The unique Bazhong culture of cliff statues in Bazhong

Bazhong City is located at the southern foot of Micang Mountain in the northeast of Sichuan, bordering Dazhou in the east, Guangyuan in the west, Nanchong in the south and Hanzhong in the south of Shaanxi in the north. It is a mountainous area with high north and low south and concentrated poor population. With a total area of 12325 square kilometers, it governs one district (Bazhou district), three counties (Nanjiang, Tongjiang and Pingchang), 172 townships and 2355 administrative villages with a population of 3.7 million.

Bazhong has a long history. As early as 17000 BC, there were people here. It belonged to Yugong Liangzhou in ancient times, under the jurisdiction of Bazi State in the Spring and Autumn Period, and to Dangqu County in Ba County (now Chongqing) in the Qin and Han Dynasties. In the Eastern Han Dynasty and the first year of Emperor (AD 89), the north of Dangqu (now Bazhong City, Wanyuan County, Daxian County, northwest of Xuanhan County, Sichuan Province) belonged to Hanchang County (Bazhou Town, Bazhou District, Zhi Zhi), and in the sixth year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 20 1 year) belonged to Brazil County (now Baoning Town, Langzhong, Sichuan Province), which was under the jurisdiction of Brazil County. 1932 18 February 18 The Fourth Army of the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants arrived at Lianghekou, Tongjiang County via Bashan in southern Shaanxi, and liberated Tongjiang County on 25th, Bazhou 1933 on June 23rd and Bazhou 1933 on February 23rd. From June 65438 to June 0933, the head office moved from Tongjiang to Bazhou. 1993 1938+00 established Bazhong area, which was changed to Bazhong city in 2000. The municipal government is located in Bazhou Town, Bazhou District, with a population of 250,000. It is the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of Bazhong.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, Bashui (now Tongjiang) and Yushui (now Nanjiang and Bahe) ran through the whole territory of Bazhong, which was called "Bayu" in history. Because people living in the two river basins (one of the Ba people) are also called "Ba", the "Bayu Dance" named by Emperor Gaozu came from this. Because the people like singing and dancing, they are brave and good at fighting, and Gao Zuqin conquered the people to pacify Sanqin, so when the county was first established, Gao Zuqin was named "Hanchang". In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, wars were common, plagues were rampant, and a large number of people died. At present, 90% of the residents are descendants of Ba people who immigrated during the "Huguang filling Sichuan" in the early Qing Dynasty-the Han nationality after the localization of Tujia nationality, and a few Hui people live in the Han nationality area.

Bazhong is located at the southern foot of Micang Mountain in Qinba Mountain area, and the Bayu River is connected with Chongqing underwater. The Micang Ancient Road (Baling Road and Avenue) with a history of more than 3,000 years is an important passage connecting Chang 'an in Guanzhong Plain and Chengdu in Sichuan, so it is also the intersection of northern culture in the Yellow River basin and southern culture in the Yangtze River basin. Bazhong has a long history and rich cultural accumulation. There are 100 cliff statues in this city, most of which are from the Tang Dynasty. Among them, the statues of South Niche, West Niche, North Niche and Shuining Temple are national key cultural relics protection units, and the statues of Thousand Buddha Rock are provincial cultural relics protection units. There are more than 56 statues100 in the south niche in Bazhou district, and 2 statues100. Shuining Temple has 27 niches and more than 300 Buddha statues. 59 statues of Xiqiao Mountain, 1900; There are more than 300 statues in 24 Buddhist niches in the north. There are more than 3,000 statues of Thousand Buddha Cliffs in Tongjiang, and 20 statues of Luban Temple in Bailuxi, 184. The above six statues are of great scale, far-reaching influence and extraordinary value. In addition, there is a Taoist story statue, which is Woniushan 12 statue in Zengkou Town, Bazhou.

The cliff statues in Bazhong have many characteristics, exquisite shapes and meticulous craftsmanship, and have gathered statues of various Buddhist factions. For example, the cliff statue in the south niche not only has various forms of grotto lintel and edge decoration carving, but also is decorated with colorful cluster beads and curtain tassels, showing the mysterious color of religion. There are a lot of flying angel music, not only many musical instrument brands, but also different flying postures, which is the concentrated embodiment of Bazhong religious culture in the Tang Dynasty. In terms of craft production, it is mainly realistic, vivid and graceful, which can be compared with Dunhuang murals. Sculpture art is more national and secular, with fullness and strength as its beauty. Clothing developed from "leaning to the right shoulder" and "over the shoulder" in Buddhism to "unjust clothing" in China. The sculptures of Shuining Temple all adopt the techniques of high relief and round carving, which shows the beauty of lines of human body modeling and makes the statues look more exquisite. 1992, Mr. Duan Wenjie, a professor at Dunhuang Art Research Institute in China, inspected the stone carvings in Bazhou and wrote an inscription praising "Tangshuining is the best in China" and "Bazhong Grottoes, a national treasure". Bazhong folk culture has a long history, diverse types, rich content, distinctive features and high value. For example, Bashan Folk Songs has published more than 3,000 folk songs. There are not only labor songs dedicated to productive labor, but also children's songs to teach children, both minor story songs sung in the courtyard and solemn ceremony songs. In short, there are Tian Ge in the field, gongs and drums in the grass and yangko in the seedlings. There are various ritual songs chanted by masons, masons and carpenters in the process of building houses, songs dedicated to wedding customs such as "Crying and Sitting in a karaoke room", songs of wine ceremony and various Cambodian ceremony songs chanted by Mr. Zeke Sally, memorial songs and filial piety songs used in funeral customs, ritual songs used by pig killers in memorial ceremonies, and. Among them, Maoshan songs praising love life account for more than 80%.

Among folk sacrificial songs, sacrificial songs and strategy songs have the longest history. Special emphasis is placed on the power of language in the sacrificial ceremony. The original language must be used in the use, and improvisation is not allowed, otherwise the gods will not understand it and the purpose of the sacrificial ceremony will not be achieved. All kinds of ceremonial articles, three sacrificial halls and three sacrificial souls used in the sacrificial ceremony in Bazhong are manuscripts of the Ming Dynasty, and all kinds of filial piety articles used are exactly the same as the poems in the Book of Songs. For example, the most seven-character rhythmic poem in the folk songs of Bazhong in Guo Guo can be traced back to Ba Yao Ge written by Qin Shihuang in 3 1 year, which has a history of more than 2,000 years.

Lyrics: Regular seven-character poems are the main ones, but there are also five words, less. For example, "Xianmei looks white and floating, as if tofu has just been opened;" Just open the tender tofu and gently press the water to grow. "Its expression technique is traditional Fu, Bi and Xing. It selects the most typical things in Bashan people's life and makes artistic generalization and description. It is simple and natural, unadorned and easy to understand. For example, "My sister is a flower that smells fragrant thousands of miles away, and my brother is a bee from Wan Li. Bees see flowers around, and flowers see bees blossom. "Using this special relationship between flowers and bees to describe love is equal to each other, which is very accurate. For example, when the two brothers in Bashan North were hungry and tired at noon and couldn't walk up the mountain, the captain made a column and said, "Call the foot pole and don't burn it. On the ridge, you can go to Liangfengya. The store is waiting for you, and feed the doll modestly. If you want to eat her hot steamed bread, you can climb up slowly! "

The lyrics of Bashan folk songs are completely different from those rhyming with auxiliary words and exclamations, such as Hua 'er, Love Song of Lotus Mountain, Song of Buyi Langshao and Love Song of Naxi Yulong Mountain. The metaphors are ingenious, the rhythm is harmonious and the syllables are loud and natural. For example, "Lang is a bee flying in the sky, my sister is a spider web roof, bees pounce on spider silk, Lang wants to fly high, and my sister wants to entangle". Another example: "The river is full of water and sand, and my sister is jumping over her eyes. Which little sister are you? Do you want me to help you? " Brother Moray across the street, I am a flower that bees pounce on. I have blossomed and borne fruit. Don't try to find a way on me! "Bashan folk songs express their feelings boldly, directly, warmly and naturally, which is rare in other folk songs. For example," Even playing with lang, sighing in your arms, everything is in a leap year, so why not jump at the age of five! "Really" people have seven emotions, so they should be aware of things and things. Is it natural? "In the Ming Dynasty, Li Kaixian wrote in the preface of" Good Words in the Market "that' true poetry is still among the people', and Bashan folk songs are proof.

Liner words: the common liner words in folk songs are always function words, that is, the main "lyrics" plus "function words", in order to achieve clear pronunciation and mellow voice or increase its intonation. The lining words of Bashan folk songs are different. Its biggest feature is that they use real words and sentences as lining words to deepen the theme. Even the theme of some folk songs is expressed by interlining, which can't be found in other folk songs, such as "When will Lang come?" The main lyrics are "the sunset is yellow, singing folk songs to bid farewell to my lover, my lover goes home slowly, and my sister tears her skirt." Its main lyrics are organically integrated with traditional interlining such as Flower Fan Shake, Red Flower Becomes Peony, Ten Red Chopsticks and Hydrangea Red, which expresses the theme of love in an interesting way. At the end of the song, a chorus appeared: "Grab Lang's belt and ask Lang when he will come; I don't have time today, I have to cut wood tomorrow, and I can only come to Xiaomei Mountain the day after tomorrow! " These five sentences are our true feelings when we parted with the last sentence of the subject, "My sister's clothes are wet with tears". They answered the question of "When Lang will come", as if Sichuan Opera was echoing the theme of deepening and rendering.

Tune: The tune of Bashan folk songs is composed of two phrases: Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng and Yu, or "the alternation of feather numbers". The tune-seeking folk songs are mainly big-pitched folk songs with loud rhymes. This simple and lively folk song in major gradually weakened from north to south. It reflects the influence of northern folk songs on Bashan folk songs. Feather folk songs gradually weaken from south to north. It reflects the influence of southern minor folk songs on Bashan folk songs. Alternate mode is the biggest feature of Bashan folk songs, especially the alternate mode of feather sign, which is the product of the blending of southern minor folk songs and northern major folk songs. The Tongjiang folk song "Bean Sprouts, Onion and Garlic Leaves", which won the gold medal at the World Youth and Students Festival in Moscow in 1950s, is a typical alternate mode of feathering and signing, and a model of the blending of north and south folk songs in China.

The national folk culture in Bazhong is also reflected in many ancient customs, such as the creation myth "Goddess of mending the sky", the love story "Yong Dong" of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, the historical legend "Prince Zhang Huai", and historical legends, such as the slaying of Bashu to suppress the Pakistani uprising during the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, and even the Spring Festival, Lantern Festival (Tomb-Sweeping Day) and Duanduan in the New Year custom. There are life customs such as "playing three dynasties", "holding a full moon wine", "dizzy", "worshipping michel platini", shaving one's head, welcoming six gifts, sitting in a sedan chair, holding a birthday party and holding a school wine. Funeral customs still maintain the traditional two procedures of "mourning" and "mourning", and funeral customs are basically left over from the Spring and Autumn Period. Their mourning clothes, mourning clothes, memorial methods, corpse disposal, burial procedures, funerary objects, coffin patterns, etc. all retain traditional customs. Their burial methods include "cave burial" and "hanging coffin burial" (hanging coffin burial), including burying the body in the coffin (buried in the grave pit) and hanging the coffin from the grave (repairing the grave with stones first, and hanging the body on the grave wall with chains after entering the coffin) The second burial of ashes in urban cemeteries belongs to burial after cremation; Up to now, there are still a set of ancient customs and rituals related to nature worship and plant worship, such as "looking at the foundation under the house", "erecting walls", "erecting beams and columns", "opening the door to sweep the dam" and "offering sacrifices to the new house". Its housing pattern includes quadrangles in the north, three courtyards in the south, a large number of stilt houses with stilts and thatched earth walls, and semi-cave and semi-stilt houses in some places. There are also many quadrangles in the city, which are composed of traditional cabinets, doors, patios, halls, corridors, brick walls and blue tiles. Among the folk food customs, there are roasted Dinggang wine and old jujube wine. Boiled eagle tea, boiled tea, roasted tea, sugar tea, etc. There are also the folk customs of the "Top Ten Bowls". Grain storage still retains the folk custom of smoked bacon; Indigenous papermaking is a handicraft technology, which is very popular among the people. In some places, there are also rod-bumping winch (commonly known as "small oil squeezing", which is expensive). There are also traditional printing and dyeing techniques, traditional bamboo weaving techniques and stone carving techniques. The clay sculpture of enyang River, the paper-cut of Tongjiang, and the root carvings of Tongjiang, Nanjiang and Bazhou are also famous. Folk firing techniques are generally retained in Bazhong city, while the local lacquer making technology in Nanjiang and the local ink processing technology in Bazhou town still exist. "Tan Juan Opera" and "antique tricks" in folk operas are very popular in Nanjiang, Tongjiang and Bazhou. The best and most active shadow play troupe and shadow play production in Sichuan are all in Bazhou (Li Yuxiang Shadow Play Troupe and Zhang Xuelin Shadow Play Troupe); The folk art of Zaolin in Bazhou says that spring is the only seed of this kind of music in China, and the person who says spring-"Guan Chun" is still active in Bazhong and southern Shaanxi.

Rich national folk culture is the genetic culture of Bazhong culture. Daba Mountain, which stretches for thousands of miles, was once a hot land of clouds and was once a holy land made of flesh and blood. 1932, the Fourth Army of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army made a strategic shift from Hubei, Henan and Anhui to the west, and arrived in Tongjiang County, Sichuan Province in the middle of 12. In the following 27 months, Sichuan-Shaanxi revolutionary base area, the second largest Soviet area in China, centered on communication, South, Pakistan and Pingping, was established. Pakistan-China revolution has a glorious history, rich and precious revolutionary cultural relics, and revolutionary spirit has been passed down from generation to generation. At that time, 20,000 sons and daughters of Bazhong/Kloc-0 joined the Red Army, and more than 40,000 people died heroically, making outstanding contributions to the victory of the China Revolution. In this red land, * * * produced 27 generals of the Republic of China and 128 provincial and ministerial cadres, and the proletarian revolutionaries of the older generation such as Xu, Chen Changhao, Li Xiannian, Zhang, Liao Chengzhi, * * fought bloody battles here. There are 9 revolutionary cultural relics 106 19 in the city, including 3 first-class cultural relics 132 second-class cultural relics132, 2,926 third-class cultural relics and 7,648 general cultural relics. There are 30 immovable revolutionary cultural relics protection units in the city, including 3 national key cultural relics protection units, 6 provincial cultural relics protection units, 9 municipal cultural relics protection units and 1 12 county cultural relics protection units. According to the investigation in 2004, there are 802 cultural relics such as stone carvings, wall calligraphy slogans, documents, couplets and notices of the Red Army in this city.

There are a number of Red Army cultural relics exhibition positions in the city, such as Sichuan-Shaanxi Revolutionary Base Museum, Liu Bojian Martyrs Memorial Hall, the former site of the Red Fourth Army General Command, Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet General Monument Forest, Bashan Guerrilla Memorial Hall, Sichuan-Shaanxi Revolutionary Base Red Army Martyrs Cemetery, and the exhibition hall of the former site of the Fourth Party Congress in Sichuan and Shaanxi. There are 9 exhibition halls, including 3 National Patriotism Education Demonstration Bases and 2 Sichuan Patriotism Education Bases. In 2004, the state started the "Red Tourism" project, and Bazhong was included in 12 key red tourist area and one of 30 red tourist routes (named "Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Area-Hongyan Spirit"). The former site of the General Command of the Red Fourth Front Army, the Red Army Martyrs Cemetery in the Sichuan-Shaanxi Revolutionary Base, the Liu Bojian Martyrs Memorial Hall and the Bashan Guerrilla Command were included in the classic red scenic spot in China 100. The Red Army culture has not only become an important culture integrated into the soul of the people in Bazhong, but also become the main culture of social development and economic construction in Bazhong, and has been passed down from generation to generation with a shining cultural spirit.

Rich history and culture, colorful national folk culture and splendid Red Army culture constitute a unique Bazhong culture.