Wuyue culture, the origin, formation and characteristics of Wuyue culture, and the formation and characteristics of wuyue regional culture.

Wuyue culture, the origin, formation and characteristics of Wuyue culture, and the formation and characteristics of wuyue regional culture.

(1) The Formation of wuyue Regional Culture

Wuyue regional culture is the regional plate of China culture and the localization of China culture. It is the product of the fusion of ancient Chinese culture and ancient Wuyue culture.

The Qin Dynasty was the beginning of the formation of wuyue regional culture. In the 25th year of the First Emperor (222 BC), Wang Jian crossed the river to pacify Chu and wuyue was incorporated into the territory of Qin. In Wu Yueguo's hometown, Qin established Huiji County. After the establishment of the county, Qin not only established the direct rule of officials, but also implemented a series of sinicization policies. For example, in the thirty-seventh year of the First Emperor (2 10 BC), in order to prevent the combination of "internal Vietnam" and "external Vietnam", the Vietnamese in Dayue Center were ordered to migrate to western Zhejiang and southern Anhui, and at the same time, the "guilty officials and people" in the north were exiled to the south to enrich the land in Da Yue. In view of the backward economic and cultural customs in Vietnam and the chaotic relationship between men and women, the first emperor carved a stone and erected a monument in Huiji Mountain in 2 10. The "Poem on the Block of Records" especially focuses on "banning prostitution", declaring that widows remarry, the relationship between men and women is chaotic, and adulterers and adulterers abandon their husbands and flee, which must be severely punished. As a result, the population structure of wuyue has changed, the number of Han people has increased, and the Central Plains culture has gained more opportunities to spread in these areas.

As for the temperature, in Taiwan Province and other places in southern Zhejiang, the localization is relatively slow. After Qin unified the whole country, the king of Dong 'ou was intimidated by the strength of Qin's army and voluntarily surrendered to Qin. Qin Shihuang set up Minzhong County here and adopted the policy of "taming". He did not send officials or troops, but Yao still ruled the Oujiang River basin. In this way, the spread of Central Plains culture in southern Zhejiang is very limited, and the social organization structure, customs and habits of Ou and Yue people have been completely preserved, thus further widening the cultural differences between southern Zhejiang and northern Zhejiang. Until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty pacified Fujian and Vietnam, there were still people who could not set up counties.

At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, the land of wuyue was the fief of Liu Bi, the king of Wu. With the help of wuyue's superior natural conditions, Liu Bi attracted outlaws from all over the world, that is, casting money from mountains and cooking salt from the sea, and his economic strength was greatly enhanced for a while. Liu Bi also spread all over the world, and at that time the southeast region was crowded with people, including Mei Cheng, Zou Yang, Yan Zhu, Zhu Maichen and other celebrities. Unfortunately, this cultural landscape is not deeply rooted, and it declined again after the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion". During the Western Han Dynasty, * * * was dominated by the northwest, and little attention was paid to the development of the south. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the poor in Kanto moved to Huiji County, with about145,000 people. Moved into some big families. But on the whole, wuyue is still very backward. When Sima Qian visited the south of the Yangtze River, he still saw the situation of "vast territory and abundant resources, large population, rice soup and fish, or burning rice and water", with low productivity, underdeveloped business and unclear class differentiation, and "no daughter's home due to cold and hunger" (Biography of Historical Records of Huo Zhi). If the class differentiation is not obvious, there will naturally be no scholars. The south is low-lying and humid, and northerners are unwilling to be officials in the south. Therefore, it is extremely difficult for the northern academic culture to spread to the south, and the development of its own culture in this respect is also quite slow.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, northerners began to migrate to the south automatically to avoid the war. According to records, in the Western Han Dynasty, there were only 223,000 households in Huiji County, with a population of10.032 million. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were more than 64,000 households with 65,438 +0.5 million households, and Huiji County was also divided into two. Apart from natural growth, most of these new populations are immigrants. As a result, the economy and culture came out of the trough and began to develop. In Wu and Hui areas, the style of study is flourishing. "In the county, there are thousands of people who study the scriptures, but they only hear the sound of chanting" (The Biography of Zhang Ba in the Later Han Dynasty). There are many famous scholars, such as Wang Chong, Zhao Ye, Gu Feng, Yu Fan and Huang Shang. This greatly promoted the spread of Confucian culture in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and the Central Plains, and greatly transformed local customs and concepts.

The Six Dynasties was a period of great development of wuyue's regional culture. The main reasons are the southward migration of northerners and the southward migration of Huaxia regime. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the center of Chinese civilization was in the Yellow River valley, and wuyue was on the edge of Chinese civilization, so the progress was slow. After the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Central Plains disappeared, northerners went south in succession, and the situation in the south of the Yangtze River changed. First of all, there appeared a Soochow regime supported by scholars from the North and the South. Then, the whole center of the Huaxia regime moved from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin, which passed through the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Song Dynasty, Qi Dynasty, Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty, commonly known as the "Six Dynasties". The establishment of the Six Dynasties regime is a major turning point in the historical development of Jiangnan, and its influence is enormous and far-reaching. First of all, it attaches importance to the construction of material civilization in Jiangnan. In the past, the capital was in the north, and the development of Jiangnan was not taken seriously. During this period, Jiangnan became the base of life in the Six Dynasties, and naturally attached importance to economic construction. A large number of northerners moved south, which increased the local labor force, brought advanced production technology in the north and created conditions for local land development. The progress of material civilization construction has promoted the construction of spiritual civilization. Secondly, the southward migration of Central Plains civilization promoted the process of local sinicization. The southward migration of the northern regime and the large-scale migration of northerners to the south of the Yangtze River brought all the spiritual culture accumulated in the Central Plains to the south of the Yangtze River. During the Six Dynasties, the Yellow River basin was constantly at war, while the Yangtze River basin was relatively stable. For a long time, Chinese civilization has taken root and blossomed here, and the formation of the ethos of valuing martial arts and respecting literature is the most typical. Due to the backward economy, there are many primitive relics in wuyue, and the people are brave and good at fighting. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the social atmosphere gradually changed. In the Southern Dynasties, the regime valued literature over martial arts. Men and women of aristocratic families regarded literature as their own, despised military affairs, refused to bow their heads and join the army, and were ashamed to marry soldiers. As far as the wind is concerned, even the poor are ashamed to talk about martial arts. The upward trend was followed by a downward trend, which formed the ethos of valuing martial arts and respecting literature in wuyue. In the early Tang Dynasty, historians said, "He is a gentleman, polite, but mediocre, so the atmosphere is clear and Taoism is prosperous" (Geography of Sui Shu). Wuyue, which was once regarded as a barbarian land by northerners, became an authentic center of Chinese civilization in the Six Dynasties, which no one expected.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, although the center of Chinese civilization moved to the Yellow River valley, the trend that Jiangnan came from behind could not be stopped. After the Anshi Rebellion, the economic and cultural center moved further south. By the late Tang Dynasty, Yangzhou had become the most prosperous and developed city in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, second only to the capital Chang 'an. During the Five Dynasties, the status of Wu Yueguo rose in Yueguo and Hangzhou.

The second development period of wuyue regional culture is the Southern Song Dynasty. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the war in the Central Plains continued, the Jin people invaded south, and the Han people in the north moved south one after another. History says that "people from all directions gather in Zhejiang, which is often a hundred times" (Records of the Years of Jian Yan, Volume 158). At that time, wuyue was full of northerners. With Hangzhou as its capital, Zhejiang has become the political, economic and cultural center of the Han nationality, which has greatly promoted the cultural exchange between the north and the south of wuyue and promoted the cultural development in this area. The specific performance is that the reading atmosphere is stronger. Overseas Chinese and Confucian scholars in the Central Plains "come wrapped in books and live next door", which makes the hinterland of wuyue proud of reading. There is also the proximity to the capital, the spirit of scientific research information, the high enrollment rate, and the * * * five mountains reading style. Secondly, the further integration of north and south folk customs. A large number of northerners moved to the south, bringing with them a whole set of customs such as diet, clothing, language, religious beliefs, weddings, funerals and the four seasons. These customs have influenced the established customs in wuyue, and Wu and Yue people have a strong ability to digest foreign cultures. In this way, over time, the customs of the north and the south crossed, resulting in new customs with wuyue regional characteristics. Hangzhou dialect is a mixed dialect of Wu dialect and Kaifeng Mandarin in this period.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Wu and Yue culture was in a dominant position in China.

(2) The characteristics of wuyue regional culture.

Wuyue area, in the pre-Qin period, was basically an independent Yue culture. After Qin and Han dynasties, the country disappeared, and the concept of territory became more and more vague, becoming a regional concept, which was later called Jiangzuo, Jiangdong and Jiangnan. In this long process, the degree of sinicization in wuyue is getting deeper and deeper. However, due to the obstinacy, continuity and compatibility of language and customs, when China culture entered Wuyue, it was often influenced by the inherent geographical environment and wuyue national cultural traditions and changed. Over time, it formed the regional culture of wuyue under the cultural system of China extended family.

Wuyue culture is a distinctive local cultural system. It has the characteristics of China culture, especially its unique personality. Its personality is a part of great interest to the world. So, what are the characteristics of Wuyue culture? From what angles did you summarize the characteristics of Wuyue culture? Yan Ming put forward a formula in the article "Basic Definition of Wu Culture" (Journal of Suzhou University 199 13): "Wu environment? Wu people's mentality "the characteristics of Wu culture" refers to "observing the influence of Wu people's humanistic environment on the formation and development of Wu culture from the intermediary link of Wu people's mentality, and then analyzing and grasping the characteristics and reasons of Wu culture." I think this method is very correct, and it can also be applied to the study of Wuyue culture and other regional cultures. Because history, that is, external factors, is always developing and changing. In the same historical period, different places have different customs and different cultural phenomena because of different internal factors. The so-called internal cause refers to the popular mentality and customs gradually formed in different geographical environments and different historical periods. Mentality is the state of human psychological activity and the deepest cultural psychological activity. Custom is the externalization of mentality and the external expression of people's way of thinking and attitude towards life. Custom restricts people's way of thinking and action. Different mentality and customs have different cultural characteristics; On the contrary, the same mentality and customs will form a consistent way of thinking and values, and create a culture with the same characteristics. It can be said that custom is the most obvious, direct and fundamental distinguishing sign of regional culture. Mentality is not easy to master, but customs can be captured. Therefore, we advocate that the study of regional cultural characteristics should start with customs. Our thinking is: environment → mentality → custom → behavior (cultural phenomenon and its characteristics).

Customs are varied, including language, mode of production, life, religious belief, culture, art and so on. The introduction of Wuyue culture is designed according to this framework. Perhaps, the introduction of customs can help people understand the cultural phenomena and characteristics of wuyue. (This section refers to Zhejiang cultural history, etc. )