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The Inheritance and Changes of Chaoshan Dwellings

Clothing, food and shelter are the minimum requirements for human survival, even in primitive society. Residence, that is, folk houses, is the origin of architecture. It is an activity space built by material and technical means to meet people's various needs. It is an activity with the development of human society. "Everything is done wrong, Wu Zhu" said: "There were few people in ancient times, and the people were invincible. There are saints who make it and use trees as nests to avoid group harm. " Folk houses were born under this historical background, and gradually developed with the continuous enrichment of social material life and spiritual life. It is not only a scientific and technological production activity, but also a spiritual and cultural behavior and a symbol of human civilization.

History, geography and natural environment have great influence on human architectural activities. People living in different areas will try their best to use local natural building materials to create architectural forms that adapt to the local natural environment and people's lifestyles. It contains the history, cultural accumulation, ideological trend and aesthetic concept of a certain area, and reflects the local cultural characteristics of a certain area. Folk houses are one of the buildings that can best reflect the regional characteristics and the characteristics of the times. It combines the cultural characteristics of a region with the characteristics of the times. Chaozhou folk houses belong to Fulao folk houses because of chaozhou people's folk characteristics, which have distinct regional characteristics and attracted the attention of the outside world as early as the early Qing Dynasty. Kangxi Lin Hang's Chaozhou Fu Zhi (hereinafter referred to as Lin Zhi) and Zhou Qianlong Shuoxun's Chaozhou Fu Zhi (hereinafter referred to as Zhou Zhi) once described Chaozhou folk houses like this:

Camp room must first ancestral temple, Ming Sect legal system, absolute succession, re-worship of the field, more than home sound poetry and books, and cultural relics are all displayed. ("Lin Zhi")

When a noble family builds a house, it must set up a temple, which is magnificent. Although there are many thatched huts and bamboo fences in the village square market, the solid half wall is high and thick. Sanyang and Chengcheng, Rao, Pu and Hui seven cities, Yan Lu Raoyu, although also full of bird towns. If you have a daughter, you must build a study, carve beams and draw buildings, and decorate it with bamboo on the pond. Residential buildings need to build walls with ash and sand, and the land is rock solid. In other words, the hurricane destroyed the robot, and the fire destroyed the society, but Li Zhuo did not collapse. Crossing Huizhou and Jiaying, although there are times, it is far less than the tide. ("Zhou Zhi")

Lin Hang Studies and Zhou Shuoxun briefly introduced the general trend, environment, technology, materials and quality of Chaozhou urban and rural residential buildings in the early Qing Dynasty, which reflected chaozhou people's concept and aesthetic consciousness. Due to these concepts and consciousness, Chaozhou residential architecture has become a traditional form with its own regional characteristics.

The development track of Chaozhou folk houses

Chaozhou folk houses have a long history, and the lifestyle of Chaozhou aborigines is now unpredictable. Guishan site in Chenghai, Han Dynasty is a large building complex covering an area of nearly 20,000 square meters. Among them, f 1 building basement has a rectangular building plane with rammed earth partition wall and column foundation in the middle, which seems to be a strip-shaped row house; The foundation site of F2 building is circular with stone walls. The foundation site of f3 building has been destroyed, but it can still be distinguished as a three-in-one quadrangle building with one hall and two rooms in the back, verandahs on both sides in front and a courtyard in the middle. The whole building is rammed with earth as the wall, and there are many pillars unearthed, and the beam frame inside seems to be supported by more pillars. F4 building has a rectangular foundation, which is divided into two parts by a partition wall. The external wall and partition wall of the building are rammed earth walls, and floor tiles, tiles, roof tiles and pipe tiles are unearthed at the same time. The above-mentioned unearthed building foundation sites show that the architectural level of Han Dynasty and the architectural culture of the Central Plains have spread to eastern Guangdong, and the Sanheyuan building can be said to be the embryonic form of Chaozhou residential development in the later period; At the same time, from the unearthed tile and tile roof, it can be proved that the tile house mentioned in Su Dongpo's Book with Wu in the Song Dynasty was not established at first.

It is difficult to see the architectural remains of the Jin Dynasty today. The Jin Dynasty all-wood structure house found in Jiudushan, Xinheng Town, Jieyang, is square in plan, with an indoor length and width of 7.5 meters and a height of 3.5 meters. The vertical wood is the wall, and the roof panel is covered with clay. This shows that the architectural form and material technology of Chaozhou folk houses in this period are no less than those in Lingbei area.

The Tang and Song Dynasties witnessed the rapid development of Chaozhou architecture. In terms of materials used in residential buildings, among the many Tang kilns found in Chaozhou, only 26 are in Chunguang Kiln, and architectural ceramic printed bricks, tiles, pipe tiles and board tiles have been unearthed at the kiln site. There are two kinds of printed tiles unearthed, oval and round, with lotus petals and chrysanthemum petals printed on the surface. The patterns are regular and the techniques are skillful, which are the same as those unearthed in Daming Palace in Xi 'an. A lotus age brick engraved with the words "four years of Yifeng" (639) was unearthed in the Tang tomb in Chaozhou. Su Dongpo's "Book with Wu" in the Northern Song Dynasty says: "The tile house outside the ridge began from Youyan to Zhi County, and the tide was especially prosperous, and the wings of fish scales and birds were like Zhang Zhiyan. "Although Song Guangping's theory cannot be established from the description of Tang Kiln and Dongpo, we can also know that bricks and tiles have been widely used in residential buildings, and the firing level is no less than that of the Central Plains. It can be seen that the architectural style of time-frequency Chaozhou folk houses has gradually formed and attracted people's attention. The earliest Chaozhou House building that can be seen in kind and protected in Song Dynasty is Xu Yi House, a national cultural relic protection unit, located at No.4 Dongfucheng, Xiang Tao, Zhongshan Road, which is Xu Yi House in Northern Song Dynasty. Because Xu Jue is still Princess Ting, the great-granddaughter of Song Taizong, and fashionable people call it "Ma Xu House". The mansion was built in the year of Zhiping in Song Yingzong. After many generations of maintenance, it still retains the layout, structural characteristics and architectural style of the original building year. Its plane layout is obviously the embryonic form of Hummer trailer in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large number of immigrants from Bamin and Jiangxi moved into Chaozhou. Inspector of southeast provinces; Chaozhou merchants who are active all over the country have brought architectural culture from all over the country, making Chaozhou residential buildings mature, and residential buildings have also formed the characteristics of preserving ancient systems, converging forms, abiding by etiquette and attaching importance to education. Pay attention to practicality, highlight compatibility, lightness and transparency, exquisite craftsmanship and many other styles (in another article). Examples of this period abound in Chaozhou. From the examples of this period, it can be seen that Chaozhou residential buildings have formed their own style and become a bright pearl in China architectural culture. In the late Qing Dynasty, Chaozhou was a famous hometown of overseas Chinese because of its proximity to Southeast Asia and active transnational business. In addition, hipsters who travel abroad have the habit of starting businesses abroad and returning to China to build houses. They returned to their hometowns to build houses, bringing with them the architectural culture of their hometown. The architectural style of residential buildings has been integrated with the factors of Southeast Asia and Western architecture and gradually modernized. A large number of folk houses in this period have been preserved so far and are basically intact, which is an example for us to study the architectural culture of Chaozhou folk houses

Types and style characteristics of Chaozhou folk houses

There are many kinds of Chaozhou folk houses, the most basic of which are Shang Lu and Si Fen Jin. Other folk houses, such as "Hundred Phoenix Chaoyang", "Four Fens Gold" and "Three Walls Lian", are all made up of four Fens Gold and "Shang Lu Gen". In some mountainous areas and towns, there are still many fortress villages and houses with Hakka characteristics.

Chaozhou folk houses were infiltrated by Central Plains culture in the early stage, and influenced by Bamin Jiangxi culture, Jiangnan culture and Guangfu culture in the later stage. In addition, the natural, economic and cultural characteristics of the area where it is located also make it come down in one continuous line with the architectural culture of China. It is also different from the dignified and bright residential buildings in the central plains and the north; It is also different from the elegance and purity of Jiangnan residential buildings, and gradually forms its own residential style.

1, retaining the ancient convergence form.

Chaozhou developed later than the Central Plains, and the construction technology of folk craftsmen mainly relied on the folk mode of mentoring. Therefore, under the condition of slow information dissemination in ancient times, there is a time difference in the spread process of advanced technology in the Central Plains. Some rare houses retain the ancient system of the previous generation in detail structure, and some houses that have been rebuilt several times have preserved the ancient system well because they adhere to the principle. For example, "the bottom of the bucket is engraved with a dish plate" can be traced back to the Warring States period before the middle Tang Dynasty (the bucket mold of Zhongshan Copper Meter in the Warring States period, and the bottom of the bucket immediately had a dish plate). This practice has been preserved in the Central Plains of the Song Dynasty.

The identity of natural environment and folk culture makes the lifestyle and aesthetic taste of hipsters have many similarities, which is reflected in the convergence of styles in folk houses. Chaozhou residential buildings, like most residential buildings in China, adhere to the symmetrical layout. Have a clear central axis, and organize the space with the hall as the center. They are symmetrical, with clear priorities. When the scale is large, they will extend vertically or develop horizontally. On a large scale, they are combined with many halls or parallel axes to form a large residential building composed of multiple courtyards. Because of its functions of ancestor worship and God worship, the central position of the hall in the spatial combination is irreplaceable.

2, light and transparent, exquisite workmanship

Lightness and transparency is one of the important characteristics of Chaozhou folk houses.

The so-called light, first, the monomer is small, generally not as large as the houses in the Central Plains and Jiangnan areas; Second, the visual effect of the appearance is not as majestic as that of the Central Plains, nor as elegant as that of Jiangnan. No matter the curve of the roof, the elevation of the cornice, the layout of the facade and the drawing of colors, you can feel the characteristics of Chaozhou folk houses as long as you make a comparison. Taking color as an example, the northern part of China likes thick colors, resplendent and magnificent flowers, which look elegant; Jiangnan likes to use plain colors and black, which is pure and harmonious with the water environment. However, the color of Chaozhou folk houses is rather gray, and emphasis is placed on strengthening decoration in key parts such as roofs, beams, walls and eaves, and these decorative components are often related to the practical functions of building components. In Chaozhou folk houses, there are usually gray granite or gray surfaces to tie feet, shell gray walls and gray tile roofs. Only the roofs, gables and gates are decorated with bright and pleasing gray plastic, porcelain inlays, colored paintings, wood carvings and stone carvings. At the junction of eaves and roofs, black edges are often applied, and colored (some are black) rolling grass, hanging fish and kuiwen are painted to make the outline eye-catching and enrich the facade in strong sunlight.

The so-called permeability means that the whole building pays attention to ventilation, which is conducive to the moisture removal and moth prevention of building materials and the extension of life. Pay more attention to the natural climate conditions of Chaozhou, which is located in the subtropical zone, so that the living activities are comfortable and cool. Chaozhou folk houses pay attention to the overall environmental design to achieve indoor cooling effect, forming a building environment suitable for human habitation, which is warm in winter and cool in summer. In order to let the air circulate, the front is low and the back is high, and the alley is straight, which is convenient for entering the room by car. This so-called "exposure" strengthens the transparent flow and abundant sunshine in the room. In the case of developing large-scale combined residential buildings, the horizontal and vertical parts are separated by fire lanes, screens and fans. They are ventilation, fire prevention, convenient transportation and separation of forms. That is, the door covers, dry doors, flash doors, Bo Gu and other space partition components used in walls, brick window grilles, halls and doorways all use different materials to facilitate air convection, so that the traditional techniques such as stone carving and wood carving can come in handy. Most of the wooden structures are exposed from top to bottom, so that all building components are ventilated and breathable, and the wood is exposed as much as possible to prevent termites and rot. Most of the courtyards are open halls with doors and windows facing the sky. Most people's patios are equipped with flower beds, pools, flowers and trees, lotus pots, evergreen all the year round, quiet and elegant, which is more conducive to regulating indoor temperature. All these vividly reflect the transparent characteristics of Chaozhou folk houses.

3. Observe the etiquette system and attach importance to education.

Jiaqing's Chenghai County Records said: "A large number of small clans compete to build ancestral temples, and they do not hesitate to brag about their splendor", because ancestral temples are the link to contact clans and hold clan activities, and also the window to measure their strength. Its role and influence in strengthening the feudal etiquette system is self-evident. In folk houses, the influence of ritual order on the architectural pattern and use function is also very obvious, such as Baifeng Chaoyang residence, reception hall, shrine in the back hall to worship ancestors, and various gifts in the middle hall; The big room on the west side of the central hall is the parents' room, the front yard is the guest room, the backyard is the home, and the row houses in the fire lane are the residences of the people and servants. This model truly reflects the patriarchal rule, and the master and servant have other ethical orders. Even the most basic "commercial land root" and "four cents", the main room of the upper hall must be higher than the lower hall, and the depth of the big room must also exceed the lower hall.

Among the decorative themes, twenty-four filial piety, loyal and righteous drama stories, heroic fairy tales, fishing, ploughing, firewood, reading and other traditional themes are used most frequently. The colorful paintings, wood carvings and stone carvings of residential houses are used in the components such as gates, flash doors and partitions, which all reflect the teachings of its builder Dundun.

There is also "A daughter must build a study" (Zhou Zhi). The simple eight words describe the prosperity of Chaozhou's style of writing, from which we can see chaozhou people's emphasis on education.

4. Pay attention to practicality and highlight compatibility.

Chaozhou is located in the subtropical zone, surrounded by mountains on three sides, facing the intersection of sea and river, rainy, typhoon and flood. Therefore, the building must be built on a practical and solid foundation. Because Chaozhou is not rich in forest resources, stone, sediment and shell ash are the main building materials. Zhou Zhi said, "Houses need to be built with stork ash and sand, and the ground is as solid as stone." The wide application of shell mortar sand is a major feature of Chaoshan residential buildings, because it was pushed by hurricane and burned by fire, but Li Zhuo did not collapse.

The roofs of Chaozhou folk houses are mostly hard-mountain-style, because their roof forms have good wind and fire resistance, and the rafters are not long and are not easy to get wet. In order to prevent wind, the roof tends to be flat and the height is appropriately reduced. The eaves are sealed with cornices to prevent airflow from entering; The roof tiles are laid with double layers to facilitate heat insulation, and the joints between tile surfaces are made into tiles to increase the weight of the roof. The lightweight modeling, transparent stone carving and wood carving components mentioned above all reflect the practical characteristics of Chaozhou folk houses.

As far as outstanding compatibility is concerned, before the middle of Ming Dynasty, Chaozhou residential buildings were mostly radiated by Bamin culture and Central Plains culture. Since then, Chaozhou merchants have been greatly influenced by Jiangnan culture because of their frequent activities in Jiangnan. In modern times, they absorbed some overseas cultural factors earlier. It is this compatibility that makes the continuous development of Chaozhou residential buildings colorful and unique. Since modern times, overseas building materials and models have entered the mainland with strong momentum. Many houses are made of "red hair ash", glass and tiles, and the glass hall built in the garden (there is a folk saying that "glass is difficult to stir"), and even the archway and eaves beam of Cheng Hai's former residence of Chen Cifu also use English letters. Doors and windows are decorated with embedded porcelain and gypsum components and floor mosaics. The study decoration of Shunde folk houses and arcades along the street in the ancient city can be seen everywhere. However, the overall layout and appearance of these dwellings and gardens are mostly based on Chaozhou traditional architectural style, which reflects the strong vitality of Chaozhou culture and the ability to absorb foreign cultures.

As one of the five largest houses in China, Hakka Tulou and Longwu have been completely abandoned by the new generation of Hakkas. With the passage of time, if it is not protected, Hakka dwellings may become history and remain in people's memory forever. The inheritance and development of Chaoshan folk houses have found a better world for the protection of Chaoshan art. With the continuous application of new building materials, Chaoshan folk houses themselves have also been well developed. The application of modern ceramic tiles and marble in Chaoshan dwellings greatly enriches the artistic style of Chaoshan dwellings and makes the original conservative Chaoshan dwellings glow with new elegance. Of course, the development of Chaoshan folk houses, which mainly focuses on life functions, cannot explain the development and innovation of Chaoshan folk houses as a whole.

As one of the representatives of Chaoshan culture, the inheritance of Chaoshan folk houses embodies the characteristics of a regional culture. In this inheritance, we have seen the figure of Han culture in the Central Plains, and at the same time we have seen the essence from all aspects. When Chaoshan folk houses absorb these essences, it will undoubtedly have an impact on the development and innovation of Chaoshan folk houses. The inclusiveness of Chaoshan folk houses not only reflects the profoundness of Chinese culture, but also reflects the profoundness of Chaoshan culture. We have reason to believe that Chaoshan folk houses and the whole Chaoshan culture will continue to extend towards this road in the future development.