Natural reasons for the formation of Shikumen

Shikumen is the most characteristic residential building in Shanghai. The old alleys in Shanghai are generally Shikumen buildings, which originated during the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the war forced wealthy businessmen, landlords and officials in Jiangsu and Zhejiang to take refuge in the concession, and foreign real estate developers took the opportunity to build a large number of houses. In the twenties and thirties of last century, enclosure was still the main feature of Shanghai residence, but it did not pay attention to sculpture and pursued simplicity. It changed from multi-system to single system, and Shikumen residence combining Chinese and Western came into being. This kind of building absorbs the style of Jiangnan residential buildings, with stone as the door frame and solid thick wood with black paint as the door leaf, hence the name "Shikumen".

China Residential Building Group 23 Shanghai residential building design adopts Shikumen building, a common stamp in China. China * * * Production Party was also born in a typical Shikumen building on Wang Zhi Road (now No.76 Xingye Road).

Shanghai enjoys the reputation of "World Architecture Expo". On the roadside of the Bund, towering buildings with different styles such as Gothic, Romanesque, Renaissance and Baroque show the elegance of architectural art. Similarly, modern residential buildings in Shanghai are resplendent and colorful. Strolling through the streets and savoring these houses in Shanghai, you will feel that the old house with unique charm is also a beautiful scenery.

Shikumen dwellings were born out of traditional quadrangles in China. /kloc-In the late 20th century, houses built with traditional wooden structures and brick walls began to appear in Shanghai. Because the outer door of this kind of residence is made of stone, it is called "Shikumen". As a product of architecture and culture, Shikumen, a combination of Chinese and Western culture, left a deep impression on the modern architectural history of China. Its appearance is a necessity of city life. The modern life with foreign flavor has broken the traditional life mode of quadrangle-style big family and replaced it with Shikumen Hutong culture suitable for single immigrants and small families. Pavilion, living room, wing, patio, second landlord, white-faced wife, seventy-two tenants and other terms related to Shikumen have all become warm memories of old Shanghainese.

Shikumen architecture prevailed in the 1920s, occupying more than three quarters of the residential buildings at that time. Up to now, nearly 40% of Shencheng residents still live in Shikumen with a history of more than 100 years.

Shikumen is mostly a two-story building with brick and wood structure. Inclined roofs often have tiger windows, red brick exterior walls and traditional archways in China. The gate consists of two solid black painted wooden doors, which rotate with wooden shafts and are usually equipped with knockers. The knocking at the entrance and exit echoed in the ancient Shikumen Hutong. The lintel adopts the traditional brick-carved green tile roof, and the exterior wall is carved with western-style buildings in detail. There is a balcony on the second floor, and the overall layout adopts European townhouse style. At present, Shanghai pays attention to the preservation of old buildings, and some Shikumen Alleys with Shanghai characteristics are preserved as a whole group of modern excellent buildings.

The most typical feature of the residential buildings in Shikumen Lane is the combination of Chinese and Western. Shikumen is a traditional two-story and three-story courtyard house in Jiangnan. Generally, the entrance is a small patio, followed by the living room, followed by the sun well. The back patio is the stove and the back door, and there are left and right wings on both sides of the patio and the living room. On the first floor, there is a "pavilion" above the kitchen, and then a terrace. On the whole, rows of layouts come from Europe, with carved patterns of western architecture on the details of the external walls and western patterns on the triangular or arc doors.

Shanghai houses have the name "Nong", and people in other cities can't even pronounce this word correctly. In fact, "agriculture" is just a general term that is different from "hutong" in street houses. Most of the early Shikumen were called alley, which is what we often call alley. The names of alley, lane, lane, village, apartment and villa are commonly used in alley, and the level is gradually improved. The latter type, also known as the new alley, has better living conditions than the old Shikumen in the early days, and is equipped with European fireplace, chimney on the roof, vent and big bathroom.

The new-style Lane residence appeared in the concession in the late 1920s, which is generally closer to the architectural style of modern European-style residence than Shikumen. The architectural forms are mostly mixed structures, which pay attention to the use function. The new alley has a unique and neat appearance, exquisite and comfortable decoration, spacious outdoor driveway, courtyard greening in front of the building and beautiful living environment, which is different from the old Shikumen.

A large glass balcony is set on the front, which makes the ventilation and lighting conditions of the house better; Shannan Village (formerly the Royal Garden of Shannan South Road 15 1) was built by the French Catholic Church in 1930. Before War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, it was all inhabited by foreigners and consisted of four-story houses in the shape of butterflies.

In addition to the alley, the apartment-style residential buildings in Shanghai reflect the elegance and splendor of modern architectural art, and can better reflect the urban landscape and the originality of architectural designers in Shanghai. The apartments in the building were concentrated in the prosperous sections of commercial traffic at that time, and most of them were occupied by Chinese and foreign senior staff before liberation. Appreciating such a building is like appreciating an artistic treasure. For example, Yongye Building on Yandang Road in Huaihai Middle Road has adopted a round roof with four corners, forming a unique roof contour. For example, Wu Kang Tower (Dongmeite Apartment) on Huaihai Road, the earliest veranda apartment in Shanghai, and Lumidan Apartment, a distinctive bionic building in Wu Kang, etc. These buildings will appear short and ancient in modern architecture, but their unique sense of vicissitudes and nobility is incomparable to the nouveau riche.

In Xuhui, Luwan, Jing 'an and other districts of Shanghai, there are some quiet roads with deep garden houses on both sides. Garden houses rose in 1930s and 1940s, mainly meeting the housing needs of bureaucrats, foreign businessmen, comprador, industrialists and artists. Garden villa is a romantic and charming mansion, surrounded by wide lawns and green trees. Many of them use marble statues or fountains as the center of their gardens, and some high-end houses also have tennis courts and swimming pools to show the luxury of luxury houses. There are many garden houses along Huaihai Road and Xinhua Road. These houses have French style, Spanish style, Norwegian style, English country villa style and so on. They are comfortable and unique, with soft colors, which can be described as changeable and elegant. Although the years have passed, the luxury that cannot be concealed and the mystery that has been lost are very emotional.

After liberation, the government built "1002 households" and "20,000 households", and on 195 1 the first workers' village in Shanghai and even the whole country after liberation-Cao Yang New Village. However, these "matchbox"-style "workshops" are simple in structure and crowded inside, which can only solve the urgent needs of the citizens. Old houses in urban areas have also become "new 72 tenants" because of their dense population. With the gradual development of the city, residential buildings in Shanghai have played down the concept of region, and residential areas with beautiful environment and unique style have sprung up like mushrooms after rain. At the turn of the century, Shanghai's residential buildings are more comfortable, beautiful and green, adding modern artistic charm to Shanghai International Architecture Expo.

Shikumen

Shikumen is the most representative residential building in Shanghai, and is usually regarded as one of the symbols of modern urban civilization in Shanghai.

The early Shikumen was produced in the early 1970s in 19. It was born out of the residential form of Jiangnan folk houses, usually with three bays or five bays, which kept the characteristic that the traditional buildings in China were symmetrically arranged around the central axis. The old Shikumen residence, as soon as it enters the door, is a horizontal courtyard, with left and right wings on both sides and a living room with long windows opposite. The living room is about 4 meters wide and 6 meters deep, which is the place to receive guests and banquets. There are cubicles on both sides of the living room. Behind the cubicles, there is a wooden escalator leading to the second floor, followed by a back patio, which is only half as deep as the front patio and has a well. An annex with a slope behind the backyard is usually used as a kitchen, utility room and storage room. There are entrances and exits in front and back of the whole house. The facade consists of patio walls and gables, with "Shikumen" in the middle, stone as the door frame, and heavy wooden doors painted with black paint. The back wall is almost as high as the front wall, forming an almost closed facade. Therefore, although Shikumen was in a downtown area, it still had the advantage of high walls and deep courtyards, and it was quite popular with the gentry and wealthy businessmen in China in Buju Concession at that time.

After the 20th century 10, the old Shikumen was gradually replaced by the new Shikumen. Most new Shikumen adopt single bay or double bay. The double-bay Shikumen only retains the front and rear wings on one side, while the single-bay Shikumen completely cancels the wings. The biggest change in the internal structure of the new Shikumen is to change the back annex to a flat roof, and build a small bedroom, namely a gazebo, on it. The roof of the exhibition hall is composed of reinforced concrete slabs, surrounded by railing walls and used as a terrace. In order to reduce the floor space and save building materials, the new Shikumen also reduces the depth of the living room and the height of the floor and walls.

Compared with the old Shikumen, the new Shikumen is also different in appearance. The exterior walls of the new Shikumen are mostly made of clear water blue bricks, red bricks or green red bricks, and the joints are marked with lime, instead of whitewashing lime like the old Shikumen. The horse head wall or Guanyin dou gable commonly used in the old Shikumen is no longer used. Another important difference is that the new Shikumen no longer uses stone as the door frame, but uses fair-faced bricks, and the decoration of the lintel has become more complicated. The lintel of the early Shikumen often imitates the instrument door in the traditional buildings in the south of the Yangtze River, and is made into the style of China's traditional brick-carved blue tile roof. Influenced by the western architectural style, the new Shikumen often uses triangular, semi-circular, arc or rectangular flower ornaments, which are similar to the mountain flower lintels on the upper parts of western buildings' doors and windows. These floral decorations have various forms and styles, which are the most distinctive parts of Shikumen architecture. Some new Shikumen will also use the style of western classical pilaster as decoration on both sides of the door frame. In a word, the new Shikumen is more westernized in architectural style.

In the mid-1930s, with the rise of new alleyways and garden alleyways, Shikumen lost its scenery and began to become a refuge for lower-class urban residents. But no one expected that Shikumen was now a salted fish turning over, and a stone stirred up a thousand waves. The new world of "keeping Shikumen in its original appearance" has become the most fashionable cave dwelling in Shanghai, but the Shikumen there has long been hollowed out, leaving only a false shell for people to mourn and cherish.