Seeking the historical and political classification of the senior high school entrance examination (Changzhou, Jiangsu)

Special review of senior high school entrance examination: three scientific and technological revolutions and innovative society

Summary of the First and Third Scientific and Technological Revolution

Second, the impact of three scientific and technological revolutions (consequences)

1 and the influence of three scientific and technological revolutions

The first scientific and technological revolution: ① It created great productivity and promoted economic development. (2) Capitalism has gradually established its rule over the world, forming a situation in which the East is subordinate to the West. (3) The social outlook has changed-a) The society is increasingly divided into two directly opposite classes, the industrial bourgeoisie and the industrial proletariat, and the struggle is increasingly acute; B, urbanization and industrialization began; C, the world is getting closer and closer.

The second scientific and technological revolution: ① Economically, science and technology are rapidly applied to industrial production, and the productive forces of capitalist countries are advancing by leaps and bounds, but the development of countries is uneven. (2) Politically, the emergence of monopoly organizations and the transition from capitalism to imperialism. (3) In terms of diplomacy (international relations), the capitalist political and economic development was unbalanced, hegemony intensified, and contradictions intensified, which eventually led to the outbreak of the First World War. ..

The third scientific and technological revolution: ① greatly improved labor productivity, promoted the rapid development of production, promoted the emergence of economic globalization and knowledge economy, and mankind entered the era of knowledge economy. Great changes have taken place in the world economic structure, emerging industries have risen and the tertiary industry has developed rapidly. ③ Promoted the modernization of social life. (4) The rapid development and wide application of electronic computers led to the emergence of information technology industry. ⑤ Causing changes in the international economic structure: the widening gap between developed and developing countries is both an opportunity and a challenge for developing countries; The world is getting closer and closer, and the trend of economic globalization and regional collectivization is accelerating.

Knowledge induction

(The influence of three scientific and technological revolutions on productivity, social relations and international relations)

1, productivity

The first time: the emergence of large-scale machine production, human beings entered the "age of steam" and Britain became the "world factory";

The second time: the wide application of electricity has brought about the high development of productive forces, and mankind has entered the "electrical age";

The third time: marked by the utilization of atomic energy and the development of computer and space technology, mankind has entered the era of electronics, information, space and knowledge economy.

2. Social relations.

The first time: (social class structure) two opposing classes-the industrial bourgeoisie and the proletariat were formed in modern times, and the capitalist system was established in more countries; (socio-economic structure) the spread of British industrial economic center and the emergence of urbanization wave; (Social life structure) Changes in transportation and people's lifestyles: (Adjustment of production relations) promoted the upsurge of free reform movement in capitalist countries, developed free capitalism and developed the factory system.

The second time: (adjustment of production relations) production and capital were highly concentrated, resulting in monopoly organizations, and capitalism entered the stage of imperialism; The socio-economic structure and social life structure have also changed.

The third time: (socio-economic structure and social life structure) The proportion of tertiary industry has increased, capitalist countries have generally strengthened state monopoly capitalism, and people's lives have also changed.

3, the world pattern.

The first time: (political structure) greatly strengthened the ties around the world, resulting in the pattern that the East is subordinate to the West; Advanced production methods and technologies spread all over the world, violently impacting old concepts and systems, and the capitalist world system and colonial system were initially formed. (Economic structure) Britain's status as a "world factory" was established, and the capitalist world market was initially formed; Many countries and regions in the East were involved in the capitalist world market and began to become dumping places and raw materials producing areas in the West.

The second time: (Political structure) East and West are closely linked, but the gap is further widened, which promotes the final establishment of the capitalist world system and colonial system; (Economic Structure) After World War I, the United States gradually grasped the hegemony of the world economy, imperialist countries stepped up capital export, and the capitalist world market was finally established; Stimulated the emergence of national capitalism in East Asian countries.

Third time: (Political structure) The trend of multi-polarization in the world has been strengthened, and five power centers have emerged. (Economic Structure) In the capitalist world, the United States, Japan and Europe are the three pillars, the East and the West are more closely linked, there is a trend of globalization, and the economic gap between developed and developing countries is further widened.

2. The influence of three scientific and technological revolutions on China.

The first scientific and technological revolution: ① With the completion of the industrial revolution, the great powers launched two opium wars, making China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; (2) the emergence of modern industry (or westernization enterprises and national capitalist enterprises, or China capitalism); Advanced China people began to learn science and technology from the West.

The second industrial revolution: ① Imperialism set off a frenzy to carve up China, and China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; ② the development of Chinese national capitalism; (3) China people's national salvation movement is on the rise (Reform Movement, Boxer Movement, Xinhai Revolution).

The Third Scientific and Technological Revolution: The science and technology of new China is closely related to the third scientific and technological revolution. After the founding of New China, China's science and technology have also been further developed. With the reform and opening up, advanced foreign science and technology have been introduced and fruitful results have been achieved in the field of science and technology. China faces opportunities and challenges.

Knowledge link

During the three scientific and technological revolutions in the world, what historical period was China in? What are the main reasons why China failed to seize the great opportunity of 19 and the scientific and technological revolution in the 20th century?

At the time of the first scientific and technological revolution, China was in the middle and late Qing Dynasty. Influenced by autocratic politics and closed-door policy, China's economy has not changed greatly because it instinctively rejects advanced science and technology and modes of production.

During the second scientific and technological revolution, China was still under the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty. Due to the invasion of western powers, the Qing government was at home and abroad, and its attitude towards the scientific and technological revolution changed from rejection to only introducing technology, such as the Westernization Movement. However, the Westernization Movement only studied western military technology and science and technology to maintain feudal rule, rather than fundamentally promoting social development, and soon failed. Foreign capitalist countries didn't want China to be strong, so they didn't introduce advanced technology and equipment. But continue to plunder China through war and capital export, and the development of Chinese national capitalism is extremely slow.

During the third scientific and technological revolution, China was in the period of 1945 to 1949, and there was no peaceful environment for the development of scientific and technological revolution. China was founded in 1949. In order to maintain its independence, improve its international status and gain an advantage in international scientific and technological economic competition, it took the development of science and technology as an important means to enhance its comprehensive national strength and adopted the attitude of introducing and absorbing the third scientific and technological revolution. However, due to the long-term hostility, blockade and encirclement of imperialism, the China government attaches importance to independent and self-reliant scientific and technological innovation, attaches importance to the construction of scientific system, and strives to catch up with and surpass the advanced world level. Later, due to the proliferation of "Left" thoughts, China lost a good opportunity for scientific and technological development in the decade of the "Cultural Revolution"; After the reform and opening up, science and technology have developed at a faster speed.

Enlightenment from three scientific and technological revolutions

1, enlightenment

The emergence of scientific and technological revolution is the need of practice and promotes social progress and production development;

(2) Science and technology is the key to realize modernization, and "science and technology is the primary productive force" plays a great role in promoting the development of human society;

③ Pay attention to absorbing and drawing lessons from advanced technology and experience in human history, and build socialism with China characteristics.

2. How to face the new scientific and technological revolution?

As a country, we should persist in taking economic construction as the center and lay a material foundation for the development of science and technology; Develop science education and implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education; Attach importance to talents and establish a knowledge innovation system.

As an individual, we should study hard, actively participate in social practice, and pay attention to the cultivation of innovative consciousness and spirit.

(3) From the perspective of economics, fully understand that science and technology are the primary productive forces and their role in social production, and realize the transformation of economic growth mode by relying on science and technology and improving efficiency.

From the perspective of political science, the focus of international competition has changed, and the key factor that determines international status is science and technology. Therefore, revitalizing science and technology and developing education should be the focus of national strategy.

For developing countries, facing the third wave of scientific and technological revolution, opportunities, challenges and pressures coexist. They should formulate corresponding development strategies according to their own characteristics, strive to narrow the gap with developed countries and explore a road suitable for their rapid development.

3. Technology is a double-edged sword.

(1) the positive impact on social life.

A, science and technology have created great productivity, promoted economic development, improved people's quality of life and enriched people's material and cultural life.

B, changed people's way of life and way of thinking.

C, improve people's work efficiency.

D, it is convenient for people to travel and strengthen the contact between people.

(2) The negative impact of scientific and technological inventions.

A. War: airships, planes, gas bombs, tanks and long-range artillery in World War I; The atomic bomb in World War II.

B environmental problems: environmental pollution, waste gas, automobile exhaust, space garbage, nuclear waste, etc.

C. High-tech crimes: Internet hackers, ice, etc.

D. Other problems: human cloning, teenagers addicted to online games, etc.

Combine the three scientific and technological revolutions with China's modernization, please talk about your understanding?

Science and technology are the primary productive forces, so we must implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, persist in reform and opening up, and actively learn from foreign advanced technology and experience.

Knowledge comparison

1, the historical conditions of the second and third scientific and technological revolutions

Historical conditions of the second scientific and technological revolution: ①1In the middle of the 9th century, the establishment and development of capitalist systems in Britain, America, Germany, Italy and Japan provided political guarantee for the industrial revolution. (2) Countries that have ended secession and countries that have carried out bourgeois reforms have expanded their domestic markets. (3) After the first industrial revolution, the western capitalist powers stepped up their aggression against the world and formed a broader overseas market. (4) after the first industrial revolution, the continuous breakthrough of scientific theory and the continuous progress of technology have accumulated rich experience.

Historical conditions of the third scientific and technological revolution: ① After World War II, the capitalist world was relatively stable and the capitalist economy was restored and developed. ② Capitalist countries adopted state monopoly capitalism after the war, which promoted the rapid development of capitalist production. (3) With the rise of the Third World, the development of industry needs advanced technology and equipment, which objectively provides an industrial market for industrial production in developed countries.

2. Compare the convenience brought by the first and second scientific and technological revolutions to human daily life with examples.

Before the first scientific and technological revolution, transportation was extremely inconvenient. People used horses instead of walking, and even walked on their legs. Thanks to the invention of locomotives and steamboats, transportation and travel are faster and more convenient.

Before the second scientific and technological revolution, when night came, people could only endure the pain and helplessness brought by darkness. Edison invented the durable light bulb, which brought light to mankind and greatly extended the time of work and entertainment.

(3) Before the second scientific and technological revolution, it was time-consuming and laborious to communicate between long-distance people, but the invention of wired telegraph, wired telephone and wireless telegraph solved the trouble of communication and the waste of time.

Special topic: China's modernization.

First, the stage characteristics

1, meaning: China's modernization, also known as modernization, refers to the process from the middle of19th century, under the influence of various factors, China's ideological, economic, political and other aspects began to get rid of the feudal shackles and move towards a social form under the production of large machines. Including economic industrialization; Political democratization and legalization; Modernization and ideological and cultural progress. Economic industrialization is the core, political modernization is the guarantee and ideological modernization is the premise.

2. Time frame: from the Opium War of 1840 to today's reform and opening up.

3. Tasks: First, national and national independence; The second is to realize industrialization, so that China will embark on the road of prosperity.

4. Process stage:

(1) Initial stage: (1840—1895)

China's modernization is limited to the level of "implements". The Westernization Movement marked the beginning of China's modernization. The core content is the modernization of the economic field. The Westernization School of the landlord class launched the Westernization Movement of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", introduced advanced western technology and set up military and civilian industries, which promoted the start of modernization in the cultural and military fields. Under its guidance, Chinese national capitalism was formed in the 1960s and 1970s.

(2) Overall development stage (1895-1927)

From "objects" to "systems" and then to "ideas". After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the national industry developed initially, and the national bourgeoisie began to step onto the historical stage, which set off the Reform Movement of 1898 and the Revolution of 1911. We should not only learn advanced science and technology from the west, but also establish a capitalist political system, which is a major breakthrough in the modernization of the political system. Great progress has been made in the modernization of ideology and culture, and radical Democrats have launched a new culture movement, aiming at feudal orthodoxy. After the May 4th Movement, Marxism began to become the mainstream of new thoughts.

(3) Stages of tortuous progress: (1927—1949)

China's modernization is struggling. Under the oppression of bureaucratic capitalism and Japanese imperialism and the destruction of war, national industries went bankrupt one after another. But at the same time, the new democratic economy has emerged in China base areas and liberated areas, and a new dawn has emerged in the process of modernization.

(4) Modernization of New China: (1949 till now)

After the founding of New China, political, economic, ideological and cultural, military, diplomatic, social life and other aspects have achieved all-round development. Politics: People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded and the people's democratic dictatorship was established. Socialist democracy and legal system have been gradually improved. Economy: from 65438 to 0953, socialist construction began in a planned way, and socialist industrialization began to take off. Due to the influence of "Left" errors, the cause of socialist construction has encountered setbacks. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, reform, opening up and socialist modernization entered a new era.

Second, the nature of knowledge

(A) the exploration of modernization by all classes and strata during the old democratic revolution.

1, the landlord class-Westernization School

(1) Background: Under the double blow of the Second Opium War and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the Qing government faced a crisis of internal troubles and foreign invasion.

(2) The fundamental purpose: to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty by using western advanced technology.

(3) Slogan: Learn from foreigners to strengthen yourself; (4) Content: prophase and anaphase. (5) Function:

(6) Reasons for failure: Because the Westernization Movement aimed at maintaining the rule of the Qing Dynasty, it was decided that China could not embark on the road of prosperity and eventually ended in the failure of China in the Sino-Japanese War.

2. The bourgeoisie

(1) bourgeois reformists

① Background: At the end of 19, national capitalism developed initially and the national crisis was unprecedented.

② Proposition: develop capitalism economically and implement constitutional monarchy politically.

③ Function: The Reform Movement of 1898 was not only a bourgeois reform movement, but also the first ideological emancipation movement in modern China. It played the role of ideological enlightenment in society, which was conducive to the spread of bourgeois ideas and prepared conditions for the later Revolution of 1911.

④ Reasons for failure: subjectivity: weakness of bourgeois reformists; Objectivity: the strength of feudal stubborn forces.

⑤ Lesson: The bourgeoisie can't lead the China revolution to victory, and the road of bourgeois reform won't work in China.

(2) Bourgeois revolutionaries

① Background:1The development of national capitalism and the deepening of national crisis at the end of 9th century and the beginning of 20th century.

Put forward: put forward the theoretical program of the Three People's Principles, and advocate overthrowing the Qing government by violence and establishing a bourgeois republic.

③ Function: The Revolution of 1911 was a great bourgeois-democratic revolution in China's modern history. It ended the feudal monarchy for more than 2,000 years and established a bourgeois republic, which made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts and created favorable conditions for the development of Chinese national capitalism.

④ Reasons for failure: subjectivity: weakness of bourgeois revolutionaries; Objective: Chinese and foreign opposition forces colluded with each other to suppress the revolution.

⑤ Lesson: The bourgeoisie can't lead the China revolution to victory, and the bourgeois peace plan won't work in China.