History of Portugal

Neanderthals first moved into present-day Portugal and were later replaced by Homo sapiens. As early as 1 BC in Portugal, Celts had settled in Iberian Peninsula.

the Romans first invaded the Iberian peninsula in 219 BC. Around 14 BC, the Romans conquered Portugal and divided it into a province of the Roman Empire, which was called the province of Lucerne, and ruled it until the 5th century.

Germanic tribes (including Svibis, Vandals and Alans) invaded Iberian Peninsula in the 5th century. Later, these tribes were expelled from Iberian Peninsula by Visigoths.

In p>711, the North African Muslim Moors invaded the Iberian Peninsula, and the Visigoth dynasty perished. Only the asturias Highland in northern Portugal was still in the hands of Catholic Gothic nobles. In asturias, the Goths began to launch the "movement to recover lost territory", aiming at fighting the southern Muslim regime and re-ruling the Iberian Peninsula.

in p>1179, this area became the kingdom of Portugal, and it expanded with the regaining of the part occupied by Muslims. The Portuguese border of modern Europe was completed by King Alfonso III in 127.

the 15th and 16th centuries were the heyday of Portugal, which had a large number of colonies in Africa, Asia and the United States and became a maritime power. During this period, Portugal has far surpassed other European countries in economy, politics and culture.

Portugal's colonial empire was founded on August 21st, 1415, when the navigator Henry led the Portuguese fleet to conquer Ceuta, the Islamic trade center in North Africa. Then Portuguese navigators and explorers discovered uninhabited islands such as Azores, Cape Verde, Bioko, Sao Tome, principe island and Annoben.

in p>1471, the northern Moroccan city of Tanzania, which had long competed with Spain, was finally occupied by the Portuguese.

In the spring of p>1488, the Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias first explored Morsel Bay in the Cape of Good Hope at the southernmost tip of Africa, which laid a solid foundation for another Portuguese navigator vasco da gama to open a new route to India. On May 2th, 1498, Da Gama finally reached the beach not far from the Indian town of Kozekot.

in p>15, the Portuguese navigator pedro cabral first saw the coast of Brazil.

in p>151, Cabral discovered Madagascar in the Indian Ocean and arrived in Mauritius in 157.

In p>151, Albuquerque conquered Goa in India and Malacca in Malaysia (1511).

after p>1514, Portuguese navigators went to China and Japan in the Far East. In 1517, Fernao Pires de Andrade, a Portuguese businessman and official, arrived in Guangzhou, and his negotiation with the Ming court was called the beginning of the contact between China and Europe in modern times. The Portuguese discovered Japan by accident in 1542, and later many European businessmen and missionaries were attracted to Japan (see Nanman Trade). In 1557, the Portuguese leased Macau and began to trade with China.

in p>1522, a Spanish fleet led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the earth for the first time.

in p>1553, Portuguese began to live in Macao. On December 1, 1887, Portugal and the Qing government signed the Draft Convention of the Sino-Portuguese Conference and the Treaty of Good Business and Trade between China and Portugal, and formally leased Macao through diplomatic documents, which became the first territory of European countries in East Asia (counting from 1553). On April 25th, 1974, the Portuguese revolution was successful, and the policy of decolonization was implemented, recognizing that Macao was illegally occupied by Portugal, and it was the first time that Macao was returned to China. Due to the lack of proper handover conditions at that time, Zhou Enlai, then Prime Minister, proposed to temporarily maintain Macao's current situation.

However, with other European countries gaining maritime hegemony, Portugal's strength has declined. In 158, it was occupied by Spain because of the inheritance of royal in-laws, and it was not until 164 that it got rid of Spanish rule. The Portuguese colony was attacked by both the Dutch and the British.

In the 17th century, a large number of Portuguese immigrated to Brazil, until John V banned Portuguese immigration in 179 to prevent population loss.

On the morning of November 1st, 1755, an earthquake of magnitude 9 occurred in Lisbon, and the losses caused by the earthquake, together with the ensuing tsunami and fire, leveled the whole Lisbon. This disaster was an unbearable shock to the Portuguese economy at that time. But at this time, the Portuguese Empire was still strong. With the rise of the British Empire and the French Empire, the Portuguese Empire gradually declined. After Portugal handed over Macao to China in 1999, the history of the Portuguese Empire for more than 5 years ended.

Napoleon attacked Portugal in p>187 and occupied Lisbon on December 1 of the same year. It was not until 1812 that she got help from Britain to get rid of French rule. In 188, the Portuguese royal family and most Lisbon nobles fled to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. From 188 to 1821, this city was regarded as the capital of Portugal, and it was the only capital in Europe that was not in Europe at that time.

In August p>182, a Liberal Revolution took place in Portugal. The first measure of the new government was to invite King Joao VI, who was exiled to Brazil, to return to China. Joao VI finally decided to return home with almost all the royal family members and ministers, and landed in Lisbon in July 1821.

After Joao VI returned to China, the first Portuguese Constituent Assembly attempted to cancel all the privileges granted to Brazil by Joao VI, which made Brazil fall back into a colonial situation. The Brazilian people have long been used to having their own king and government, which further stimulated the Brazilian people's mood of having their own king and government. Brazil cannot accept the abolition of its privileges and its re-colonization. Pedro, the son of Joao VI, decided to stay and oppose the Portuguese government's resolution, and Joao VI also acquiesced in his son's practice.

in December p>1821, the Portuguese parliament urged Pedro to return to China on the grounds of completing his political education, and stipulated that all provinces in Brazil would accept the jurisdiction of Lisbon. Driven by the Brazilian independents, Pedro refused the order of the Portuguese Parliament and established a new government headed by José bonifacio de Andrada, and in May 1822, he became the "Permanent Protector of Brazil". As a result, the Portuguese Parliament deposed its position as Regent of Brazil. On September 7, 1822, Pedro, who had just arrived in S? o Paulo, learned of this resolution, so he drew his sword on the Ipiranga River and swore "Give me independence or give me death!" (Portuguese: independent ê ncia oumorte! ), officially announced the independence of Brazil.

on October 12th, 1822, Pedro was called the Brazilian emperor Pedro I, and a coronation ceremony was held on December 1st, 1822.

the revolution in October p>191 overthrew the monarchy and established the first Republic.

In May p>1926, a military coup took place, and Marshal carmona came to power to establish a military dictatorship.

Antonio salazar, the finance minister, organized the National League in 1931. In 1932, he was promoted to the position of prime minister to cope with the financial crisis. The following year, he formulated a new constitution, established a new fascist state system (Estado Novo, the "second republic" in Portuguese history), and became a dictator. Salazar pursued fascist dictatorship at home, followed German and Italian fascists abroad in 1936, and helped Franco rebels attack the Spanish government.

nominally neutral during World War II, but actually close to the Axis Group. After the war, he joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in April 1949 and accepted the Marshall Plan in June of the same year. In 1951, it signed a "military assistance agreement" with the United States, and then signed various agreements allowing the United States to establish military bases in Portugal and its territories.

On April 25th, 1974, the so-called carnation revolution took place, and the "Armed Forces Movement" composed of a group of middle and junior officers overthrew the ultra-right regime that lasted for 42 years and began the process of democratization.

in p>1986, Suarez became the first civilian president in 6 years.

on February 8, 1979, China established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China.

in p>1986, it joined the European Union; In 1999, it became one of the first countries to join the euro zone.

On December 2th, 1999, according to the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration on Macao signed by China and Portugal in 1987, the sovereignty of Macao was returned to China.