What are the capitals of Shang Dynasty?

Shangdu refers to the capital of Shang State in Xia and Shang Dynasties. Businessmen frequently moved the capital, mainly because of river disasters and wars. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng said that Yin people moved repeatedly, with eight before and five after.

The former refers to the period from the ancestor of Shang Dynasty to Tang and Chengdu, also known as the pre-Shang period, which lasted more than 400 years. During this period, Shang moved the capital eight times. After that, there was a period of more than 600 years, from the establishment of Shang Dynasty to the extinction of Shang Dynasty by Zhou people. During this period, the Shang Dynasty moved its capital five times.

In the pre-Shang period, the frequent migration of tribes and capitals was a remarkable phenomenon. Cloud: Wandering outside, there is no fixed pole. Pan Geng, a senior minister, said: Since he took office, he moved eight times, and the Tang Dynasty began to live in Bo, starting from the late king. Scholars before the Tang Dynasty were unable to describe the venue of the Eighth National Games in detail. Kong Yingda's Preface to the Book of Merchants only lists four moves: from the contract to the Tang Dynasty,/kloc-moved the capital in the fourth century: Shang Di Yun established a son and established a business, which was a contractual residence enterprise; The touchstone of "A Famous Residence in the Clouds" is called Shangqiu, who now lives in Bo. I've seen the classics, moved four times, and I haven't heard the details of others.

The same is true of Shang Fu written by Lu Deming in Tang Dynasty: there are only four kinds of gossip in history. The book Shi Sheng Ben in Qing Dynasty clearly put forward the specific orientation of the Eighth National Games. Wang Guowei also made textual research on the cool rope. In Zuo Zhuan, he pointed out that the initial migration sequence of Shang Dynasty was: Qi Ju Shang, Zhao Ming Ju Di, Zhao Ming Ju Shangqiu, Du Dong, back to Shangqiu, Shang moved to Yin, Shang returned to Shangqiu and Tang Ju Bo.

The above commercial land is now Shangqiu, Henan. There is no record that Shang Jia-wei moved to Yin, but it is mentioned in classical exegesis and historical records that Wang Hai was once a foreigner or a foreigner, indicating that he still lived in Shangqiu during Chang Ruoming and Wang Hai's period. Through the investigation of the Eighth National Games, we can see that its business scope is mainly at the junction of Henan and Shandong provinces. Moreover, although the former merchants experienced eight migrations, four of them were related to Shangqiu, and they all returned to Shangqiu after each migration. Thus, from the Qi Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty (14), the Shang nationality took Shangqiu as its base or main business place, and then gradually developed through outward expansion. Shangqiu is the birthplace of Shang nationality.

After the establishment of Shang Dynasty, there were several migrations, namely, Zhong Ding moved from Bohai to Wei, He Tuojia moved from Tao, Zu Ti moved from Geng to Xing, from Xing to Xi, and moved the capital three times during his reign. After the establishment of Shang Dynasty, there were several immigrants in today's Henan and Shandong areas, which once involved Shanxi Province, but they were not far from the Yellow River.