Can humans live on Mars? Is there really water on Mars?

(1) Charles Lineweaver, a researcher at the University of New South Wales in Australia, suggested that about 10% of the planets in the Milky Way are suitable for advanced life like humans. They built an evolutionary model of the Milky Way and analyzed it. They believe that there are four conditions for the existence of life: first, there is a main star; Second, there are enough heavy metals to form earth-like planets; Third, there is enough time for biological evolution; Fourth, it is located in a safe place, free from gamma-ray radiation generated by supernova explosion. On this basis, Lineweaver and others believe that there is a "region where life may exist" in the Milky Way, which is 25,000 light years away from the center of the Milky Way. This is a slowly expanding area, including planets formed in 4-8 billion years, and 3/4 of them were formed earlier than the sun 1 100 million years. However, this is only an inference after all, which needs to be proved by facts; Moreover, even if this inference is correct, it cannot be said that the planet in the "possible life area" is suitable for human habitation, because being suitable for life or even advanced life does not mean being suitable for life forms like human beings. Therefore, it seems an absurd dream for human beings on earth to live on a planet with a distance of light years. Today, Mars is the most concerned by scientists and seems to be the best choice for human beings as their second home. So, what is the truth? By comparing and analyzing the scientific data obtained from the exploration of Mars by the American Geographical Society, it is concluded that although human beings can travel from the Earth to Mars by space shuttle, the conditions that Mars is not conducive to human survival are still very obvious. First, Mars is much colder than the Earth, with an average temperature of -40 ~-60 degrees Celsius; Second, there are cosmic high-energy ion radiation and cosmic magnetic field (electromagnetic radiation) on Mars. After analyzing the energy of harmful rays from Mars detected by spacecraft, scientists know that although these rays will not cause immediate death of people who landed on Mars, the radiation received by people who arrived on Mars is about twice that of astronauts on the International Space Station, and its harm to human body and life may be chronic, but it is also fatal. For example, if people stay on Mars for a certain period of time, they may suffer from various cancers and cataracts due to radiation, or suffer from various diseases due to damage to the nervous system. In addition, the gravity of Mars is only 38% of that of the Earth, and the atmospheric pressure is only 1% of that of the Earth, so its microgravity environment will also pose a challenge to human life and health. Previous studies have proved that in microgravity (weightlessness) environment, human muscles will shrink, bones will soften due to calcium loss, and genes will mutate; However, the influence of microgravity environment on human immune system shows that the antibody release of immune B cells is reduced, and the ability of T cells to identify pathogens and activities is reduced, so that the virus in human body will increase. It is known that Mars is similar to the Earth. Of course, it does not rule out the existence of planets similar to the earth's environment, such as Saturn's sixth satellite Titan, but it is too far away from the earth. The environment of other planets is worse than that of Mars. However, even if it is concluded that Mars and other planets are not suitable for human habitation on earth, it may not be enough to prevent human beings from trying to March and immigrate to Mars or other planets, because human beings have always had such confidence and pride-if there are no conditions, they must create conditions. So, what conditions can be created for humans to move to Mars? Some people think that moving to Mars is a century-long plan. The general idea is: in the first stage, build houses in hidden places on Mars, and build houses with building materials that effectively reduce radiation; Moreover, humans also need to wear radiation-proof materials, and the period of this stage is about 20 15 ~ 2030. During this period, there were fewer people on Mars, no more than 100. The main task is to explore and analyze the climate and radiation of Mars, find the environment of life, find life on Mars, and try to grow crops. The second stage will be realized from 2030 to 2080. At this stage, chemical plants and nuclear power plants are mainly built on Mars, with the purpose of forming a greenhouse effect and raising the temperature on Mars from tens of degrees below zero to ten degrees below zero or several degrees below zero. At this time, the people on Mars are mainly scientists, engineers and technicians, doctors, etc. And the number can reach hundreds. The third stage is the movement of a small number of people. During this period, the temperature on Mars has reached MINUS several degrees Celsius or zero degrees Celsius, plants have grown and formed vegetation, the atmosphere has gradually thickened, and carbon dioxide and water can seep from the ground. Humans can breathe without protective clothing, but they still need a respirator. At this time, tens of thousands of people will probably move to Mars. The realization period of the fourth stage is 2 1 15 ~ 2 150, when the Martian atmosphere is formed and the average temperature is zero degrees Celsius. Green plants and food crops grow normally and crops can be planted and harvested; Green plants can already dissolve and block radiation; The oxygen in the air is enough for human use; Cities began to form on Mars. At this time, humans can migrate to Mars on a large scale. Is the above plan a scientific fantasy of mankind or a grand blueprint that can be realized? It depends on whether human beings have such ability and whether nature agrees with human imagination and creativity. (2) The American Geographic Society recently held a meeting in San Francisco, announcing that the test report sent back by the "Mars Drifter" spacecraft sent by NASA to explore and experiment on Mars showed that humans could return to Earth after landing on Mars for scientific exploration. Although the harmful rays on Mars will bring some harm to human health, it will not lead to the death of astronauts walking on the surface of Mars. The measurement results show that astronauts walking on the surface of Mars are twice as exposed to harmful radiation as astronauts on the International Space Station. This may lead to cancer, cataracts and human nervous system damage for these astronauts who venture to swim and carry out scientific activities on the surface of Mars. Nevertheless, human beings can still conduct safe and reliable space exploration activities. Only in this way, people need to use Mars itself to protect themselves, that is, to build hidden residential areas in the valleys on the surface of Mars, so as to use some building materials that can effectively reduce radiation.

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