[High School Regional Geography Summary] Advanced high score.

Key points of reviewing world regional geography:

General description:

1, Seven Continents (Note the scope of South America, North America and Latin America) Antarctica is the continent with the longest longitude span and the highest terrain.

2. The location of the four oceans (which continents are surrounded); And famous islands in the ocean. The Arctic Ocean is the ocean with the longest longitude span.

3. Main traffic arteries in the world and their conditions (including canals and straits).

Asia:

1, the monsoon climate is remarkable.

2. Characteristics of Japan's natural environment; Reasons for rapid economic development; Industrial distribution characteristics; Major industrial areas.

3. Southeast Asian countries; Tropical cash crops in Southeast Asia; Analyze the reasons for Singapore's rapid economic development;

4. The location of India; Main products; Asia has the most cultivated land.

5. The location of Central Asia; Main products.

6. Analyze the strategic position of West Asia in the world; (Three continents and five oceans are rich in resources)

Africa:

1, East African Rift Zone; Climate types are distributed symmetrically in the north and south.

2. Suez Canal in Egypt; The output of long-staple cotton ranks first in the world.

Europe:

1, with the most tortuous coastline (Norwegian fjord-glacier erosion); The lowest terrain.

2. Typical temperate maritime climate and Mediterranean climate;

3. Famous rivers-Rhine, Danube, Seine and Thames, as well as major countries, famous cities and major industrial areas that flow through them.

4. Familiar with major European countries; European Union.

5. The relative geographical position of Britain and France; Their main economic characteristics; Old industrial areas and new industrial areas in Britain.

6. The location of Germany; Analyze the favorable conditions for industrial development in Ruhr, Germany.

7. Understand Russia's neighbors; The location of Moscow and Murmansk.

8. Understand the relative position of Balkan countries.

North America:

1, North America; The influence of topography on climate; Minerals in various regions.

2. Great Lakes; And the surrounding industrial cities.

3. Analyze the favorable conditions for industrial development in the northeast of the United States.

4. Analyze the reasons for the rapid development of Silicon Valley, the center of American electronics industry.

5. The distribution of agricultural belt in the United States; Benefits of specialized agricultural production.

6. Be familiar with the location of Central America and the West Indies.

South America:

1, the main topographic areas and climate types in South America; Influence of Andes on climate in South America.

2. The location of Brazil; Famous products.

Oceania:

1, the range of Oceania (note the position of meridian 180 degrees in the northern and southern hemispheres).

2. The origin of artesian wells in Australia; Distribution of semi-circular climate types.

3. Famous Australian products; The locations of Canberra and Sydney.

Antarctica:

1, Antarctic contour features; Determine the position of the outer ocean.

2. Location of Zhongshan Station and Great Wall Station in China.

3. The significance of Antarctic expedition. (Comparative analysis of the significance of China's scientific investigation in the Arctic)

The dividing line of seven continents in regional geography (pay attention to the scope of South America, North America and Latin America)

First, the natural dividing line between South America and North America; The political dividing line between North America and Latin America.

The dividing line between Asia and Africa

C Asia-Europe dividing line: Ural Mountain, ural river, Caucasus Mountain and Turkish Strait.

D. Antarctica is the continent with the longest longitude span and the highest terrain; Europe is the lowest continent; Asia is the largest continent.

The location of the four oceans (which continents are surrounded); And famous islands in the ocean.

A, which continents are surrounded by?

B. Islands: Pacific-Hawaii Islands, New Zealand North and South Islands Pacific-Hawaii Islands, Malay Islands, New Zealand North and South Islands Atlantic-Greenland, Iceland Indian Ocean-Colombo Island, Madagascar Arctic Ocean are the oceans with the longest longitude.

Main traffic arteries in the world and their conditions (including canals and straits).

A Suez Canal with a navigable capacity of 260,000 tons; Panama Canal-The navigation capacity is 50 million to 654.38 million tons.

B Straits of Malacca, Gibraltar, strait of magellan, Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, Mande Strait, the Strait of Hormuz, Turkish Strait and Bering Strait.

Developed and developing countries:

Developed countries: more than 20, mainly distributed in Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania and Japan.

Developing countries:/kloc-more than 0/50, mostly in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

2. Asia: 1. Monsoon climate is remarkable: (tropical monsoon, subtropical monsoon, temperate monsoon, continental monsoon and maritime monsoon)

2. Japan: (1) Natural environment characteristics: 1. Familiar with place names: Four major islands, Seto Inland Sea, Sea of Japan, Pacific Ocean, Kanto Plain, Tokyo Bay, Mount Fuji and Hokkaido Fishing Ground. A, island country, winding coastline. -What a nice port. Such as Yokohama (the largest port), Nagoya, Osaka, Kobe and Kitakyushu. B, 3/4 are mountainous areas; Marine monsoon climate (warm in winter and cool in summer. )-The forest coverage rate ranks first in the world (68%); Rich in water power. C, located in the Pacific Rim volcanic earthquake zone-multi-volcano, earthquake. (Mount Fuji is an active volcano of 3,776 meters,1Hanshin earthquake in 995) D. Poor mineral resources-the fuel and raw materials needed for industry need to be imported in large quantities. Imported iron ore, oil and coal with superior maritime conditions: iron ore-imported oil from Australia, Brazil and India-charcoal from the Middle East and Southeast Asia-China.

(2) Characteristics of Japan's economic development: A, a highly developed capitalist country B, favorable conditions for economic development: many harbors, many advantages in human resources and high level of science and technology. Disadvantages: poor mineral resources and narrow market. C, import raw materials, export industrial products, and vigorously explore the domestic market. Metallurgical, petrochemical, automobile, shipbuilding, electronics and other industries are the main industrial sectors in Japan. D. Japanese industry follows the layout principle of "close to the consumer market and close to the foreign trade outlet", and the industrial zones are concentrated in the Pacific coast and the inland sea coast of Seto. Four industrial zones: Keihin, Hanshin, Nagoya, Kitakyushu and Seto Inland Sea.

3. Southeast Asia: (1) Familiar with the geographical location of Southeast Asian countries; (2) Familiar with Southeast Asian products: natural rubber, cinchona cream, tin (Malaysia) and petroleum. -"Single economy"

A. What are the advantages of developing tropical cash crops in Southeast Asia? A hot and humid climate; fertile/rich/fecund soil

B. what are the adverse effects of analyzing the single economy in southeast Asia? Primary products are at a disadvantage in national trade because they are cheap in the international market.

(3) Singapore is like a newly industrialized country in Southeast Asia. What are the reasons for its development?

A, located in the throat of Malacca Strait, in the center of Southeast Asia, has become a distribution center and entrepot center for mutual trade among Southeast Asian countries. B, in view of the shortage of resources, small area and narrow market, make full use of China's advantages of large population and advanced technology to develop entrepot trade (processing trade). C. Give full play to the advantages of tourism ("world garden" city) Why did Singapore become a "world garden" city?

1. The tropical rain forest climate is suitable for the growth of tropical trees and flowers. B. Reasonable municipal planning: heavy industry is concentrated in the west, and pollution is distributed on small islands far away from the urban area. C, environmental protection work done in-depth.

4. Geographical location of India (1) Familiar with the geographical location of South Asia: Ganges River, Brahmaputra River, Indus River, Ganges Delta, Ganges Plain, Indus Plain and New Delhi.

Main products: coal, iron, manganese, cotton, wheat, rice and jute.

(2) Unique tropical monsoon climate: There are three seasons in a year: April-May is the hot season (the southwest monsoon has not come yet, the temperature is very high and precipitation is scarce. June-September is the rainy season (southwest monsoon prevails, with abundant precipitation and frequent floods). ) 10—— March of the following year is a cool season (the northeast monsoon prevails and the weather is warm and dry. As hot season and cool season are both dry seasons, a year can also be divided into dry season (10-May) and rainy season (June-September).

(3) India's arable land area is 65438+73 million hectares, ranking first in Asia, which provides a good foundation for agricultural development. However, due to the concentration of precipitation in rainy season, the precipitation in dry season is scarce, and the precipitation changes greatly during the year, and floods, droughts and cold are frequent, so the development of water conservancy irrigation is particularly important for agricultural production.

5. Central Asia (1) Importance of Central Asia's geographical location: Since ancient times, it has been the only place for east-west traffic in the Eurasian continent. Central Asia lives in the center of the continent, far from the ocean. The famous ancient "Silk Road" runs through southern Central Asia. The Silk Road starts from Xi 'an and Weishui River basins in China in the east, passes through Hexi Corridor, Amu Darya River and Syr Darya River in Xinjiang in the west, and reaches the eastern Mediterranean. Historically, the Silk Road promoted friendly exchanges between Europe, Asia and Africa and China. In modern times, the railway in Xinjiang, China has been in line with the railway in Kazakhstan, thus forming the second continental bridge between Asia and Europe, a railway line from Li Anyun Port in China, Jiangsu and west across Central Asia to western Europe. (2) Central Asia is an important cotton producing area in the world: Uzbekistan is known as the "Platinum Country". (cotton)

Central Asia's main export materials: wheat, cotton, livestock products (fine wool sheep, lamb skin)

6. Analyze the strategic position of West Asia in the world (three continents and five seas, but rich in resources).

(1) Be familiar with the map of West Asia and master the major oil-producing countries, Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz, etc. (2) The reasons why West Asia has become a strategic place: A. Located in five seas and three continents, the geographical position is very important. (Turkish Strait, the Strait of Hormuz, Suez Canal) B. It is the region with the largest oil reserves, the largest output and the largest export volume in the world. Reserves account for more than half of the world, production accounts for global 1/3, and exports account for 60% of the world. West Asia oil is mainly exported to Japan, the United States and Western Europe.

(3) Agricultural development in West Asia is inseparable from irrigation. (irrigated agriculture)

Europe: peninsulas, islands and bays with the most tortuous coastline. (Place names: Four peninsulas, Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea, North Sea, Barents Sea, Norwegian Sea and English Channel. The European continent is deeply influenced by the ocean. Compared with Asia at the same latitude, the winter is milder, the summer is cooler, the annual temperature difference is smaller and the seasonal distribution of precipitation is more uniform. Norwegian fjords-Glacier erosion formation.

2, the sixth district (6.5438+million square kilometers); The lowest terrain (mainly plain terrain). 3. It has the most typical temperate maritime climate and Mediterranean climate in the world.

(1) Analyze the typical causes of temperate maritime climate? (mainly distributed in western Europe) Most of Europe is located in the prevailing westerly belt (review the knowledge about pressure belt and wind belt). There is a strong North Atlantic warm current in the western coastal waters, which goes directly to the West Barents Sea in the Arctic Ocean. The west wind blows over the warm current, bringing warm and humid air into the interior of the European continent, which is mild and rainy. The European coast twists and turns, and the mountains mostly extend in the east-west direction, which is conducive to the deepening of the influence of the west wind and the ocean.

(2) Features of maritime climate: mild winter, cool summer, rainy year-round, more autumn and winter, more rainy days and less sunshine. Lack of sunlight is not conducive to the growth of crops. But it is beneficial to the growth of juicy grass.

(3) Analyze the causes of Mediterranean climate? (mainly distributed in the Mediterranean region of southern Europe) It is controlled by the westerly belt in winter-mild and rainy (review the movement law of pressure belt and wind belt) and controlled by the subtropical high pressure belt in summer-the dry-hot vegetation is subtropical evergreen hardwood broad-leaved forest. Rich in olives, lemons, figs, oranges and so on.

4. Familiar with major European countries.

When looking at the picture, pay attention to the relationship between the river and the country it flows through, the river and the city it flows through, and the river and the industrial zone it flows through. Famous rivers-Rhine, Danube, Seine and Thames. )

5. Introduction The European Union, formerly known as the European Economic Community (EEC), is an international economic organization in Europe, established in 1957. Its member countries are Ireland, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Italy and Italy. In February, EU countries signed the EU Treaty in Maastricht, the Netherlands. The treaty came into force in June 1993 1 1, and the former European body was renamed the European Union. Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the EU. The status and role of the EU in the world is increasing day by day, and it has become an important economic force in the world.

6. Germany is familiar with the geographical location of Germany; Germany 1990 10 unified, full name of the Federal Republic of Germany, capital Berlin.

Analyze the favorable conditions for industrial development in Ruhr, Germany.

Germany is the strongest country in Europe; The trade volume is comparable to that of the United States. Ruhr is a famous industrial zone in Europe and even the world. Advantages: A, rich in coal resources (lignite production ranks first in the world) B, located in the railway transportation hub of East and West Europe, South Europe and Northern Europe, with the Rhine River running through the whole territory, rich in water resources and convenient shipping. C, strong scientific and technological strength. The industrial sector is famous for its coal, steel and chemical industries. Germany's emerging industries are developing southward. Such as Munich-aerospace, aircraft and electronics industries.

7. Britain and France: The relative geographical position of Britain and France: The English Channel compares the main natural features of Britain and France.

The capital of Britain and France (the river that flows through it), London (Thames), Paris (Seine), the largest seaport, Marseille, London (Mediterranean coast).

Major industrial zones and centers: central England, Scotland (electronics), London (old and new industrial centers), Birmingham (steel), Manchester (textiles) and Aberdeen (petroleum).

Paris basin (the largest comprehensive industrial zone), Dunkirk, FOSS (steel)

Its economic status in Europe is the largest oil exporter in Europe; Maritime transportation is developed. Industry has an absolute advantage;

Agricultural output value and grain output are second only to Russia, and it is the largest grain exporter in Europe. Main specialty wines (champagne, brandy) (exported wheat)

8. Russia

(1) Know its neighbors; Master the location of Moscow and Murmansk (ice-free ports in winter, affected by warm currents). Neighboring countries: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China and North Korea.

(2) Important geographical features: a. It has the largest sub-frigid coniferous forest belt in the world; It has the Volga River, the longest river in Europe. C Murmansk is near the Arctic Ocean, located in the northern part of the Arctic Circle, and it is not frozen all year round. Siberia is the cold center of the northern hemisphere. E. Industries with heavy industry as the main industry (nuclear industry and aerospace industry have absolute advantages). Light industry is underdeveloped. Agriculture is unstable and food needs to be imported in large quantities. F main industrial zones: Moscow comprehensive industrial zone, st Petersburg (Baltic sea), ural industrial zone (steel, machinery) and novosibirsk industrial zone (heavy industry, military). At present, industry and population are migrating to the east of Wula Mountain.

Baltic coastal waters in the South China Sea

Major industrial centers are Moscow, St. Petersburg, Guangzhou, Zhuhai and Shenzhen.

The main industrial sectors are machinery, chemistry, various light industries, various processing industries and export-oriented manufacturing industries. 9. The relative position of Balkan countries. The Balkans is called "European powder keg".

Fourth, North America (natural and geographical significance)

1, familiar with four groups of place names: (1) Ocean, Bay, Peninsula, Island (Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Labrador Peninsula, alaska peninsula, Florida Peninsula, Newfoundland Island. (2) Main terrain areas (Rocky Mountains, Coastal Mountains, Great Plains, Appalachian Mountains) (3) Rivers and lakes (Mississippi River, Colorado River, Great Lakes (Mediterranean Sea in American continent), Niagara Falls) (4) Famous cities (Washington, new york, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit, Pittsburgh, etc.

(1) Analyze the influence of three terrain areas on climate. A. The Cordillera Mountains in the west: (It is an important climate dividing line of the North American continent. ) makes it difficult for the influence of the Pacific Ocean and the westerlies to penetrate inland. The source of precipitation in North America mainly comes from the Atlantic Ocean. ) makes the temperate maritime climate and Mediterranean climate in the west of the mountain system extend north and south. B, the vast plains in central China: (called prairie in the west) In winter, the cold wave in the north can go south unimpeded. Most areas are hot in summer and cold in winter, and the temperature is high all year round. The climate is summer, and the warm and humid climate in the south can drive north. The mainland has remarkable characteristics. C. Eastern low mountain plateau: Due to the low terrain, the dry and cold airflow from the north has been affecting the east coast. In summer and autumn, hurricanes often hit the southeast.

3. United States: (1) The United States is the country with the largest oil production and import volume in the world. Industry and agriculture are highly developed, with large output and consumption. The United States is the country that imports the most cars, steel, oil and textiles in the world. American agriculture belongs to "petroleum agriculture" and consumes a lot of energy. Large population, high consumption and high waste.

(2) The three major industrial zones in the United States: analyze the reasons why the industrial zones in the northeast of the United States are highly developed? Northeast China is the earliest place where European immigrants moved in, and capitalism developed earliest.

Rich in mineral resources. For example, coal in the Appalachian Mountains in the north and iron ore in the Great Lakes in the west. There are many good ports along the Atlantic coast. Such as new york and Philadelphia.

The Great Lakes have convenient water transportation. The plain is fertile, close to corn belt, wheat area and dairy belt, and has a good agricultural foundation.

There is a huge market. (Dense population, high living standard and huge market potential. The developed industry, agriculture, mining and transportation are huge consumer markets for heavy industry products. )

Northeast China is a place where a large number of American technicians and technicians gather.

Major industrial cities in northeast China: new york-the largest industrial center, port and financial center in the United States. Chicago, the second largest industrial center in the United States, is famous for its machinery manufacturing industry. It is also the largest transportation hub in China. Detroit, one of the four automobile cities. Pittsburgh-the famous "steel capital". Boston and Philadelphia are important industrial centers. Summary: the analysis law of industrial development in a region.

A. historical basis; B. mineral resources; C. transportation; D. agricultural foundation; E. consumer market; F. scientific and technological strength; G. Labor force.

Using the above analysis rules, learn to analyze the industrial development of Japan, Germany and Britain. )

Analyze the causes of industrial development in the western and southern United States? The western and southern industrial zones are emerging industrial zones, and the industrial development speed greatly exceeds that of the northeast industrial zone. Northeast industrial zone has reached saturation state and there are environmental problems. The west and south are rich in oil resources. Such as the south coast of the Gulf of Mexico and western California. The western and southern regions have beautiful environment and developed tourism, belonging to the "sunshine zone".

Oil, aerospace, electronics, aircraft and other established emerging industries.

Houston-petrochemical and aviation industries. It is the largest petrochemical center and the largest aerospace research and development center. San Francisco-There is a world-famous electronic industry center "Silicon Valley" nearby. Los Angeles-the largest city, industrial center and seaport in the western United States. There is a Hollywood film center in the northwest suburb. Seattle —— An analysis of the reasons why the aircraft manufacturing industry promotes the rapid development of Silicon Valley in the United States?

The "Silicon Valley" in the United States is a pioneer and model for the development of high-tech industries. "Silicon Valley" is the center of electronics industry in the United States and even the world, with microelectronics industry as the main industry and thousands of electronics enterprises. Microelectronics industry is the technical foundation of electronic industry, so it has become the highest technology in high technology. Every important invention of "Silicon Valley" will affect the development of electronic industry all over the world. Since the 1960s, almost all the new products, technologies, equipment and processes in the world electronics industry have come from "Silicon Valley". By the end of 1970s, because the land of "Silicon Valley" was occupied, many enterprises built new factories in Texas and other states in China, as well as in Southeast Asia and Mexico, in order to make full use of the advantages of cheap labor, land and housing in these areas. "Silicon Valley" is now the fastest growing and richest region in the United States. The factors that stimulate the rapid rise of Silicon Valley mainly include the following aspects:

A. Excellent geographical location and beautiful environment. ("Silicon Valley" is located in the southeast of San Francisco, backed by coastal mountains and facing Jinshan Bay. )

B, the climate is pleasant. C. institutions of higher learning with advanced intelligence and technology. (and Stanford University, etc. D. The transportation is convenient, close to San Francisco airport, and the expressway runs through the whole territory.

E. stable military purchases. (The U.S. Department of Defense has maintained a steady order for semiconductor components in Silicon Valley, which once accounted for 40% of the total output value of Silicon Valley. )

(3) Analyze the characteristics of American agricultural production: the level of agricultural modernization is high, and the whole process of agricultural production is mechanized, electrified and chemical. )

It is the largest and most productive agricultural country in the world. B, pay equal attention to planting and animal husbandry. The main food crops are corn, wheat, rice and oats. The main cash crop is cotton (China,

The United States and Central Asia are the three largest cotton producers in the world, such as soybeans, beets and tobacco. Animal husbandry is very developed, with cattle, pigs and chickens as the main products. )

C is the largest exporter of agricultural products in the world. (But tropical agricultural products are imported) D. Regional specialization has been implemented in agricultural production.

Regional specialization refers to the social division of labor by region in agricultural production, that is, each region forms a relatively concentrated specific agricultural sector according to local natural conditions, socio-economic conditions, market demand and historical position, and puts a large number of commercial agricultural products into the inter-regional exchange of agricultural products.

The advantages of regional specialized production are: a. Give full play to the advantages of regional environment and resources. Make full use of advanced technology to improve production efficiency.

Defect: It aggravates the imbalance of agricultural production. Main professional agricultural areas and agricultural belts: (refer to the map)

Cotton belt: located in the southeast of the United States south of 350 degrees north latitude. Texas is the state with the largest cotton field and the highest cotton yield in the United States.

Corn belt: located in the vast low plain area in the south of dairy industry belt. It is also a soybean producing area in the United States and an important feeding area for beef cattle and pigs.

Dairy belt: located in the northeast area south of the Great Lakes. There is not enough heat here and the soil is not fertile, which is not suitable for developing planting. )

Wheat area: located in the middle (winter wheat area) and north (spring wheat area) of the Great Plain. Mixed farming area: subtropical crop belt: citrus, sugarcane and rice are mainly planted. Agricultural areas irrigated by livestock: 4. Familiar with the location of Central America and the West Indies. Understand the names of the seven countries of China and the United States; The largest of the West Indies is Cuba Island (sugar cane).

The intransitive verb South America. See AMERICA

1. Familiar with place names: (1) Ocean, Strait and Island: Caribbean Sea, strait of magellan, Drake Strait and Tierra del Fuego.

(2) Rivers: Amazon River (king of rivers in the world) and Lake Maracaibo (oil-producing area); (3) Main terrain area: K-shaped.

Andes (the longest in the world), Brazil Plateau (the largest in the world), Patagonia Plateau, Amazon Plain (the largest alluvial plain in the world), La Plata Plain and pampas Grassland.

At the junction of Brazil Plateau and La Plata Plain, there are many rapids waterfalls, such as the famous Iguazu Waterfall. Brazil and Paraguay cooperated to build the world's largest Itaipu hydropower station in the north of Iguazu Falls. (4) Main climate types: tropical rain forest climate (Amazon Plain), tropical grassland climate (Brazil Plateau), subtropical monsoon humid climate (southeast of Brazil Plateau and east of pampas Grassland), temperate continental climate (Patagonia Plateau) 2. Influence of Andes on climate in South America.

(1) makes it difficult for water vapor from the Pacific Ocean to affect the east. For example, the west side of the southern section has a temperate maritime climate, and the east side of the mountain range has a temperate continental climate. It destroys the zonal distribution law of longitude. (2) The climate type on the west side of the mountain range is long and narrow, alternating with north and south. (The law is similar to the west coast of North America)

3. Brazil (1) grasps the outline of Brazil and the relative position of Argentina. (2) Main products: minerals: iron and manganese reserves rank among the top agricultural products in the world; The output and export of coffee rank first in the world. Banana and sucrose production ranked first. Brazil is the second largest exporter of agricultural products (mainly tropical cash crops) in the world after the United States. But food is not completely self-sufficient.

(3) Capital: Brasilia (political function), S? o Paulo (the largest in South America) and Rio de Janeiro (the former capital of Brazil).

7. Oceania: Be familiar with the locations of Australia, New Zealand, Hawaiian Islands, Midway Island, Guam and Lulu Port in Honolulu. Pay attention to the position of equator and meridian 180 degrees.

Many islands in the Pacific Ocean play an important role in international transportation and strategy.

(1) is the only place for air and sea routes and submarine optical cables in Asia, South America and North America. (2) It is a fresh water, fuel and food supply station for ocean-going ships. The smallest area and the least population. -However, the per capita resources amount ranks first in the world. Such as per capita water resources and per capita grain.

Australia (1) Features: It covers an area of 7.68 million square kilometers, ranking sixth in the world. The land is vast and sparsely populated, with 2 people per square kilometer.

Population-654.38+0.6 million (2) is divided into three terrain areas, with two columns in the north and south.

The western plateau (450~600 meters) and the central plain (below 200 meters)-great artesian basin.

The eastern mountainous area (800 ~1000m)-a great watershed extending from north to south.

The reason why there is a great artesian well basin in the Great Barrier Reef on the northeast coast is that artesian well water has high salt content, which is not suitable for irrigation of farmland and human consumption, and can be used as drinking water for livestock. (3) The climate is hot and dry, and the climate type is semi-annular. Plants are also distributed in a semicircle, from the peripheral forest belt in the north, east and south, to the transition from inland to grassland belt, and to the semi-desert and desert belt in the coastal areas of the central and western parts of the mainland. Analyze the reasons:

The east side of the eastern mountainous area faces the southeast trade wind with abundant precipitation. And it is influenced by the humidification of the warm current in eastern Australia. Influenced by the westerlies, there is abundant precipitation in the south. The northern coastal summer (65438+ 10) is affected by the northwest wind from the ocean, and there is more precipitation.

The vast central and inland areas are controlled by subtropical high, and the precipitation is scarce. There is a cold current from Western Australia along the coast, which has played a role in reducing humidity.

(4) It is a country with developed agriculture, animal husbandry, industry and mining;

"country riding on sheep's back": wool production and export volume rank first in the world. Wheat exports occupy an important position. Sheep raising area and wheat producing area are basically the same, belonging to mixed agriculture.

"Countries lying in harvesters": East Coal, West Railway and North Uranium. Uranium reserves rank first in the world and it is the main supplier of uranium raw materials in the world.

(5) Major cities: Canberra, the capital, the largest city and Sydney, the seaport. Pay attention to their relative position.

8. Antarctica (with the highest latitude, the highest altitude and the longest longitude span) 1, cleverly marking the oceans around Antarctica:

(1) From the outline of the mainland, Antarctica looks like a tadpole, with its head along the Indian Ocean and then clockwise.

Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. (2) Judging from the longitude position: Indian Ocean 300E~ 1200E Pacific Ocean 1200E~900W Atlantic Ocean 300W~200W.

2. The continent with the highest altitude: elevation: 2,350 meters, with ice thickness of more than 2,000 meters. If it melts completely, the global sea level will rise by 60~70 meters.

Glacier types: continental glaciers, shield-shaped and thick, accounting for 90% of the world's total volume. Continental glacier margin

The sea extends from the huge glacier tongue. When it enters the sea surface, there are more than 200,000 icebergs floating on the sea surface, which poses a threat to maritime navigation. Some scientists have proposed to drag icebergs to the waters near some water-deficient countries to solve the problems of water supply and agricultural irrigation.

3. Climatic characteristics of Antarctica: extreme cold-high latitude; High altitude; Strong reflection on the ice; The special "wind wall" formed in the west wind drift hinders the heat exchange between Antarctica and low latitudes. Dry-controlled by the polar high pressure area, it belongs to the polar low rainfall area and is the place with the least precipitation in the world. However, due to the low temperature and weak evaporation, it is still humid. The gale blowing in polar regions-easterly wind, the maximum wind speed can reach 100m/s, which is called "wind pole".

4. Resources: (1) Solid fresh water: Glaciers account for 90% of the world.

(2) Mineral resources: It has the largest iron ore and coal mine in the world. (However, it is difficult to mine and inconvenient to transport, so it is not yet possible to develop on a large scale. (3) Marine biological resources: krill (a potential source of protein for human beings) and whales (more than 20 species).

5. Significance of Antarctic exploration: 19 1 1 year, Norwegian Amundsen and others first arrived at the South Pole. 1959 65438+February, the Antarctic treaty was signed. China formally joined this Treaty on 1983. The treaty stipulates that the use of Antarctica is limited to peaceful purposes, and all military activities and any nuclear explosion or disposal of radioactive waste in Antarctica are prohibited. 1In February, 985, China scientific research team established China Antarctic Great Wall Station in king george island near the top of Antarctic Peninsula. (North of Antarctic Circle, near Argentina, 600W). )

1In February, 989, China established the second scientific research station-Zhongshan Station on the Antarctic continent. (Antarctic circle, 750 degrees)

Scientific exploration of Antarctica is of great scientific and economic significance: the mineral and biological resources of other continents are gradually decreasing, and the resources and development of Antarctica will become more and more important.

Conducive to the development of related disciplines. For example, the study of Antarctic paleogeography and geology provides strong evidence for continental drift theory.

Antarctica is the middle base of all continents in the southern hemisphere, and it is of great significance to understand its physical geography and geology.