

Black people who were destroyed and rushed into white areas were beaten or shot, and even lynched. In this way, in order to avoid racial disaster, blacks gradually

They formed their own community, which was called "black belt", "black city" and even "black ghost town" by white people. With the black community

Enlargement, the way white people take has also changed from simple violence to some "legal" hidden ways, such as setting up community organizations.

It is called improving community safety and housing prices. In fact, it is to prevent blacks from moving in and maintain racial boundaries. They threatened to buy.

Real estate developers who sell houses to blacks do not patronize shops that have business dealings with blacks. The most important means is to use "restrictions"

Housing contract "in order to bind the owners, the owners must declare that they will not sell or rent their property to blacks. If they violate it, the owners will."

Until 1948, the supreme court ruled that the "restriction of residence contract" was illegal.

Before 1940, the famous black communities in northern cities were Watts, Harlem, new york and Chicago.

Brother, south district, etc. Because industrialization and urbanization in the south lag behind those in the north, black communities appeared after 1940.

It began to take shape in southern cities.

The second stage of the formation of black community was after 1940, especially after World War II. Except the city.

In addition to the rapid expansion of urban population and the shortage of housing, the federal government's policies accelerated the development of black settlements during this period, making

A larger second-generation or even third-generation black community has emerged.

After World War II, blacks once again left remote areas in the south and poured into big cities. It was 170 in the 1940s.

Ten thousand people, 654.38+0.5 million in the 1950s, and 654.38+0.4 million in the 1960s, exceeding the number of the first great black migration. On 1950

In the twenty years from 2000 to 1970, the proportion of blacks in Chicago rose from 14% to 33%, and in Philadelphia from 18% to.

34%, Cleveland rose from 16% to 38%, Detroit rose from 14% to 44%, and the proportion of blacks in Newark was 1970.

The example is 54%, and Washington is 7 1%. The sudden increase in the number of black people, coupled with the war, has stopped many housing construction projects in China.

After the war, a large number of soldiers were demobilized. With the arrival of the baby boom after the war, housing shortage became a social problem. The first one is

It is black. Black communities are crowded.

The federal government played an unshirkable role in the development of black settlements after the war. Its performance is in two aspects, one is

Some government-funded housing projects are obviously racist; Second, the "urban renewal movement" did not solve the black problem.

People's housing problem, and make it more serious.

1933, the government established the "Housing Owners Loan Company" (HOLC for short) for the following purposes.

It is to ensure that urban residents get reasonable housing loans. In the 1940s and 1950s, the Federal Housing Agency was established one after another.

Housing Authority (FHA), Veterans Administration, Virginia), FHA and

VA injected millions of dollars of loan funds into the housing industry after the war, which promoted the rapid development of the housing industry, especially in the suburbs.

Exhibition. In their loan issuance, these two institutions follow the practice of "owners' loan companies" and divide residential areas into four categories.

Decided the direction of the loan. Black communities are classified as the fourth category, which are red zones and "danger zones" and basically can't get loans.

In addition, FHA also publicly claimed that "in order to keep the neighborhood stable, it is necessary to keep property for the same society and race".

Class possession ". For example, during the period of 1934-1960, in St. Louis, the black population accounted for 40%, and the suburbs outside the city were mainly white.

Compared with St. Louis county, the total amount of loans obtained by St. Louis county is nearly six times that of St. Louis city. Due to FHA classification

Authority also affects the flow of private loans, making the inner city black area lack of capital flow and the real estate market transaction volume is small.

In the article, house prices have fallen, and many houses have fallen into a vacant and abandoned situation.

According to "1949 Housing Law" and "1954 Housing Law", since the end of 1940s, American cities have become more urbanized.

The "new movement" refers to the transformation of the city, especially the central area of the city, by local authorities with the help of federal funds.

Slums in the inner city. On the surface, it should be beneficial to the black community, but the actual effect is the opposite. At that time,

Some people criticize that the "urban renewal movement" just means "black people move". The reason is because of the huge black community

Close to the downtown business district, the location is good, attracting developers to develop commercial uses in these areas.

Instead of transforming it into a house that the poor, especially black people, can afford. Take Atlanta as an example, because cleaning up the nearby center

Low-income community housing in CBD caused a large number of residents to lose their housing, and by the end of 1968, 95% of these people.

They are all black, replaced by stadiums and some commercial buildings. In addition, in the process of "urban renewal", it is often "knocked down"

There will always be more houses than rebuilt ",although in 1968, the federal government repeatedly asked no city to tear down houses.

Houses, rather than building new houses, still caused population expansion and housing shortage in black areas.

Because of the resistance of white people, it is very difficult to resettle the black residents who lost their houses because of slum cleaning. The only way out is

Move to an existing black community far from the central business district. Or take Atlanta as an example, which was newly built in the late 1960s and is about to be completed.

Workers' low-income residential areas (public houses) are located in the west and southeast of the city and are traditional black communities.

At that time, the west and southeast districts were already overcrowded and could no longer accept residents. The schools and municipal facilities here are also unbearable.

Pressure, the black leaders in Atlanta believe that the relocation project of the municipal government is to rebuild the black community, and the appeal should be in the north of the city.

The construction of low-income housing in the Ministry and the northeast (white residential areas) was strongly resisted by whites. "Urban Renewal Movement" Yes.

For blacks in Atlanta, the result is a high population density. 1967, 88% of the city's high-density areas are there.

In the west and southeast where blacks live in concentrated communities, in 1959, the population of black communities accounted for 35.7% of the city's population, and the land occupied was 16.7%.

The population of 1965 is 43.5% of the whole city. Covering an area of only 22%, the residential isolation index has also developed from 65438+87.4 in 0940 to 1950.

1965 438+0.5, 1960 65438+93.5, ranking third in the country, and the congestion in black communities is four times that of white communities, 40%.

Black people live in overcrowded houses.

In order to fully accommodate blacks in black residential areas and save costs, developers have developed public houses into high-rise buildings.

For example, the robert taylor residential area in Chicago is 2 miles long, spanning 4 blocks, with 28 towers and 16 floors, which is very beautiful at present.

One of the poorest communities in China, its original site is the traditional black belt of Chicago in the 1940s.

Because of the high concentration of blacks and the poor living environment, it laid the groundwork for the urban riots of blacks in the 1960 s.

The third stage of black community development is after 1970. Despite the civil rights movement and economic prosperity in the United States,

However, instead of improving, the situation in the inner city's black areas has become worse, and because the black middle class has begun to leave the city.

Class differentiation between urban and black areas has also begun to appear.

Three civil rights laws passed in the 1960s, especially the housing law of 1968, gave blacks the freedom to choose their place of residence.

However, due to deep-rooted racial discrimination and economic reasons (except for a few upper-middle-class blacks), blacks are absolute.

Most of them still live in settlements in the city center, and 60% of blacks are concentrated in 30 big cities across the country. The following table comes from

The side reflects that racial discrimination and prejudice are the fundamental reasons for the existence of black settlements.

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