The influence of the unification of six imperial edicts

In 877 AD (the fourth year of Tang Xizong's reign), Nanzhao was a toast, and Zifa (Long Shi) acceded to the throne, hence the name "Dafeng Ren". Feng Ren is also called Feng Min. "Phoenix" means "bang" in the ancient sound, which means the same thing. "Feng", "Bang" and "?" The pronunciation is the same. What is the "seal"? People. Nanzhao called Erhai Ten Veins "Dafeng Republic of China", that is, "Da? Country. " "?" The word "white" is also used. The appearance of the special name "Dafeng people" indicates that the barbarians along the Erhai Lake have formed a nation that has had a great influence in the history of China after nearly a hundred years of conflict and integration: Bai.

Under the influence of the powerful Tang Dynasty, Nanzhao developed rapidly, and established a relatively complete political organization with reference to the Tang Dynasty system, and implemented the land equalization system. Nanzhao's textile technology used to be relatively low, but since Chengdu's weavers entered Yunnan, Nanzhao's textile technology has caught up with the level of the Tang Dynasty. Nanzhao's smelting technology has also made great progress, and its weapons, such as wave knives, melancholy knives and scabbard, are extremely sharp and famous. Most of Nanzhao's buildings imitate the Tang system. The existing Dali Chongsheng Temple Tower in Nanzhao period is magnificent, which was designed and built by Han craftsmen Gong Tao and Wei Yi.

In the late Nanzhao period, ministers were autocratic and contradictions within the ruling class intensified. In 902 (the second year of Tang Tianfu), Sun Zheng, the seventh son of Zheng Hui, a minister of the Han nationality, overthrew the Nanzhao of the Mongols, became king on his own, and changed his name to "Dachanghe". After experiencing "great harmony", "great prosperity" and "great righteousness", the well-known Dali Kingdom appeared. Nanzhao moved its capital, and the ancient country reached its peak.

After unifying the six imperial edicts, Pirog moved his ruling center from Weishan (located in the south of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in western Yunnan Province) to Canger (Cangshan and Erhai in Yunnan Province). Since then, although Nanzhao's capital has changed its name several times in Dali (located in Xizhou Town, Dali City), Taihe City (located at the foot of Hefeng Peak in the west of Taihe Village, Qiliqiao Township, Dali City) and Maomianba City (also known as Maomiankou Cao Cheng, located in Cangshan Mountain in the south of Dali City, below the peak), it is all in the east of Cangshan Mountain and on the west bank of Erhai Lake (Longshouguan and Wei Long), which is the natural, political, economic and social characteristics at that time.

Moving the capital not only means a change in geographical location. Once a regime consciously moves its ruling center, it will eventually choose a better geographical location than before, and there must be advantages and long-term interests in politics, economy and military affairs. Move the capital this time. Often make the regime strong and reach its peak. However, if moving the capital is forced by natural and man-made disasters, it is often a sign that a regime is beginning to falter and decline. The capital was frequently moved in the early period of Shang Dynasty, and it was not until Pan Geng ruled Anyang (now Henan) that the capital was finally settled. Since then, Yin merchants have entered a stable development period of 273 years and reached its peak. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the capital was forced to change repeatedly under the orders of Dong Zhuo and others, which became an unfortunate symbol of the demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

For Nanzhao, it is an important choice for its own development to move its capital from Weishan to Canger area. Its move to the capital is very wise in nature, politics, economy and military affairs.

An important objective factor for Nanzhao to move the capital from Weishan to Canger area is the difference in geographical environment and economic development level between the two places.

Weishan, the birthplace of Nanzhao, is located at the northern end of Ailao Mountain and Wuliang Mountain and in the south of Canger area. There are also flat areas suitable for human survival and development. In the early Tang Dynasty, the land there was fertile and it was a good place to grow rice. However, the climate in Weishan is distinct in dry and wet seasons, and the spring drought is very serious. Moreover, the steep mountains around hinder the traffic with the outside world. What's more, according to ancient literature, there are many boils in Weishan. Furuncle refers to infectious diseases such as pernicious malaria that are prevalent in subtropical humid areas, which can directly threaten people's lives in ancient times. In contrast, at that time, the natural environment, traffic and social and economic development between the two customs in Canger area were far superior to Weishan. It is undoubtedly the best choice to move the capital from Weishan to Canger area.

Another important reason why Nanzhao moved the capital is the promotion of political factors. At that time, the young Nanzhao was full of vitality. Although it basically unified the Erhai Lake area with the support of the Tang Dynasty, this is not its ultimate goal. As a new minority regime, it is their ideal to develop themselves, seek expansion and strengthen their own strength. /kloc-After moving the capital to Canger area in 0/0, Nanzhao intervened in the contradiction between the Tang Dynasty and the headquarters, and then rebelled against the Tang Dynasty, because Nanzhao was originally intended to expand its power, and moving the capital was the premise of power expansion. With its capital between Cang 'er and Er 'an, we can further communicate with the Tang Dynasty and take a step back to make friends with Tubo. To the east, Dianchi Lake can be occupied, and to the west, Yongchang can be controlled, so that the farther west can be seen by Nanzhao King.

The wise Nanzhao King Pirog moved to the capital in 739 (the 26th year of Tang Kaiyuan), paving the way for his successor to reach the peak. Piteiro first set the capital city in Taihe City.

Taihe city is built on the gentle slope between Cangshan Giant Buddha Peak and Wuzhishan. The precipitousness of Cangshan Mountain forms a natural barrier in the west of the ancient city, and the water in Erhai Lake is separated from the east of the ancient city. It is very difficult to cross Cangshan Mountain and Erhai Lake. So Nanzhao didn't spend energy to build a square city like most cities in China. Taihe city mainly strengthened the defense forces in the south and north. The city wall is mainly built on the south and north sides, with Cangshan as the wall in the west and Erhai Lake as the pool in the east. The western half of Taihe City, King Kong City and the western section of the north-south wall of the outer city actually played the role of the Western Wall.

The wall of Taihe City is mainly rammed earth, and in different areas, rock sand is mixed according to the topography and soil quality. When Nanzhao people built the city wall, they also used the topography of Cangshan Mountain, and in some areas, they also used the ravines formed by alternating slopes and streams, which greatly increased the height of the city wall. The stream under Cangshan Mountain is also considered as the natural moat of this ancient city. In this way, "the mountain is the wall and the water is the ditch. It is high inside and low outside, so it is difficult to attack."

In order to strengthen the defense on the periphery of the capital, Pilog built the "Longkou City" 32 kilometers north of Taihe City to stop the enemies in the north; Ge Luofeng also built a "Weilong City" on the north bank of Xi 'er River, about 13 kilometers south of Taihe City, to resist attacks from south, east and west. These two cities are like the north-south gateway of the capital, forming a corner, effectively ensuring the security of the capital.

At present, most of the palaces and relics in Taihe City cannot be identified. The King Kong City recorded in the history books is Nanzhao Summer Palace, located at the western end of Taihe City. Now, the ruins of two city gates have been found in the western section of the city wall, and there is a large rammed earth platform site at the western end of the city wall, which is likely to be the base site of a large building in Nanzhao. But according to the location of the Summer Palace, it is located at the western end of the city and at the commanding height of the city. Therefore, this palace is by no means an ordinary Summer Palace. It has an extremely obvious defensive function and is likely to have a strong political implication.

The buildings in Taihe City are very distinctive. According to historical records, the streets and alleys of Taihe City are all made of stone, which is more than ten feet high. This kind of stone wall and stones used to stretch for miles. This custom of using stones as building materials continues to this day. Today, if you walk in the ancient city of Dali, you can still see those buildings with great personality. This kind of architectural style is unpretentious, and it constructs a kind of natural beauty and harmonious beauty with the true colors of stone. The second capital used after Nanzhao's reunification is Dali City.

Dali is also called Shicheng, Xizhou and Xizhou. Of the three metropolises used after the unification of Nanzhao, Dali is located in the flattest place of Dali Bazi. As early as the early years of the Tang Dynasty, it was a densely populated place with convenient transportation. Therefore, before Nanzhao, Deng Ruozhao and other Nanzhao owners had a preference for Dali City.

Dali was once the hometown of Herman (that is, Baiman in the Xi 'er Lake Basin). In 737 AD (the 25th year of Tang Kaiyuan), Pilugo joined forces with the imperial edict leader Deng Ruo to attack Herman. After the victory, Pilugo got a share of Dali City. A few months later, Pirog attacked Zyro Pi again and captured Dali City.

During the period of Luo Feng, the fifth-generation governor of Nanzhao, Luo Feng often moved between Dengchuan City, Taihe City and Dali City. When Yi Mouxun, the sixth generation monarch of Nanzhao, lived in Dali City for two years from 784 to 786. At that time, Dali was called a historical city. During the reign of Hu Feng, the tenth king, in 827 (the first year of Taihe in Tang Wenzong), he built the Western Zhou Tucheng and moved his capital here. Unfortunately, there is no more detailed information about Fengxi's situation in Xizhou, and it is not even clear when he will return to Yang Mao.

No matter how long Dali has been built, its unique geographical and resource advantages are flat terrain, convenient transportation and prosperous population, which has always been an important foundation for Dali to develop into an economic center in Canger area. However, as a capital city, there is no danger to rely on, which is the fatal weakness of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Therefore, after Nanzhao, no ruler ever regarded it as the seat of the political center. Ma Yang Bacheng is the final capital of Nanzhao. The wall north of Yangju City was built by Meixi River, and the deep ditch of the stream became a natural moat. The wall of Yangju City in Dali was rammed with earth, with a residual height of about 5 meters and a length of 1.500 meters. According to historical records, the south wall of Yang Mao in Dali should be next to Longquan Creek, but the remains of the wall are not obvious.

As early as the coexistence of the six imperial edicts and the Heman, Yangmao Town in Dali was a large town in the Erhai area of Dali, and it had the embryonic form of a city, which was occupied after Pirog unified the six imperial edicts and conquered the Heman. Ge Luofeng once expanded Yangmao City in Dali, making it an important town in Nanzhao. In 779 AD (the 14th year of the Tang Dynasty), Luo Feng, the king of Nanfen, died. Because of the early death of his son, his grandson Yi Mouxun was appointed as the Nanzhao King. At this time, when Nanzhao and Tubo allied forces invaded Xichuan (now Sichuan), they were severely beaten by general Li chěng of the Tang Dynasty. Tubo blamed Nanzhao, demoted Yi Mouxun as "King of Japan", and Nanzhao was reduced to a vassal state of Tubo. Yi Mouxun is a man who has read a lot of history books. He is smart and popular. After he defected to the Tang Dynasty and took refuge in Tubo, he found himself insulted by Tubo, so he hoped to rejoin the Tang Dynasty, but he was afraid that Tubo would criticize him. So he built Sanyang City as a wall to defend against Tubo, and moved the king's capital from Taihe City to Yangmao City in 779 AD.

Like Taihe City, Yangmaocheng has only two walls in the north and south, with Cangshan barrier in the west and Erhai barrier in the east. The situation is very dangerous. According to Schumann, Fiona Fang is 15 miles, and the city has Nanzhao Palace and residences of senior officials. The south gate and the north gate of Yang Mao are connected by a road. There are tall gatehouses in the city, and there are tall steps paved with bluestones on the left and right. Go in through Yangmao South Gate and walk 300 steps to the second gate. There are two opposite gates on both sides of the city. Between these two gatehouses are the residences of senior officials, namely, Customs Clearance Ping, General and Liu Caochang. Enter the second door and walk 200 steps to the third door. There are weapons in front of the door and two buildings in the door. There is a wall behind the third door. Walk 100 steps and you will see a hall. This building is magnificent, with tall steps in front, gatehouses on both sides of the hall, and rooms in the hall are stacked one after another. Behind the hall, there is a small hall. Behind the small hall is the palace of Nanzhao King. In 856 A.D. (the tenth year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty), King Nanzhao advised Feng You to build a magnificent building-Wuhua Building in Yangmei City. This huge pavilion is 5 miles around and 33.3 meters high, which can accommodate 1 10,000 people. It is the state guesthouse where Nanzhao receives chiefs from various tribes in the southwest.

It is an important measure for Nanzhao's ruling center to constantly adjust to the social development to change from Pigloding to Taihe City and then to Yimou Xun as the capital. Although the three cities are all in Canger area, there are differences. Among the three cities, Dali is the most moderate and open, with convenient life, which is most suitable for human survival and development. But when a regime is still in the stage of expanding its power, flat terrain is a shortcoming in defense. Different from Dali City, Taihe City and Yangmaocheng are both located on the gentle slope of Cangshan Mountain, and they are both cities standing by the mountain, with good defense ability. However, there are differences between Yang Mao City and Taihe City. Compared with Taihe City, Yang Mao City obviously moves about 7 kilometers to the north. This northward movement has great rationality and is conducive to the development of the city. If we carefully analyze the geographical environment of these two cities, people will find that Taihe City is adjacent to Cangshan Mountain in the west and Erhai Lake in the east, but there is only a narrow area between Xanthium sibiricum and Erhai Lake in the east. As a defense, this is undoubtedly an advantage for Taihe City, but if it is a city to be developed, it is a limitation. Ma Yang Bacheng is also in the west of Cangshan, which has the advantage of defense. The area from the east to Erhai Lake is a relatively flat and wide space. This is especially beneficial to people's life and development and to the development of cities.

The relationship between Nanzhao Tang Dynasty and Tubo was peaceful in wartime, and the situation was not very stable. The area north of Canger has always been the focus of Nanzhao regime. Dali, located about 40 miles north of Yang Mao, is in danger of being attacked by soldiers first. Because it is located between flat and open fields, there are obvious shortcomings in defense. As far as ordinary cities are concerned, their location, population, industry and transportation have a direct impact on their economic development. However, as the center of political power, it is inconceivable that there are only conditions for economic development without military defense. Therefore, although Dali City has better development conditions than Yangmao City and Taihe City, it was abandoned due to poor defense conditions. However, it is reasonable for Nanzhao to take Yang Mao as the political center.

It is precisely because Yang Mao's geographical position has the advantages of political, economic and military factors that the development of Taihe and Dali can never be surpassed. As the capital of Nanzhao in a corner and later Dali, Yangmaocheng has been exercising the function of the ruling center for hundreds of years.