The origin of Korean water droplets is ````````````.

The specific origin is still inconclusive. ...

Korean/Korean

(? / ? / ? )

Popular in: Korean Peninsula, northeast of China.

Total users: 7 10/00000.

Rank: 13 (close to Vietnamese, Telugu, Marathi and Tamil)

Language family: controversial,

Some people think that Korean is an isolated language,

Some people think that Korean belongs to Altaic language family.

government post

Countries with official languages: Republic of Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea and China (in some regions).

Administration: National Chinese Language Institute of Korea

Institute of Linguistics, Academy of Social Sciences (Korea)

Language code

ISO 639- 1: ko

ISO 639-2: Korea

ISO/DIS 639-3: kor

Korean (? 、? ), or Korean (? )), referred to as "Korean" or "Korean", is a popular language in the Korean Peninsula in Northeast Asia and its vicinity.

Korean and Korean

Before Li Chengwan established the Republic of Korea in Seoul, this language was always called "Korean". After the founding of the People's Republic of Korea, Korean academic circles and people changed the language name to "Korean" for political reasons such as the country name and confrontation with North Korea. However, Koreans in North Korea, Koreans in China and pro-DPRK Koreans in Japan have always kept the name "Koreans". According to the historical custom, the academic circles generally use "Korean" as the name of this language.

In the cultural circle of Chinese characters, both the Oriental Group and Vietnamese China people follow North Korea and are called "Koreans", while the Chinese circles in Taiwan Province Province, Hongkong, Macau and Nanyang in the capitalist world follow South Korea and are called "Koreans". With the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea and the expansion of exchanges between the two sides, the definition of Korean by most Koreans has changed, that is, "Korean" generally refers to the language used in South Korea, while Korean usually refers to the language used in Korean communities in North Korea and China. And this is how the Japanese treat these two names.

Geographical distribution and dialects

The vast majority of Korean speakers gather in South Korea and North Korea in East Asia. Korean is not only the national language of these two countries, but also the Korean users of these two countries account for more than 90% of the global Korean users. About two million North Koreans live in Jilin, Heilongjiang and Liaoning provinces in the northeast of China. Now Korean is one of the two official languages (the other is Chinese) in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Jilin Province, China. Heilongjiang Province in China and the only provincial Korean radio station in China. In Japan, due to historical reasons, about 700,000 Koreans live there. Although Korean is not the official language here, many Korean descendants can speak Korean. In addition, there are about1660 thousand immigrants from South Korea in the United States.

Korean dialects can be divided into six types according to administrative regions. Except Jeju dialect, most surrounding dialects can be spoken. However, cross-regional dialect communication is somewhat difficult (for example, Shang Qing dialect in the south and Jing Xian dialect in the north).

1 Western dialect. Today's standard Korean (Korea) is based on Pyongyang dialect of this dialect. The traffic area is in Pyongyang, North Pyongan Province, South Pyongan Province and most parts of Cijiang Road. Also known as Pingan Island dialect.

Eastern dialect, the passage area is in a small area east of Liangjiang Road, North Hamgyong Road, South Hamgyong Road and Cijiang Road in North Korea. Also known as Xianjing Island dialect.

Central dialect is the most widely used and populous dialect. Today's standard Korean (Korea) is based on Seoul dialect of this dialect. In North Korea, the access area includes Kaesong, North Yellow Sea Road, South Yellow Sea Road, gangwon and some areas south of South Hamgyong Road; In South Korea, the transportation area includes Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi Province, Chungcheongnam-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, gangwon and a small part of the northwest of Jeollabuk-do.

Southwest dialect, the passage area includes Guangzhou County, Jeollanam-do and most areas of Jeollabuk-do. Also known as Jeolla dialect.

Southeast dialect, including Busan, Daegu, Gyeongsangnam-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do. It is the only one of the six Korean dialects with tones. Also known as Qingshangdao dialect.

6 Jeju dialect, the passage area is in Jeju Road. This dialect is very different from the other five dialects, so it is impossible to talk with people in five dialect areas.

Changes of Korean characters

General introduction

Koreans didn't have their own writing until15th century. They record their language in Chinese characters. Proverbs (Korean or Korean) have not replaced Chinese characters as Korean writing for a long time after their emergence. At the beginning of the 20th century, influenced by Japanese, Korean began to merge with Chinese characters. At this time, "Korean-Chinese mixed writing" became the main writing method of Korean. After the independence of the Korean Peninsula, the North and South Korean governments began to abolish the Chinese characters in Korean one after another, and advocated writing and recording Korean only in Korean (that is, pure Korean). North Korea began to restrict the use of Chinese characters from 1946, and 1949 completely abolished Chinese characters; 1948, South Korea stipulated that Chinese characters should not be used in government documents, and 1968 further prohibited it. The Korean Society of China also abolished Chinese characters in 1953, and only recorded Korean in Korean.

The use of Korean characters before they came into being.

Before the creation of Korean characters, Koreans used Chinese character records to write their language. There are two ways to record their languages: one is to speak Korean and write Chinese by hand, just like in ancient Japan and Vietnam. Because the ancient Koreans had a strong idea of "worshipping Han" and "worshiping Confucianism", this method of recording language became the mainstream in the upper class. The other is written in Chinese characters, but the order and rules of writing must follow the syntax of Korean. This recording method can be divided into two categories: "secretarial recording method" and "formal reading recording method"

"Secretarial recording method" is to write words in discourse with corresponding Chinese characters, and arrange these Chinese characters in Korean word order. Take 1940 as an example, the sentence in Jinshi (an inscription written in Korean by secretary recording method):

Original: The two men still remember the oath of the day before yesterday. Now three years have passed, they will be loyal to the fault and have no oath.

Transcription of Modern Korean: Vow Record. Swear. Just three years later? Tadao? Take the oath.

Analysis:? 2 (person)? Pledge record (together with). (God, heaven)? (before)? Swear. Just three years later? Tadao? Too tight? (None)? Take an oath

Chinese translation: record two people swearing together. Swear before heaven. Swear that in the next three years, I will adhere to the principle of loyalty and strive for no mistakes.

As can be seen from the above example, almost all the articles written by the "secretary record method" are in Chinese.

The official reading record method not only records Chinese words with Chinese characters, but also expresses the pronunciation of Korean auxiliary words and suffixes with the sound or meaning of Chinese characters. According to records, this recording method was first created by Xue Yan in Silla period, and people in later generations constantly improved the use of Chinese characters in this recording method. This recording method continued until the end of 19. After Korea was merged by Japan, this recording method was replaced by Korean-Chinese essays based on national sentiment and the emergence of Korean nationalism.

The Creation and Use of Korean Characters

1443, King Sejong of the Li Dynasty summoned the bachelor students such as Zheng Linzhi of Jixian Hall, and according to the phonological structure of Korean and the phonology of China, he created a special writing to record the phonology of Korean. At that time, the name of this kind of writing was "Proverbs (or Yan Wen)", but when this kind of writing was promulgated, it was called "training people to correct their pronunciation", so this name gradually became popular. However, academic circles in China generally use "Yan Wen" instead of "training Andrew" to address such words. At the beginning of the 20th century, another name for the word "hangeul" began to appear. In Korean, "?" Meaning "big" and "?" It means "Wen", so "Wen" can be understood as "big character" or "big talk". In China academic circles, this word is generally translated by combining sound and meaning. "? " "(Han)" is transliterated as "Han". Free translation is translated into "Wen" and "Wen" is translated into "Korean", not "big characters" or "big words".

As for the motivation of writing this kind of words, people can get the answer from the preface of "Training People to Correct Sound": "The voice of the country. Unusual China. It doesn't spread with words. Such a stupid person. Say something. There are many people who can't show their feelings in the end. I'm sorry about that. The new system is twenty-eight characters. I want everyone to learn easily. Convenient for daily use. "

Although this kind of writing was created by the upper-class people at that time, it was rejected by the upper-class people. Some officials even asked Sejong to abolish this writing. They were afraid that this kind of writing would spread to China, and they were ridiculed as "foreign writing" by China people at that time, and regarded North Korea as one of the barbarians. Of course, many officials record Korean in this way in private environment, such as writing letters to their families. It should be noted that Korean is easy to write in Chinese characters in font structure, but at that time, Koreans strictly distinguished between "Korean" and "Chinese" and did not write Chinese characters when actually using Korean. On the other hand, because women generally have fewer opportunities to receive education, even if they can write, most of them only know Korean but not Chinese characters. So in the middle of Korea, although Chinese characters were still used in officialdom, Han Wenlai was widely used by people and women. At the end of Xuanzu, the then physician He Jun began to write and interpret Chinese medicine books in Korean, which made medical skills popular among the people. These are some evidences of the spread of Korean among the people.

Korean characters were once banned during Yan Shanjun's period. After Yan Shanjun was overthrown, although the ban was lifted, there were still not many people using Korean characters.

After Japan occupied the Korean peninsula, the Korean nation began to awaken. They began to regard Korean as their own words and pride, and began to advocate its use. During this period, influenced by Japanese writing methods, people also used Chinese characters when writing Korean, forming a "Korean-Chinese mixed writing (or Korean-Chinese mixed writing, Chinese-Chinese)".

The use of Korean characters after World War II

After World War II, Koreans used Korean as the main text and Chinese characters as the auxiliary text to record Korean. 1From the late 1940s to the early 1950s, three countries that used Korean as their official language abolished Chinese characters and adopted the policy of writing in Korean only.

1945, Kim Il Sung gave instructions that all publications of the Workers' Party of Korea (the predecessor of the Workers' Party of Korea today) should be printed in Korean characters that people can understand. The following year, some publications in North Korea stopped using Chinese characters. From 1947, North Korea's Rodong Sinmun began to be printed in pure Korean in some pages, but by 1949, it was completely printed in pure Korean, which also meant that the era of Korean writing was officially over in North Korea. Due to the special political system of North Korea, the policy of abolishing Chinese characters has not been strongly opposed by the people and academic circles, and this policy has been implemented by the North Korean government until today.

In South Korea, people and academic circles oppose pure Korean, which means they support pure Korean. Every president has different views on Chinese characters and Korean. Therefore, the Korean government has been wavering between the two policies, sometimes resuming the use of Chinese characters or merging books, and sometimes requiring the use of pure Korean by decree. With the new generation educated in pure Korean entering the society and the people who are used to reading Korean-Chinese mixed characters getting older, it has become a major trend to use pure Korean in Korea today.

Pure Korean

.

Chinese-Chinese combined edition

? (Tadao)？ (hold).

Han Han Xie Jia (Zhu Han Han Cong)

? Tadao? Hold on.

Han Han Xie Jia (Zhu Han Han Cong)

Just three years later? Tadao? Take the oath.

1945, according to the opinion of the North Korean Language Education Review Committee, the Academic Affairs Department of the US military temporarily took control of the government. In its published language policy, it was stipulated that Chinese characters should not be used in textbooks of primary schools (primary schools) and middle schools (junior high schools), and government documents should be written in pure Korean, and Chinese characters can be written together if necessary. However, this policy has not touched the written life of people and society. At the same time, this policy has also become the first official abolition of Chinese characters in the Korean world. After 1948, South Korea's Constitutional Assembly enacted relevant Korean-specific laws, and the policy of 1945 was continued. 1950, the general order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs allowed Chinese characters to be clipped, but the general order was overturned five years later. 1970, according to the instructions of President park chung-hee, the government strengthened the implementation of the Korean-only policy and encouraged the publishing industry to use pure Korean. 1974, the Ministry of Education announced the "textbook merger policy between China and South Korea", ending the "cold winter" of "banning words" since 1970. 1On August 7th, 999, President Kim Dae-jung issued a presidential decree, demanding that Chinese characters be merged when necessary to ensure the accurate transmission of official documents.

Due to the constant changes of the government's language policy, the Chinese character policy has also encountered the fate of alternating abolition and prosperity. However, the Chinese character policy is still relatively coherent on the whole. South Korea's Chinese character policy is mainly reflected in the words used in textbooks (called educational Chinese characters in Korea). 1950, the Korean Ministry of Education published 1000 educational Chinese characters. Seven years later, the number of educational Chinese characters expanded to 1300. 1972, the Ministry of Culture published 1800 basic commonly used Chinese characters. 1 991April1day, the grand court announced 273 1 "replacing names with words". In South Korea, influenced by pure Korean education, Chinese character education in schools at all levels is weakening, but most Koreans still have the ability to read commonly used Chinese characters. Except for the requirements of specialized disciplines or special training, ordinary Koreans have been unable to write Chinese characters skillfully. On TV, not only can you often see three or four different versions of the Chinese name of the same historical figure in TV series, ordinary high school students use Chinese characters to write their addresses, but also often make mistakes in some very simple Chinese characters (such as writing the word "district" as the word "nine"). The movie "A Head and a Master" also shows that the protagonist has the idea of going back to school because he doesn't even know how to write his own name in Chinese.

In China, although the government has also implemented the policy of writing in pure Korean, it has not suppressed the opposition. 1958, in the investigation of whether or not to restore Chinese characters by the Preparatory Committee of Yanbian Language and Character Research Association, the opinion advocating restoration became the dominant opinion. At 196 1, they also requested the higher authorities to restore Chinese characters. 1980s, due to China's reform and opening up, Korean society once again called for the restoration of Chinese characters, but at this time, the voice of opposition was also very strong, and the two sides had a heated debate on whether to restore Chinese characters. At this time, some newspapers and magazines began to investigate whether readers restored Chinese characters, while others directly resumed using Chinese characters.

Korean writing

The present Korean language is written with the correct pronunciation of training people created by Sejong of the Korean dynasty in the15th century. This writing is remarkably original. Many writing systems in the world are either influenced by other characters (such as pseudonyms or Thai) or formed through a long historical evolution (such as Chinese characters), but Korean is not only created suddenly in a very short time, but the whole writing system is hardly influenced by any characters (except that the letter arrangement rules are influenced by Chinese characters in word formation).

believe

Korean originally created 28 basic letters, as follows:

Subtone part

?

Vowel part?

However, with the change of the phonological structure of Korean, four sounds disappeared, so today only 24 basic letters are used. These 24 basic letters are combined with each other to form 40 letters of the Korean alphabet today.

The consonant part of the Korean alphabet?

The vowel part of Korean alphabet?

( ? ) is an upright class, (? ) is a recumbent class, (? ) is a composite class. The category of vowels is closely related to which rules are chosen in word formation.

Word combination rules

When Korean characters are formed, syllables are used as a unit, and one syllable constitutes a Korean character. The arrangement of parts of each character follows two basic rules: from left to right and from top to bottom. Korean syllables are composed of initials, finals and finals. In the practical application of language, some syllables have three parts; Some syllables have only initials and finals, but no finals; Moreover, some syllables have vowels and vowels without initials; Besides, there is only one vowel.

Initial-vowel syllable: According to the different types of vowels, there are three rules of word formation.

Vowel letters are added to the left of upright letters (from left to right)

Vowel letters are added above the horizontal letters (from top to bottom)

Vowel letters are added to the upper left of compound letters.

Vowel-only syllables: Use the silent consonant "?" Act as the beginning of a syllable. Then, according to the rule of initial-vowel syllable, the words are grouped.

Syllables with vowels: All vowels are added directly under "the combination of initials and finals"

Phonetic structure

Korean is a language with no tone but changeable phonology.

phoneme

Korean is a syllable language. In terms of syllable structure, Korean has 19 initials (consonants), 2 1 vowels (vowels) and 27 vowels.

The initials stand for silent vowels.

No breathing (loose voice)? /k/ (g)？ /t/ (d)？ /p/ (b)？ /s/ (s)？ /ts/，/t？ / (j)

There is air sound (excitement)? /ts？ / (ch)？ /k？ / (k)？ /t？ / (t)？ /p？ / (p)？ /hour/(hour)

Tight (heavy) tone? /? k/ (gg)？ /? t/ (dd)？ /? p/ (bb)？ /? s/ (ss)？ /? ts/，/？ t？ / (jj)

vowel

Nasal sound? /n/ (n)？ /meter/(meter)

Streaming sound? /l/ (r，l)

"?" Zero initials, that is, silent initials.

Positive vowels in the vowel table? /a/ (a)？ /ja/ (ya)？ /o/ (o)？ /Joe/(Yo)

/? / (ae)？ / wa/ (wa)？ /oe/,/We/(oe)? /w？ / (wae)

Negative vowel? /? / (eo)？ /j？ / (yeo)？ /u/ (u)？ /residence/(remainder)

/e/ (e)？ /w？ / (wo)？ /y/，/wi/ (wi)？ /we/(we)

Neutral vowel? /? /(EU)? /me/(me)? /? i/ (ui)

Korean has long vowels and short vowels. According to the length of vowels, the meaning of words will be affected. Nowadays, Korean spoken by young Koreans has no long and short sounds, so the general Korean textbooks do not teach long and short sounds. Korean spoken by Koreans (especially announcers) still retains this phonological feature.

Vowel stops /k/?

Stop /t/

Stop /p/

Streaming sound /l/?

Nasal sound? /n/？ /n/？ /n/？ /m/？ /? /

Phonetic change

The phonetic changes of Korean are very rich, and the most common changes are linking, nasalization, voiced and jawed.

Continuous reading phenomenon

When two single vowels can be connected into an existing compound vowel, the connection phenomenon will occur.

(sseu + eoda) → (sseoda)

(sseui + da) → (ss？ uida)

(Ga Bao Er+Da) →? (Gabwada)

When the vowel of the previous word is followed by a word without vowels, the vowel of the previous word becomes the initial of the latter word, that is, linking.

(Boolean+Ann) → (Bulun)

(gag + o) → (ga go)

(ilg eop sida) → (il keop sida)

When rhymes with "?" At the end, "?" Or "?" In the word "?" Then when it is the first letter, the first letter of the following word is "?" Without pronunciation, the end of the previous word becomes the beginning of the next word, that is, linking.

(kam haeng) → (kamaeng)

(Sanha) → (Sana)

(Malhata) →? (Marata)

Nasalization phenomenon

The rhyme of the current word is "?" 、"?" 、"?" Or "?" The last word begins with "?" 、"?" Or "?" When the vowel of the first word ends, the nasal sound becomes "?" .

(Bai Cunjun) →? (Peng Muqun)

(kkakk n？ nda) →？ (kkang n？ Confidentiality agreement)

(ilg n？ nda) →？ (ing n？ Confidentiality agreement)

The rhyme of the current word is "?" 、"?" 、"?" 、"?" Or "?" The last word begins with "?" 、"?" Or "?" When the vowel of the first word ends, the nasal sound becomes "?" .

(sip ni? n) → (sim ni？ n)

(ap nal) → (am nal)

(kap mae ta) →？ (Jin Meita)

The rhyme of the current word is "?" 、"?" 、"?" 、"?" 、"?" Or "?" The last word begins with "?" 、"?" Or "?" When the vowel of the first word ends, the nasal sound becomes "?" .

(mit mi？ N) → (Minmi? n)

(kkoch mul) → (kkon mul)

(iss n？ N) → (in n? n)

There is air sound phenomenon.

The rhyme of the current word is "?" Or "?" The last word begins with "?" When, the first letter of the following word becomes "?" .

(Akwa) → (Akwa)

(ak hwa) →？ (Acquaah)

The rhyme of the current word is "?" The last word begins with "?" When, the first letter of the following word becomes "?" .

(s？ p . s？ P ha ta) → (s? p . s？ Pata)

The rhyme of the current word is "?" 、"?" Or "?" The last word begins with "?" (? Except), the first letter of the last word becomes "?" .

(mat hi？ ng su) →？ (mat'i？ ng su)

(motha him) →? (Motta)

Jaw phoneme phenomenon

The rhyme of the current word is "?" Or "?" The word after that is "?" When did the last word become "?" .

(mahhita) →? (Machita)

(tat hi ta) →？ (ta ch'i ta)

The rhyme of the current word is "?" Or "?" The word after that is "?" When did the last word become "?" Or "?" .

(kot i) → (ko chi)

(put i ta) →? (Pu Yin Da)

vowel harmony

Please refer to the concept of vowel harmony.

Vowel harmony is the expression of Altai characteristics of Korean phonology. However, vowel harmony has shrunk to a considerable extent in modern Korean. At present, this phenomenon is manifested in three aspects: word formation, grammatical suffix addition and proper words.

Korean vowels are divided into male vowels, neutral vowels and female vowels according to their pronunciation positions (neutral vowels are also regarded as female vowels when grammar changes). (For the division of vowel gender, please refer to the vowel table in the phoneme section of this section. )

When using Korean letters to form words, six monosyllabic letters (? ,? ,? ,? ,? ,? The vowel compound letter 1 should follow the principle of "birds of a feather flock together".

1: Note that not all vowel compounds here refer to compound vowels. For example, the vowel combination letter "?" Not a compound vowel, but "?" But it is a compound vowel.

Yang (Yin) vowels can only be combined with Yang (Yin) vowels to form Yang (Yin) vowel compound letters. Male vowels cannot be combined with female vowels to form vowel compound letters. So there is only the masculine vowel letter "?" In Korean. Letter with masculine vowel "?" Or the feminine vowel letter "?" Letter with negative vowel "?" Vowel combination letters (? , ? ), there is no feminine vowel letter "?" Letter with masculine vowel "?" Or the masculine vowel letter "?" Letter with negative vowel "?" Consists of vowel consonants.

When composing vowel compound letters, neutral vowels can be combined with male vowels or female vowels to form vowel compound letters, such as the male vowel letter "?" Can be followed by the neutral vowel letter "?" Form a vowel compound letter "?" ; Female vowel letter "?" Letter with neutral vowel "?" Form a vowel compound letter "?"

Grammatically, we should also follow the principle of "birds of a feather flock together" and add a suffix with vowels. For example, the equivalent suffix "(ayo)/ (? Yo) "is prepared for this. The former is added after the stem containing masculine vowel verbs or adjectives (Chinese characters are not limited to this), and the latter is added after the stem containing feminine vowel verbs or adjectives.

(pota)？ - / → ? (po-ayo)

(Tatu)?