I urgently need a 200-minute foreign language document and the translation of fungus Phellinus igniarius, thank you.

Abstract: The invasion of alien species is regarded as a great threat to biodiversity in the world, and now it has become a global problem, and its harm is becoming more and more obvious with the improvement of human understanding and estimation ability. This paper introduces the concept of species invasion, lists its harms, and discusses a method to control species invasion: whether introducing natural enemies is the best way to control species invasion. China urgently needs to comprehensively clean up the existing alien species invasion laws and regulations, learn from international advanced experience, improve the existing alien species control system, and formulate the scientific and effective Law on the Prevention of Alien Species Invasion and the Law on the Management of Alien Species as soon as possible, so as to provide legal basis and institutional guarantee for preventing alien species invasion and protecting biodiversity and ecological environment in China.

First, the concept and process of species invasion.

According to the definition of the World Conservation Union (IUCN), the so-called alien species refer to those species, subspecies or taxonomic groups below that have appeared in the past or now beyond their natural distribution and diffusion potential (that is, beyond their natural distribution or cannot exist without direct or indirect introduction or human care), including all parts, gametes or propagules that may survive and then reproduce. Alien invasive species refer to species introduced from natural distribution areas through intentional or unintentional human activities, which form self-regeneration ability in local natural or semi-natural ecosystems and cause obvious damage or influence to local ecosystems or landscapes.

Farmers have been transplanting plant species and animal species since the Neolithic Age. Since the17th century, travelers have intensified this kind of mixing, sometimes with good results, but more often with disastrous consequences. With the progress of transportation mode and the development of international trade and tourism, the probability of alien species invasion has greatly increased. A species in one area is more often carried or transferred to another area intentionally or unintentionally than in the past. It breeds and spreads in a new environment lacking natural enemies and other restrictive factors, which has an inestimable impact on the local ecological environment, social economy and personal health, such as the well-known water hyacinth and pine nematode. With the increasing international economic and trade exchanges and personnel exchanges in the process of globalization, the scale and speed of alien species spread faster than before, and the harm to human beings is increasing day by day. Invasion of alien species mainly includes the following two ways: first, intentional introduction, including introduction for the purpose of reproduction, planting and flowers, introduction for the purpose of biological control, greening, soil and water conservation and environmental protection; Second, unintentional introduction, including with the introduction of air, land and water transportation and ballast water, and with the introduction of import and export goods and packaging materials, passengers have no intention of introducing them. So, how did alien species successfully "invade" China?

Under the organization and coordination of Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences of the State Environmental Protection Administration, the first survey of alien invasive species was carried out in China from 200/KLOC-0 to 65438+February. After nearly two years' efforts, we finally found out the base of alien invasive species recently, and this survey * * * identified 283 alien invasive species. The survey results show that among 283 alien invasive species, 39.6% are caused by intentional introduction, 49.3% by unintentional introduction, and only 3. 1% are natural invasive species. About half of the invasive plants were introduced as useful plants. It can be seen that the lag of people's understanding of alien invasive species is the biggest factor causing the invasion of alien species. Many units and individuals lack sufficient understanding of the possible ecological and environmental consequences caused by alien species, and there is a great tendency of blindness and quick success. Some localities and departments blindly believe that exotic plants are superior to local plants, and do not pay attention to discovering local fine varieties in their work, but are keen on introducing them from abroad, which greatly increases the risk of alien species invasion. It can be said that "man-made disasters" (man-made reasons) are "accomplices" of alien pests, and the invasion of alien species is first and foremost a man-made problem.

Alien species arrive at an ecosystem through various channels, not invading as soon as they enter a new ecosystem, but transforming from "immigrants" to "intruders" under certain conditions. The invasion of alien invasive species is a complex ecological process, which can usually be divided into four stages:

1. invasion: refers to organisms leaving the original ecosystem to reach a new territory;

2. Settlement: refers to the fact that at least one generation of growth, development and reproduction has been completed after the organism has arrived at the invaded place and been domesticated by the local ecological conditions;

3. Adaptation: refers to the fact that invasive organisms have propagated for several generations. Due to the short invasion time and small individual base, the population growth is not fast, but the adaptability of each generation to the new environment is enhanced;

4. Diffusion: refers to the fact that the invasive organisms have basically adapted to live in the new ecosystem, the population has developed to a certain number, has a reasonable age structure and gender ratio, and has the ability of rapid growth and diffusion, and there is no local ecological regulation mechanism to control the population of this species, which makes the species spread wildly, forming an ecological "outbreak", leading to ecological and economic harm.

However, not every species has to complete these four invasion stages. For example, the invasion of ragweed and ragweed into a certain area and becoming a dominant population go through about three stages: the first stage is invasion, usually a single plant or a small cluster; The second is the settlement stage, which is usually distributed in small patches or large patches, and many disturbed habitats have not yet been occupied; The third stage is stable, usually distributed in large groups, occupying almost all local disturbed habitats suitable for ragweed growth.

Second, the harm of species invasion

Exotic species are extremely harmful. Generally speaking, there are the following points:

1. directly reduce the number of native species.

2. Indirectly reduce the number of species that depend on local species for survival.

3. Change the local ecosystem and landscape.

4. Reduced resistance to fire and pests.

5. The ability of soil conservation and nutrition improvement decreased.

6. The ability of water conservation and water quality improvement has declined.

7. The ability to protect biodiversity has declined.

It is understood that the economic losses caused by the invasion of alien species in many countries in the world are amazing. The United States loses $654.38+050 billion a year, India loses $654.38+030 billion a year and South Africa loses $80 billion. According to the research report published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature on February 5, 2003, at present, the economic losses caused by alien invasive species to countries exceed 400 billion US dollars every year. IUCN also pointed out that at present, the invasion of alien species is an important reason for the depletion of protozoa and the decrease of biodiversity.

The results of the first survey of alien invasive species in China show that alien invasive species have caused serious damage to biodiversity and ecological environment in China, and some species have reached uncontrollable levels in some places. According to the latest statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture of China, at least 380 species of plants, 40 species of animals and 23 species of microorganisms have invaded China, and the direct economic losses caused by alien invasive species to China's national economy-related industries are as high as 65.438+09.859 billion yuan every year. The results calculated by experts according to the indirect economic loss assessment model show that the indirect economic loss caused by alien invasive species to China's ecosystem, species diversity and genetic resources is1001700 million yuan per year. Adding the two items together, the total economic loss caused by alien invasive species in China is 11987.6 billion yuan per year, which is1of GDP. The greater disaster brought by invasive species to China is the destruction of ecological environment. Alien species that can successfully invade often have innate competitive advantages. Once they get rid of the control of human beings and the restriction of natural enemies in the new breeding ground, they will erupt, crowd out native species and form a single dominant population, which will eventually lead to the loss of species diversity and biological genetic resources diversity in the breeding ground.

Classic case of biological invasion: 1859 When an Australian farmer brought a dozen rabbits from abroad to hunt, a terrible ecological disaster broke out. Rabbits are famous for their fast reproduction. A female rabbit can give birth to 25 rabbits a year. Moreover, these rabbits found themselves in heaven: there are no natural enemies such as eagles and foxes in Australia, and kangaroos in the same small ecology with rabbits can't compete with them, so the number of rabbits has increased dramatically. These rabbits eat grass, chew wheat, peel bark and roots. Wherever they go, there is no grass. They also dig holes everywhere, destroy water sources, turn fertile fields into deserts, and some small islands even suffer from soil erosion. The local agriculture and animal husbandry have suffered huge losses, and the local marsupials are on the verge of extinction due to lack of food. People tried their best to build fences, hunt, catch and poison, but the rabbit disaster still could not be eliminated. 1950, people tried a new method to control rabbits. Myxomatosis, a disease that can kill rabbits, was introduced to Australia. Scientists first spread the disease to mosquitoes, and then to rabbits through mosquitoes. However, the germ warfare against rabbits proved to only temporarily alleviate the deteriorating situation. A few rabbits have natural immunity to this virus and reproduce quickly after escaping. Throughout the mid-20th century, rabbit killing activities in Australia never stopped.

Procambarus clarkii, that is, the crayfish we usually eat, while coveting its delicious taste, I'm afraid we never thought it was a very harmful invasive species. China was introduced from Japan in 1930s and 1940s, and Japan was introduced from the United States earlier, and it was mainly used as food and pets. Nowadays, its distribution in China is expanding day by day, and it can be seen in southern China, especially in various provinces and cities in the Yangtze River basin. The harm of crayfish to the dam is determined by its burrowing habit. Its front end has a pair of claws like pliers, which can make holes quickly and widely. Because they often live on the banks of rivers, reservoirs, ponds and paddy fields, the harm to dams may be greater than that of termites. Their caves are usually 1-5 meters deep and 6- 12 cm in diameter. There are vertical holes and horizontal holes, which sometimes run through each other, and are more common in the range of tens of meters behind the levee. These shrimp caves are often related to piping, which is very harmful to dikes: 1998 During the great flood of the Yangtze River, flood control personnel found clear water leaking in Zhanghua section of Jingjiang levee of the Yangtze River, and a large number of crayfish were dug up in the levee during excavation; More than one crayfish 10 has been found in Yanji section of Ezhou Yangtze River levee, and 37 shrimp caves have been found in a pond with an area of about 100 square meter in Huangjinkou section of Hanjiang levee in Hanyang District, Wuhan. After timely filling with sand and gravel, the hidden danger has been eliminated. They can survive in temporary water bodies, have a wide range of feeding habits, establish populations very quickly and spread easily. Extremely threatening local fish, crustaceans and aquatic plants and destroying the local food chain; Because it feeds on roots, it directly damages crops (especially aquatic and semi-aquatic crops such as rice) and natural vegetation; The feeding habits of crayfish are very diverse, which has a certain influence on the flowering of fry and the cultivation of 1 year-old fish, and is harmful to artificially cultured young mussels. Procambarus clarkii has strong adaptability, strong resistance, wide feeding habits and rapid population proliferation, so there is no effective control method at present.

In recent years, the number, frequency, scope and harm of alien invasive species in China have increased, causing hundreds of billions of economic and ecological losses every year, and the potential harm is incalculable.

Fourth, governance measures.

China is one of the countries suffering from the most serious biological invasion in the world, with many kinds of invasion and serious harm. At present, the widely used "natural enemy substitution method" for introducing new species may be "attracting wolves into the room and driving tigers away from the mountains" China should base itself on the advantages of local biodiversity and look for "local guardians" to deal with the invasion.

Dr. Gao Xianming, an associate researcher at the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, believes that the main reason for the biological invasion crisis is the blind introduction of various exotic species in various places. At the same time, in order to pursue the "immediate" short-term effect of controlling biological invasion, "alien natural enemies and substitute species are widely used everywhere" without any scientific demonstration and necessary experiments. However, this practice leads to a very high risk of new biological invasion.

Recently, scientists have discovered many native species in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and other places, which can crowd out and resist the invasion of alien creatures, which has made a new "turning point" in controlling biological invasion in China. Experts who participated in the project of "Study on Ecological Effects and Management Techniques of Invasion of Important Alien Species" of China Academy of Sciences recently conducted a preliminary investigation in Renhe District, Panzhihua City, Sichuan Province, and found that more than 100 native plants can finally dominate the survival competition with Eupatorium adenophorum, which is called "piranha" in the plant world. At present, they are further screening these plants, and conducting in-depth research on improved seed selection, seed collection garden construction, cultivation techniques and management measures.

In addition, China should enact the Law on Prevention of Invasion of Alien Species and the Law on Management of Alien Invasive Species as soon as possible. Moreover, due to the great influence of alien invasive species, China should set up a unified management coordination Committee including the competent departments of agriculture, forestry, environmental protection, ocean, trade, quarantine, health, national defense, justice, education and scientific research to comprehensively manage alien invasive species from the height of national interests. The core issue of legislation is to strengthen and improve the evaluation and approval system for the introduction of alien species. All aspects of the introduction of alien invasive species should be fully considered, and corresponding legal management countermeasures should be formulated for each introduction route. Specifically, it should include the following aspects:

First, establish a perfect risk assessment system for alien species invasion.

As the basis of early warning and decision-making by national and local administrative departments, it is imperative to establish an alien species invasion risk assessment system. The main aspects that need risk assessment are: health risks, threats to economic production, threats to local wildlife and biodiversity, and risks of environmental damage or loss of ecological benefits of ecosystems.

It should be clearly stipulated in the legislation that all imports from abroad or cross-ecosystem imports from China require application and evaluation. On the basis of full scientific research and information collection, the Management Catalogue and Evaluation Method of Alien Invasive Species in China is formulated as a legal annex to provide scientific reference for judicial practice. The law itself can be stable for a long time, but these annexes should be dynamic and need to be updated according to the results of scientific research.

Second, establish an early warning, monitoring and rapid response system for alien invasive species.

First of all, the establishment of early warning system for alien invasive species in China should include the establishment of national and provincial early warning systems. Early warning units should conduct on-the-spot investigation, verify the received reports and species identification results, and make suggestions on whether it is necessary to strengthen monitoring.

Moreover, in the management of monitoring, we should vigorously strengthen the construction of relevant information systems and establish the corresponding database of invasive species and species identification experts. Legislation should clearly stipulate the establishment of a regular (annual) population census system. Local and central governments should establish corresponding regular reporting and announcement systems respectively, so as to collect information in time and issue the national ecological security early warning list to stop the invasion and spread of alien species.

In addition, China urgently needs to establish a special rapid response system for invasive species. The State Environmental Protection Administration should play an active role in the construction of this system, fully combine the existing and proposed rapid response mechanisms of various departments, form a whole-process supervision and management system, and realize coordination and information sharing.

Third, establish a complete system of preventive measures, on-site release testing, removal and control.

Preventive measures should first establish a double license system through legislation, that is, when introducing species from abroad, both the exporting country and the importing country are required to have two licenses to control the import, export and transfer of potentially risky species. In addition, the existing prevention mechanism should be reformed, customs enforcement should be strengthened, and customs inspection of illegally transferred species and license documents for species transfer should be strengthened.

Because alien invasive species often have a stagnation period, it is necessary to conduct a test before allowing large-scale release, that is, a field release test under controllable and recyclable conditions.

If alien species have adverse effects, a clearance plan should be made quickly. This scheme is likely to cause more serious ecological damage, so we must be very careful and adopt different methods according to different situations to ensure that the removal method is effective, pollution-free, and can not harm human beings and local animals and plants. The relocation plan must ensure that there are sufficient legislative and institutional guarantees, and also include the necessary ecosystem restoration measures after the relocation.

But in real life, it is often difficult to completely eliminate pests and species. At this time, only the control scheme can be used to control the invasive species in a controllable state and cause as few disasters as possible. Of course, the control regulations should also be protected by legislation.

Fourth, about responsibility and cost.

According to the principle of "who benefits, who compensates, who destroys and who recovers", a complete ecological benefit compensation system is established [8]. The law should clearly stipulate the corresponding responsibilities of clearing and economic compensation that importers must bear, including the obligations of risk assessment, experiment, monitoring and governance. At the same time, the state administrative department will impose economic penalties on the responsible institutions or personnel who are improperly introduced through legislation. The responsible person shall pay compensation to the victim, and the victim may also apply for state compensation according to law.

Because the economic losses caused by the invasion of alien species are often extremely serious, and the cost of preventing, eliminating or controlling this harm and maintaining the existing biological safety is astronomical, a risk sharing mechanism should be established to stipulate that importers need to buy liability insurance and transfer economic risks to commercial insurance companies or social insurance institutions. Of course, national and local governments must also include the control of alien invasive species as one of the measures of ecological protection in their fiscal budgets and establish corresponding funds.

Finally, legislation should clearly stipulate that the use of local species is encouraged, and the introduction of exotic species can only be considered when it is safe and necessary.

References: People's Network-Environmental Protection Channel, Xinhuanet,

Xie Yan. Harm of Alien Species Invasion and Countermeasures in China

Gao Yong and Chae Yeon e's investigation on foreigners' invasion of China.

State Environmental Protection Administration: Alien invasive species cause economic losses of more than 1000 billion each year.

Harm of alien species invasion

Abstract: The invasion of alien species is considered to be a great threat to global biodiversity, and now it has become a global problem, and its harmfulness has emerged with the continuous improvement of human understanding and estimation ability. This paper introduces the concept of invasive species, lists the hazards and discusses the ways to control invasive species: introducing natural enemies is the best way to manage invasive species. China urgently needs to comprehensively and systematically clean up the existing laws and regulations of alien invasive species, learn from international advanced experience, improve the existing management and control system of alien invasive species, and formulate the scientific and effective Law on the Prevention of Alien Invasion and the Law on the Management of Alien Invasive Species as soon as possible, so as to provide legal basis and institutional guarantee for preventing alien invasion and protecting biodiversity and ecological environment in China.

The concept of species and the process of invasion.

According to the definition of the World Conservation Union (IUCN), the so-called alien species refers to a species, subspecies or less that appears outside its natural past or present distribution range and has the potential of transmission (that is, it cannot exist outside its natural range or without the direct or indirect introduction or care of human beings), including all its survival potential, and then partially reproduces gametes or propagules. Alien invasive species refer to species that are introduced into local natural or semi-natural ecosystems from natural distribution areas through intentional or unintentional human activities to form self-renewal and cause great harm or influence to local ecosystems or landscapes.

Since the Neolithic Age, farmers have continued to transplant plant species and animal species. Since the17th century, travel has intensified this mixture of people, sometimes with good results, but more often with disastrous consequences. With the progress of transportation mode and the development of international trade and tourism, the probability of alien species invasion has greatly increased. A species in one area is carried or transferred to another place more frequently than in the past, intentionally or unintentionally, and breeds and spreads in a new environment without natural enemies, thus having an inestimable impact on the local ecological environment, social economy and physical health, such as the well-known water hyacinth and pine. With the globalization process and the increasingly frequent international economic and trade exchanges and personnel exchanges, the scale and speed of the spread of alien species are faster than before, and the harm to human beings is increasing. Alien invasive species include the following two ways: first, intentional introduction, including breeding, planting, flowers and so on. The purpose of introduction is biological control, afforestation, soil and water conservation, environmental protection and other purposes; Second, it is not intended to be introduced, including with air, land, sea and ballast water, with the import and export of goods and packaging materials, if passengers do not intend to introduce. So, what alien species successfully "invaded" China?

Under the organization and coordination of Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, State Environmental Protection Administration, China has carried out the survey of alien invasive species for the first time in China since 200 1. After nearly two years' efforts, we finally found out the base of alien invasive species, and this survey identified 283 alien invasive species. The survey results show that among 283 alien invasive species, 39.6% are caused by intentional introduction, 49.3% by unintentional natural invasion (wind-borne species, insect-borne species and bird-borne transmission), and only 3.65438 0%. About half of the alien invasive plants were introduced as useful plants. This shows that the biggest factor is that people's understanding of invasive species lags behind that of exotic species. Many units and individuals lack sufficient understanding of the ecological and environmental consequences that exotic species may cause, and there is a tendency of blindness and quick success in introducing exotic species. Some localities and departments blindly believe that exotic plants are superior to local plants, so they do not pay attention to the work of discovering local excellent varieties and are keen on introducing them from abroad, which greatly increases the risk of invasion of exotic species. It can be said that "man-made" (man-made reasons) is the "hired gun" for the invasion of alien species, and the invasion of alien species is first and foremost a human problem.

However, when alien species arrive at a specific ecosystem through various channels, it is not a new ecosystem that can form an invasion at the beginning, but a change from "migration" to "intruder" under certain conditions. The invasion of alien invasive species is a complex ecological process, which can generally be divided into four stages: