The difference between capitalist expansion before and after the industrial revolution

Chapter III The initial formation of the capitalist world system and the development of the socialist movement.

Stage characteristics and basic clues

This unit mainly describes the history of1early 9th century to11960s and 1970s. The prominent feature of capitalist economic development in this period was the industrial revolution, and capitalism entered age of steam, that is, the era of industrial capitalism. 65438+The industrial revolution that began in Britain in 1960s gradually spread to France, America, Germany, Russia, Japan and other countries with earlier capitalist development. The industrial revolution replaced manual labor with machine production, which greatly liberated the labor force, greatly enhanced the material strength of capitalism and promoted the transformation to the stage of industrial capitalism. Under this influence, the historical development of the19th century has formed three powerful progressive trends in the political field, namely, the bourgeois revolution and reform movement, the workers' movement, the socialist movement and the nationalist movement, among which the bourgeois movement is the mainstream.

The first trend is the rise of bourgeois revolution and reform. The industrial revolution consolidated the rule of capitalism, strengthened the power of the industrial bourgeoisie, made countries such as Britain, France and the United States embark on the road of capitalist development, changed the superstructure during the handicraft workshop period, and opened the way for the development of industrial capitalism. Countries such as Russia, Italy, Germany and Japan, which did not determine the capitalist system, swept away the obstacles on the road of capitalist development and established the capitalist system. After the European feudal forces defeated Napoleon, a reactionary political system was established in Europe through the Vienna system of 18 15. In this context, the bourgeois revolution and reform movement rose. This was first reflected in the European revolution of 1848. The fundamental task of this revolution sweeping across the European continent is to open the way for the development of industrial capitalism. Although it failed because the feudal forces were still strong and the industrial bourgeoisie was weak, it further destroyed the feudal ruling order in continental Europe and promoted the development of history. 1848 after the European revolution, the bourgeois political movement further developed. Through the reform of parliamentary system, Britain enabled the industrial bourgeoisie to seize power. The empire ruled by French Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte also carried out corresponding reforms, completed the industrial revolution, and established the rule of the industrial bourgeoisie after the September Revolution of 1870. The United States abolished slavery through the civil war, which opened the way for the development of industrial capitalism. Russia abolished serfdom, Italy and Germany were unified, and the Meiji Restoration in Japan embarked on the road of capitalist development. It can be seen that capitalism in the middle of19th century not only transformed the domestic society, but also further transformed the world. The capitalist system has been established worldwide. At the same time, in order to explore the international market, the bourgeoisie expanded and competed in the world, conquered a large number of countries in the world, turned them into colonies or semi-colonies and brought them into the capitalist world market. The capitalist world system has taken shape.

The second trend is the nationalist movement. Nationalism in this period includes two aspects: first, the movement that belongs to the category of bourgeois revolution and reform, that is, the movement to strive for national self-improvement and rejuvenation and enhance national cohesion, such as the German-Italian reunification movement. The second time was a national liberation movement against foreign rule. There are two kinds of them: one is the national independence movement with bourgeois attributes, such as 1848 revolutionary movement in southeast Europe, and the other is the national movement in underdeveloped areas. They belong to the old peasant movement, resisting foreign aggression and domestic feudal rule, but they lack new revolutionary program and goals. The leading force of the movement is either peasant leaders or princes and nobles, which determines the inevitable destination of the struggle failure.

The third trend is the workers' movement and socialist movement. The industrial revolution increasingly divided society into two opposing classes, namely, the industrial bourgeoisie and the proletariat. With the expansion of the ranks of the proletariat and the improvement of class consciousness, the world proletarian movement has taken on new characteristics: the spearhead is directed at the capitalist system, the world proletariat has started a joint struggle and tried the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Section 1 Industrial Revolution and the Development of Capitalist Economy

Teaching requirements:

1. Basic knowledge Premises and conditions, process and expansion of the British industrial revolution; affect

2. Ideological understanding

Capitalist industrialization is based on bloody plunder.

② Science and technology are productive forces.

3. Ability training

Dialectical relationship between productivity and production relations; The influence of the industrial revolution.

Focus: the premise and conditions of the British industrial revolution; The influence of the industrial revolution.

Difficulties: Understanding that the industrial revolution consolidated the ruling foundation of capitalist countries.

Teaching material analysis:

Teaching design: combine inspiration with student activities.

Introduce a new course

The development of capitalism in industry has experienced three stages: simple cooperation, workshop handicraft industry and machine industry. The workshop stage was in the middle of16th century-the end of18th century. The industrial revolution that began in Britain in 1960s pushed the workshop handicraft industry to the machine industry stage, which brought about the revolution of production technology.

The bourgeois revolution broke out in Britain, France and the United States (relations of production hindered the development of productive forces)-as a result, it cleared the obstacles for the development of capitalism, established bourgeois rule (bourgeois superstructure)-industrial revolution (promoted the development of capitalist productive forces). Superstructure reacts on productivity)

Teaching Program Outline: Section 1 Industrial Revolution and the Development of Capitalist Economy

First, the background of the British industrial revolution

Premise: political power (/kloc-bourgeois rule was established in Britain in the 7th century)

Conditions: labor force (further implementation of enclosure movement)

Capital (colonial plunder, overseas trade)

Science and technology (workshop handicraft industry has accumulated production technology)

Market (/kloc-Britain became the largest colonial country in the mid-8th century)

The concept of industrial revolution

Time: 65438+1960s-1840, large-scale machine production replaced the workshop handicraft industry.

Process: cotton textile industry-coal mining industry-metallurgy industry-transportation.

Master: P65 List of some major inventions during the industrial revolution.

Britain became the first industrial country in the world.

Second, the expansion of the industrial revolution

France (/kloc-end of 0/8-/kloc-mid-0/9)

Reasons for the slow development of industrial revolution

1. The existence of small and medium-sized enterprises-decentralized operation, it is difficult to promote new technologies and inventions.

2. Small-scale peasant economy has existed for a long time-lack of industrial labor.

3. High-profit goods have developed capital-industrial capital is relatively lacking.

4. During the Great Revolution and Napoleon's foreign war, social unrest affected the process of industrial revolution.

America (1late 8th century-1mid 9th century)

Reasons for the development of the industrial revolution:

(1) is rich in resources and has a broad market.

The international environment is superior and less affected by the war.

(3) The influx of foreign immigrants provides labor.

Germany (from1early 9th century to 1970s)

Rhine region

The fragmented political situation has seriously hindered the process of German industrial revolution.

Industrial Revolution in Western Europe and North America ――1Russia and Japan in the middle and late 9th century.

Third, the impact of the industrial revolution on mankind.

1, the improvement of productivity. (Enriching material life and consolidating bourgeois rule)

2. Major changes in social structure.

The formation of the industrial bourgeoisie completely defeated the feudal forces;

The proletariat formed and began to struggle.

3. Accelerate the process of urbanization. Change people's daily life and values.

4. Establish capitalist rule over the world.

Spread the advanced technology and mode of production of capitalism to the whole world.

Colonial expansion, the east is subordinate to the west.

5. The development of liberal capitalism.

Class discussion: What are the positive effects of the industrial revolution? What are the negative effects?

Negative effects: ① The proletariat is increasingly exploited and oppressed.

(2) Asia, Africa, Latin America and other backward areas have accelerated the process of colonization and semi-colonization, and have been plundered more and more, making today's East belong to the West.

Summary: Discussion: ① What is the industrial revolution? Why is it the inevitable result of British political and economic development in the18th century?

(2) What were the major inventions of the British Industrial Revolution?

What is the inevitable connection between the British industrial revolution and the Sino-British Opium War?

Homework: homework after class

Notes after class: This section applies the dialectical relationship between productive forces and production relations, economic base and superstructure, firmly grasps it and avoids rote memorization.

Reading: the difference between the industrial bourgeoisie and the industrial proletariat, and between the bourgeoisie and the working class before the industrial revolution) In the period of workshop handicraft industry, commercial capital controlled industry, and the bourgeoisie-mainly including financial bourgeoisie and commercial bourgeoisie-was not really a modern bourgeoisie. After the industrial revolution, the industrial bourgeoisie grew rapidly, which made the land nobles, big businessmen and financial nobles who once occupied the main position retreat to the secondary position. At the same time, the modern proletariat with industrial workers as the main body has also become a stable class. They are different from workers in manual workshops. Handicraft workshops are generally small. In handicraft workshops, concentrated labor is part of the production process, and a large part of it is done at home. Workers usually have tools or small plots of land. The workers in the factory are completely divorced from the land and means of production. They have nothing and are real proletarians.

Teaching content analysis

-British industrial revolution

1, a prerequisite for the British industrial revolution:

First of all, pay attention to the concept of "industrial revolution". The so-called industrial revolution, also known as the industrial revolution, is a leap of capitalism from the workshop handicraft stage to the big machine production stage. It is a revolution in the field of production and also a revolution in social relations. The industrial revolution began with the invention and use of machines and ended with the establishment of machine manufacturing.

In this part, I think on the basis of reading the contents of the textbook: what is the main reason why the industrial revolution first occurred in Britain?

(1) Britain established the rule of the bourgeoisie earlier, and there were relatively few obstacles to the development of capitalism.

② Take advantage of favorable geographical position to expand foreign trade and colonial activities, including slave trade, expand overseas markets and increase primitive accumulation of capital.

(3) The large-scale enclosure movement made a large number of farmers lose their land and provided enough free labor for the industrial revolution; At the same time, it objectively promoted the development of capitalist agriculture.

(4) The handicraft industry in the workshop is developed, and a great deal of production technology knowledge has been accumulated.

⑤ Coal and iron resources are abundant, which can increase the iron output and is beneficial to the manufacture and popularization of machines.

⑥ Domestic transportation is convenient, which is conducive to industrial development.

⑦ Britain implements a relatively loose religious policy. 1685, the French king practiced religious persecution, and a large number of Huguenots were forced to leave France and come to the United States. They are very creative. There are many inventors and entrepreneurs among them.

Note: [/kloc-The enclosure movement in Britain in the 0/8th century was different from the past] In the past, enclosure was carried out sporadically, usually under the violence of individuals; /kloc-in the 0/8th century, the enclosure was large and was carried out by the parliament through laws. 1701-180/kloc-0 passed the decree of 2208, occupying more than 3.49 million mu of land.

2. The process and major inventions of the British industrial revolution.

Beginning: In the 65438+60s, this process began with the invention and use of machines in the cotton textile industry. Because the cotton textile industry was a new industry at that time, it was less bound by old habits and easier to hire new methods. In addition, the cotton textile industry is relatively concentrated, so it is easier to become mechanized large-scale production. With the application and popularization of machines in cotton textile, large-scale factories using machines have appeared, and the mechanization of textile production has promoted the innovation of power machines. 1785, Watt's improved steam engine was put into use, which greatly promoted the popularization and development of the machine. The technological innovation of textile industry has promoted the technological innovation and the use of machinery in coal mining, metallurgy, transportation and other industries (see the textbook chart for some major inventions in this period).

End: 1840 or so, the large machine production in Britain has basically replaced the workshop handicraft industry, and the machine manufacturing industry with machines has also been established, and the industrial revolution in Britain has basically been completed. Britain became the first industrial country in the world.

The favorable factors of Britain's first industrial revolution;

The bourgeoisie established rule; The overseas market is vast; Primitive capital accumulated more; Free labor is abundant; Convenient international trade and transportation; Agricultural capitalism is developed; Abundant coal and iron resources; Convenient navigation of domestic rivers; A relatively loose religious policy.

Second, the expansion of the industrial revolution.

1. French industrial revolution.

At the end of 2008 and the beginning of 2009, French textile enterprises began to carry out industrial revolution. During the Great Geyu War and the Napoleonic War, the process of industrial revolution was influenced to some extent. From the 1920s (65438+2009), the French industrial revolution developed rapidly and was basically completed by the middle of 65438+2009, making France an industrial country second only to Britain. However, the scale of the French industrial revolution lags far behind that of Britain, and its development speed is not as fast as that of the United States and Germany at the same time. This is because small and medium-sized enterprises and small-scale peasant economy exist in large numbers for a long time, enterprises are scattered, new technologies and machines are difficult to invent and popularize, industrial labor force is lacking, domestic market is also depressed, French usury capital is developed, and industrial capital is lacking. In addition, many original colonies were lost in the competition with Britain, and the foreign market was relatively narrow. The significance of colonial plunder to capital accumulation is not as prominent in France as in Britain.

Unfavorable factors of French industrial revolution

The existence of a large number of farmers in France restricts the formation of the domestic market, the supply of free labor and the improvement of agricultural technology; In the British-French colonial hegemony war, France was defeated and lost a large number of colonies; The number of small and medium-sized enterprises is large, and the proportion of high-consumption production is too large; Usury capital is active and industrial investment is less; French society has long been in turmoil.

2. American industrial revolution.

The industrial revolution in the United States started at the same time as that in France, but it developed rapidly, because the conditions for industrial development in the United States are very superior: as an emerging country, the United States is less bound by the traditional and customary forces of guilds, which is conducive to the invention and popularization of new technologies; Its superior geographical position makes it not susceptible to war. Environmental stability: the expansion of American territory and the development of the western region make it rich in resources and broad in market; The influx of foreign immigrants provides labor, advanced technology and production experience. Based on the above factors, the industrial revolution in the United States has made great achievements, even surpassing Britain in transportation and standardization of machine parts. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, the American industrial revolution was completed.

3. The industrial revolution in Germany.

Germany's industrial revolution was later than Britain, France and the United States because of its long-term separatist regime. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the industrial revolution in Rhine, Prut was more prominent. After the 1930s, it became more common. It was not until the reunification of the country in the 1970s that the process of the industrial revolution was greatly accelerated and completed in the late 1970s.

4./kloc-After the mid-9th century, Russia, Japan and other countries also successively carried out industrial revolutions.

Third, the influence of the industrial revolution.

1. The industrial revolution greatly improved the productive forces, strengthened the capitalist economy, consolidated the rule of capitalist countries, and the capitalist production system gradually gained a dominant position.

2. The formation of two opposing classes. The industrial revolution caused great changes in the social structure, which split the society into two opposing classes-the industrial bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and the workers' movement gradually rose.

Note: The difference between the industrial bourgeoisie and the industrial proletariat and between the bourgeoisie and the working class before the industrial revolution) During the workshop handicraft industry, commercial capital controlled the industry, and the bourgeoisie-mainly including the financial bourgeoisie and the commercial bourgeoisie-was not a real modern bourgeoisie. After the industrial revolution, the industrial bourgeoisie grew rapidly, which made the land nobles, big businessmen and financial nobles who once occupied the main position retreat to the secondary position. At the same time, the modern proletariat with industrial workers as the main body has also become a stable class. They are different from workers in manual workshops. Handicraft workshops are generally small. In handicraft workshops, concentrated labor is part of the production process, and a large part of it is done at home. Workers usually have tools or small plots of land. The workers in the factory are completely divorced from the land and means of production. They have nothing and are real proletarians.

3. Urbanization process: The industrial revolution led the labor force from rural areas to cities and began the urbanization process. In this process, people's lifestyles and values have gradually changed.

4. The influence on the relationship between the East and the West: The industrial revolution greatly strengthened the ties around the world, changed the face of the world, and finally established the bourgeois rule over the world. Britain, which took the lead in completing the industrial revolution, soon became the world hegemon. On the one hand, advanced production technologies and models spread all over the world, violently impacting old ideas and old systems; On the other hand, capitalist countries such as Britain seized the commodity market, seized the origin of raw materials, expanded colonies, aggravated local poverty and backwardness, and made the East subordinate to the West.

5, the rise of liberalism, with the development of capitalist industry and the growth of the bourgeoisie, the bourgeoisie demands to further solve the feudal bondage and implement free operation, free competition and free trade. Therefore, the liberal reform movement is actively launched. The development of liberal capitalism is the first stage of industrial capitalism.

Please think: What effects did the industrial revolution have and what were positive? Which ones are negative?

A: Positive effects: ① It has greatly improved social productivity and enriched material life. (2) It has caused changes in the social structure and produced two opposing emerging classes-the industrial bourgeoisie and the proletariat. With the rapid growth of economic strength, the bourgeoisie gradually defeated the feudal forces and mastered the political power; The proletariat gradually realized that it was necessary to change the fate of exploitation and oppression and began to struggle. ③ It changed people's daily life and values, and urbanization began to rise. (4) The world is more closely linked, objectively spreading the advanced capitalist production technology and mode to all parts of the world and changing the world.

Negative effects: ① The proletariat is suffering more and more exploitation and oppression. (2) Asia, Africa, Latin America and other backward areas have accelerated the process of colonization and semi-colonization, and have been plundered more and more, making the East subordinate to the West.

summary

/kloc-In the mid-8th century, with the establishment of British colonial hegemony, overseas markets were greatly expanded. Although handicraft workshops in Britain are flourishing, they still can't meet the market demand. After 100 years of capitalist development and accumulation, Britain has the conditions for industrial revolution. So the industrial revolution first happened in Britain. Later, it gradually expanded to Western Europe and North America. /kloc-After the middle of the 0/9th century, Russia, Japan and other countries started the industrial revolution one after another. The industrial revolution has had a far-reaching impact on all aspects of human society.

utilize

1, what is the industrial revolution?

(See the textbook for details)

2. What are the main factors that hinder the process of industrial revolution in France?

A: Due to the long-term existence of small and medium-sized enterprises and small-scale peasant economy, the development of usury and many other factors, French enterprises are scattered, the invention and popularization of new technologies and machines are difficult, industrial labor and industrial capital are relatively lacking, and the domestic market is not very prosperous, which hinders the development of the industrial revolution to some extent.

3. What is the main reason for the rapid development of American industrial revolution?

A: ① The United States is rich in domestic resources and has a broad market; (2) The international environment is superior and less affected by the war; The influx of foreign immigrants has brought a lot of labor and advanced technology.