How did Qianlong permanently incorporate a territory into Chinese territory?

How did Qianlong permanently incorporate a territory into the Chinese territory

When people talk about the Qing Dynasty nowadays, they always think of the decline of the late Qing Dynasty and those treaties that humiliated the country, but in fact, the Qing Dynasty was not a declining dynasty. The Qing Dynasty not only had a prosperous time in the world, but also had super fighting capacity. At the peak of the Qing Dynasty, China's land area even reached.

The huge land area of the Qing Dynasty is inseparable from the efforts of the three emperors Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong. During the Qianlong Dynasty, the land area of the Qing Dynasty reached its peak. Qianlong was the sixth emperor of the Qing Dynasty. He reigned for 6 years and actually exercised the supreme power for 63 years and 4 months. He was the longest-lived emperor in China history.

on the basis of the martial arts of the Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties, Qianlong further completed the unification of a multi-ethnic country. When he was in office, he insisted on sending 5, troops to the north, and in a very short time, he permanently incorporated the largest territory into the territory of China.

It has made great contributions to the growth of China's land area. What means did Qianlong use in those years? Where is the area that was incorporated into the Qing Dynasty?

How tense the relationship between the two sides is

The Qing Dynasty was established by Manchu nobles. It inherited the territory and policies of the Ming Dynasty and had friendly relations with ethnic minorities, but there were always many contradictions between the Qing Dynasty and Junggar Khanate. Junggar is located in the Ili River Valley. Junggar people have strong military ability and are good at riding and shooting. They can even compete with the Qing Dynasty at the most prosperous time. It is no exaggeration to say that Junggar was their most troublesome minority regime during the hundreds of years of Qing Dynasty rule. Since the Kangxi period, the imperial court came up with the idea of pacifying Junggar, but after 7 years, it was not until Qianlong that Junggar's land was completely included in China. Junggar has a special geographical position and belongs to the marginal zone of the Central Plains mainland. Since ancient times, the central plains dynasties have been very lax in the management of this area, and have not continuously sent relevant personnel and institutions to manage it.

in p>1678, Junggar took the initiative to expand outward, invaded the Kazakh khanate, and went all the way south, ready to invade the territory of the Qing dynasty. At that time, when Emperor Kangxi was in power, he had just recovered Taiwan Province and had not had time to rest, so he threw himself into the northern battlefield. After galdan declared war on the Qing Dynasty, it invaded Mongolia, Qinghai and other places one after another, forcing the tribes in Mongolia to invade the Qing Dynasty. In 169, galdan's influence had already threatened the Forbidden City. In order to solve this problem, Emperor Kangxi once again made a personal expedition, set out from Beijing and attacked galdan, which stopped their expansion. However, because galdan's strength is too strong, Junggar has never bowed to the Qing Dynasty, and there has always been a local war between the two sides. It was not until Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne that the matter of pacifying Junggar was put on the agenda again, and it took a short time to pacify the whole territory of Junggar and incorporate it into the territory of China.

A single blow will win people's hearts

galdan had three children under his knee. After his death, these three sons started civil strife in the process of competing for the throne. Many years later, Namzal defeated his concubined brother with his mother's strength and sat on the throne. Because he was too young when he ascended the throne, the political affairs at that time were basically managed by his mother and sister. Namzal's character is very rebellious, and he often quarrels with his sister because of his disobedience, which has aroused the dissatisfaction of the ministers of the DPRK. His older brother Darzat later joined forces with the ministers to seek the throne, rose up and abolished his throne, and became the new ruler. Darzat's tactics were ruthless and highly effective. He did whatever it took to achieve his goal. He ruled out dissidents and executed many powerful ministers in succession, which plunged Junggar into civil strife. Later, Junggar's ministers in the DPRK fled to the Qing Dynasty in order to avoid fighting.

since he ascended the throne, Emperor Qianlong has been paying close attention to the development of northwest China. When he learned that many generals in Junggar had defected, he decided to use the civil strife in Junggar to attack the northwest to solve this menace. He specially issued a decree saying, "It is appropriate to take the opportunity to make a big move and snow the anger of the two dynasties." At that time, many people in the DPRK objected to this, thinking that the present was not the best time to attack, but Ganlong still insisted on his own opinions and pushed through the crowd. In the twenty years of Ganlong, he sent 5, soldiers, 17, horses and 2, camels to the north. Because the Junggar troops at that time had fallen apart in the war and could not confront the imperial court, the battle of the Qing army was particularly smooth. The people in Yili region have long been strongly dissatisfied with the ruling class because the nobles provoked the war, so they did not show unity in the attack of the Qing Dynasty.

After seeing this situation, the officials of the Qing Dynasty vigorously carried out the policy of preferential treatment for the people, which was recognized by the people of Junggar. In the process of unifying the northwest, the Qing government was also supported by the surrounding herdsmen and people of all ethnic groups. It is worth mentioning that when the Qing army conquered Dawaqi, the people along the street actually took the initiative to meet the Qing army with cheese and sheep and horses to show their support. As one of the main armies in Junggar, the Dawaqi army has always been feared by the Qing army, but they misjudged the situation in this war, surrendered without a fight, and fled before the war broke out. After destroying Dawaqi's forces, Qianlong pursued his victory and continued to attack Junggar. In order to win the hearts of the people, he thanked those Junggar generals who had made contributions in this war, and promised them high-ranking officials, such as Dulbert Khan, Amur Sana, Huite Khan and Banjul.

It is reasonable to say that Amur Sana, who had already surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, should only follow the lead of the Qing army. However, after his surrender, he refused to accept the control of the Qing Dynasty and supported his troops, which led to his rebellion. He not only claimed to be a total Khan in Junggar, but also fostered his own power in Junggar. Moreover, he didn't wear official clothes, and he didn't accept the peacock feathers with yellow stripes given to him by the Qing Dynasty. What's more, he didn't use the official seal given to him by the Qing Dynasty at work, and he still used Junggar's official approval and transferred troops to patrol the Kazakh border. It goes without saying that his heart can be blamed. Qianlong had long been aware of these behaviors, and he personally wrote a letter to let Amur Sana enter the court as soon as possible, ready to eradicate him and his wings. However, before Emperor Qianlong carried out the plan, Amur Sana publicly defected, led his men out of the control of the Qing army, and ran to Yili to take the initiative to extend the butcher knife to the nearby Qing army, resulting in the deaths of Bandi and E Rongan.

faced with such a sudden change in the situation, Emperor Qianlong was amazed and immediately sent a new army to make a second expedition to Yili. This time, Emperor Qianlong was sure to win the March. He was sensible of all the ministries in Junggar and quickly captured many cities. Because the internal rebellion in Junggar still did not stop at that time, and the plague was rampant, a large number of people and animals died. Therefore, it took only four months for the Qing army to reach Ili without bloodshed, pointing directly at Amur Sana's garrison. In September of the 22nd year of Qianlong, Amur Sana died of smallpox. He was only 35 years old when he died. After his death, the situation in Junggar was stabilized. Later, the Qing army arrived in Kashgar, rebelled against the insurrection regime there, formally pacified the southern foot of Tianshan Mountain, ended the decades-long division in northwest China and strengthened its control over Xinjiang.

benefit the territory of later generations

after quelling the rebellion in Junggar and unifying Junggar, Emperor Qianlong renamed the Western Regions Xinjiang and incorporated it into the territory of China. Drawing lessons from the previous dynasties' neglect of the northern region and laissez-faire, Emperor Qianlong specially set up the Ili Duhu House in Xinjiang to manage Xinjiang's affairs, and moved the population of other ethnic groups to Xinjiang, which accelerated the sinicization of ethnic minorities. Not only that, Qianlong also sent a large number of soldiers to the northern region to station, and set up military posts in the border area to prohibit neighboring countries from invading Xinjiang. This victory not only benefited from the powerful military power of the Qing Dynasty, but also benefited from the means of Emperor Qianlong, who used both hard and soft methods in the war to unify Junggar.

1. Qianlong pressed hard, sent Qiang Bing to station, disintegrated the internal forces in Junggar, produced a strong deterrent, and severely punished the leaders of the insurrection.

2. Use religious power and economic power to help many people in outer Mongolia, and gather people's hearts in a way of understanding and reasoning, and moving with emotion.

3. Although Junggar was later pacified, Ganlong still gave some preferential policies to the local people. He ordered the abolition of the serfdom practiced by nomadic feudal nobles in Junggar, liberated a large number of poor farmers and promoted the economic development and agricultural development in the western frontier areas.

under his leadership, many wasteland in the western region have been reclaimed and the productivity has been steadily improved. According to incomplete statistics, in 1766, the number of green camp Army in Xinjiang alone had reached 179,29 mu, and in 1775, the number of herdsmen in Xinjiang had reached 28,253 mu. The development of agriculture in Xinjiang also promoted the development of industry and commerce.

Later, in order to facilitate management, the Qing court specially set up a coin casting bureau in Xinjiang to cast large quantities of Ganlong Tongbao, which deepened the penetration and influence of the Central Plains dynasty on the western region from the economic level. In addition to unifying the Junggar War, when Emperor Qianlong was in power, he frequently used troops in the southwest and forced the king of Myanmar to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty with his iron fist. In the 36th year of Qianlong's reign, he sent troops for many times to strengthen his rule and punish the chieftains in Jinchuan and Jinchuan, thus defending the integrity of the country's territory. Emperor Qianlong's contribution to military affairs cannot be ignored. Even Mackinder, a famous British geopolitical scientist, once praised Qianlong, saying that he was a rare geopolitical genius in the world.

It is said that "one punch is enough to avoid hundreds of punches". After harvesting the western regions, Emperor Qianlong put down the Junggar rebellion and incorporated this huge land into the territory of the Qing Dynasty, he publicized the national prestige, which made many surrounding Central Asian regions show kindness to China and became a vassal country of China, bringing great benefits to China.

when emperor Qianlong was in power, the territory was extremely huge, and the Qing dynasty broke through the traditional concepts of "the Central Plains and its surroundings" and "the son of heaven and foreign vassals".

At that time, a unified China with multi-ethnic and multi-geographical plates appeared on the earth, showing its powerful capital, but it was a pity that the glory of the Qing Dynasty did not last for a hundred years. After that, more powerful enemies in the west stood on the opposite side of the Qing Dynasty and overthrew this powerful dynasty step by step.