Ruoqiang immigrants

The Silk Road usually refers to the land passage opened by Zhang Qian in the Western Han Dynasty and Ban Chao in the Eastern Han Dynasty, starting from Chang 'an (now Xi 'an) and Luoyang, passing through Gansu and Xinjiang, reaching Central Asia and West Asia and connecting Mediterranean countries. This road is also known as the "Silk Road on Land". Although the Silk Road is the product of the economic and trade development promoted by the countries along the route, many people think that Zhang Qian of China's two missions to the western regions have opened a new era of Sino-foreign exchanges. And successfully opened the last bead curtain between East and West. Since then, this route has been stepped out of the "national highway", and ambassadors and businessmen from all countries have poured in along the road opened by Zhang Qian. From princes and nobles to beggars and prisoners, they all left footprints on this road. This east-west passage closely links the Central Plains and the Western Regions with Arabia and the Persian Gulf. After centuries of continuous efforts, the Silk Road extended westward to the Mediterranean Sea. Broadly speaking, the eastern section of the Silk Road reached South Korea and Japan, and the western section reached France and the Netherlands. Italy and Egypt can also be reached by sea, becoming the road of friendship for economic and cultural exchanges between Asia, Europe and Africa. Generally speaking, the Silk Road can be divided into three sections, and each section can be divided into three routes: North, South and China. Eastern section: from Chang 'an (Luoyang) to Yumenguan and Yangguan. The middle section (opened in Han Dynasty): from Yumenguan and Yangguan to Congling. Western section (opened in Han Dynasty): From Congling to the west via Central Asia, West Asia and Europe. The route selection of the eastern section (opened in Tang Dynasty) considers the safety and convenience of crossing Liupan Mountain and the Yellow River. The third line starts from Chang 'an, joins Wuwei and Zhangye, and then goes along Hexi Corridor to Dunhuang. The northern line of the eastern section: from Jingchuan, Guyuan and Jingyuan to Wuwei, the route is the shortest, but it is not easy to pass water along the way. South Line: From Fengxiang, Tianshui, Longxi, Linxia, Ledu, Xining to Zhangye, but the road is long. Midline: Jingchuan to Pingliang, Huining, Lanzhou to Wuwei, with moderate distance and supply. The middle section is mainly the western route, which changes with the change of oasis and desert. There are many forks and branches in the middle of the third line, especially the fourth town Anxi (established in 640). South Road (also called Yutian Road): It starts from Yangguan in the east, along the southern edge of Taklimakan Desert, and passes through Ruoqiang (Shanshan), Hotan (Yutian), shache and other places. Jing Congling. Yang Guan Ruoqiang (Shanshan) and Qi Munnia (Jingjue) are one of the 36 Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty. Hotan (Yutian) Middle Road: It starts from Yumenguan, along the northern edge of Taklimakan Desert, and passes through Lop Nur (Loulan), Turpan (Auto Market, Gaochang), Yanqi (Yuli), Kuqa (Kuqa), Aksu (Gu Mo) and Kashi (Shule) to Fergana Valley (Dawan). Yumenguan Loulan (merged from Shanshan and now belongs to Ruoqiang County, Xinjiang) Turpan (Gaochang): Gaochang Ancient Town, Jiaohe Ancient Town, Yarhu Ancient Town, Baizixi Thousand Buddha Cave Yanqi (Yuli) Kuqa (Qiuci): Qizil Thousand Buddha Cave, Kumutula Thousand Buddha Cave Aksu (Gu Mo) Kashi (. Hami, the waterway is rich in Hami melon Urumqi, and Mongolian means beautiful grassland. The western section of broken leaves in Yining (Yili) is the western section of the Silk Road from the jungle to Europe, and its north, south and south lines are connected with the three lines in the middle section respectively. The route from Caspian Sea to Constantinople was opened in the middle of Tang Dynasty. Northern line: along the Aral Sea, the Caspian Sea and the northern shore of the Black Sea, Itil passes through broken leaves, Virote, astrakhan and other places to Istanbul (Constantinople). Almaty, Urumqi (now Kazakhstan), dzhambul (Virote, now Kazakhstan), tokmak (Broken Leaf, now Kyrgyzstan), Sarai (Russia), Istanbul, sakr (now Constantinople, now Turkey) Central Line: Take Fergana Valley from Kashgar, Samarkand, Bukhara and Mashhad (Iran) to join the southern line. Kashgar or Peshawar, Kashgar: Khala Horin Avenue Kabul Bamiyan: The famous Bamiyan Buddha was destroyed by the Taliban in 200 1 year. South Line: Starting from Pamirs, you can enter Pakistan and India from Kashmir, and you can also travel to Europe from Peshawar, Kabul, Mashhad, Baghdad and Damascus. Mashhad (Iran) Sabze Valh Hecatompylos (Fandou and Xie) may be located between Iranda Mugan and Shahrud today. ) Tehran Hamadan Kerman sahan Bakubai (Iraq) Baghdad Abu Hareb Fallujah: Follow the Euphrates River to Aleppo. Ramadi Alibo (Syrian), Damascus, adana (Turkish), konya, Antioch, bursa and Constantinople (Istanbul), the Maritime Silk Road is an extension of the onshore Silk Road. The main reason for its formation is that there are few mountain plains in the southeast coast of China, and internal communication is not easy. So since ancient times, many people have actively developed to the sea. In order to solve the inconvenience of land, because the land is influenced by the terrain, going to the Western Regions will pass through many areas that are not suitable for human habitation, and there is monsoon navigation on the east coast of China in Xia Dong in two seasons, so it also increases the convenience of going to Europe by sea. This kind of communication existed in ancient China, especially among the residents in the southeast coast of China. The Silk Road not only transports silk, but also exports porcelain, sugar and hardware, and imports spices, medicinal materials and precious stones. The sea route between Han Dynasty leads north to Korea and Japan. During the Western Han Dynasty, the sea route between China and Indian Peninsula was opened. It is bordered by Rinan, Xuwen, Hepu Tongdu Guoyuan, Fugandu Luguo, Huangzhiguo, Pizongguo and Chengbu Guoguo (now Sri Lanka) in the south. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, in the ninth year of Yan Xi (166), Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (161-kloc-0/80) sent envoys to offer ivory, rhinoceros horn and tortoise shells from southern Japan. ) This is the first contact between China and the Roman Empire recorded in history. Indian businessmen came to China by sea via Sumatra and Malacca, and transported silk to India and Rome. Wei and Jin dynasties In the fourth year of the Southern Dynasty (225), Wang Fanfang of southern Fujian sent an envoy to the State of Wu, which lasted for four years and came to Wu Dong to offer colored glasses. Sun Quan sent the corps commander Kang Tai to help the south. In the fifth year of Huang Wu (226), merchants from Daqin came to Jiaotoe and Jianye (now Nanjing). Faxian traveled westward by land, then returned to China by sea, and went from Domiti to Laoshan Mountain in Shandong via Lion Country and Yebo. Countries that trade with China: Persia, Tianzhu, Lion Country, Funan and Bali. During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, countries that traded with China were Songkhla, Dandan (now Kelantan), Pan Pan, Zhenla and Boli. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the Northwest Silk Road was blocked, the economy of North China was weak, the economy of South China was developing day by day, and maritime traffic began to flourish. Countries that trade with China: China, Persia, Tianzhu, Lion Country, Dandan, Pan Pan, Sanfo Qi. Route: Set sail from Quanzhou or Guangzhou, passing through Hainan Island, Guo Huan (in modern Vietnam), Mendu, Guwan, Longyamen, Luoyue, Sri Lifo, Hu Ling, Guluo, Koguryo, Shengdeng, Bulu, Lion, Nantianzhu, Brahman, Xinduhe and TiLuo Lu. Tang people emigrated overseas. Du You, a Tang Dynasty man, summed up the traffic in the South China Sea in the past dynasties: "In (116-1years ago), the general Lu Bode traveled hundreds of miles down to Nanjun, Japan, and has been given to other countries since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. After Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty, both Daqin and Tianzhu sent envoys to contribute. There are also Wu's, who sent Xuanhua and Zhonglang Kangtai as envoys to various countries, and their stories and rumors have been circulated in hundreds of countries. People who know China in Jin Dynasty, Gai Xian. During the Song and Qi Dynasties, there were as many as ten countries. Since Wu Liang and Emperor Yangdi, all countries have done more than the previous generation. After Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty, Shengjiao was far from being retranslated, and it was more than that of Emperor Liang and Emperor Yangdi. "Song Dynasty Song Dynasty visited Guangzhou, Lin 'an House (Hangzhou), Qingyuan House (Mingzhou, now Ningbo), Quanzhou, Banqiao (now Yinghai Town, Jiaozhou), Huating County (now Songjiang), Zhenjiang House, Pingjiang House (Suzhou), Wenzhou, Jiangyin Army (now Jiangyin) and Jiaxing House (Xiuzhou). [5] Among them, Guangzhou, Quanzhou and Mingzhou are the largest. Quanzhou became the largest port in the world and the starting point of the Maritime Silk Road in the late Southern Song Dynasty. Countries that trade with China: Zhancheng, Zhenla, Sanfo Qi, Kelantan, Boni, Ba LAM Raymond, Lanburi, Dice, Sanyu, Dashi, Daqin, Persia, Baida, Majia, Lu Yi, Jiulin, Xilan, Dengliumei, Zhongli, Priru, Hugendo, Sigarino and Lu Yi. There are monographs such as Answering the Questions at home and abroad, Records of the Confused, etc., which record the trade between countries and China. Countries that traded with Mongolia in the Yuan Dynasty: Mishima, Minduolang, Zhenla, Wuzhiba, Danmaling, Rili, Mali Road, Pahang, Kelantan, Dingjialu, Baduma, Jianshan, Sulu, Banzuer, Wenlaogu, Lingshan, Huamian, Li Xia, Manana, Shalibadan, Tatu, etc. from China. In the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He went to the Western Ocean and visited: Zhancheng, Java, Jiugang, Manlaga, Yalu River, Sumatra, Orphan, Boni, Little Glen, Pahang, Ceylon Mountain, Mishima, Sulu, Luzon, Huashan, Dashilanting, Baduma, Kezhi, Nanwuli, Guri, Kambaye, Mukelang, etc. Ming Hui Dian recorded 130 tributary countries, including 62 countries in the southeast sea, including Annan, Sulu, Ceylon, North Korea, Japan, Ryukyu and Java.