The history of Denmark and Norway.

The Kingdom of Denmark is located at the northwest end of the European continent, bordering the Baltic Sea in the east and the North Sea in the west, facing Norway and Sweden across the Scarborough Legras Kiel Strait, kattegat and the Earle Strait in the north, and bordering the Federal Republic of Germany in the south. The mainland consists of 406 islands including Jutland, Philippines, Britain, Ceylon and Bonn-Holm, covering an area of 43,080 square kilometers. In addition, Greenland (with an area of 2 1 75,000 square kilometers) and Faroe Islands (with an area of 1399 square kilometers, consisting of 21islands) have officially become their provinces since 1953. The indigenous population is 5110000 (1985), and the Danes account for 96%. The official language is Danish. The vast majority of residents believe in Christianity and Lutheranism. The population of Greenland is 52,940 (65,438+0,985), mainly Greenlanders. The population of the Faroe Islands is 45,000 (1985), belonging to the Faroe people. Copenhagen, the capital.

Early History and Piracy Period Around 6,543,800 BC, jutland began to be inhabited by human beings, who lived by hunting. Around 4200-3400 BC, people who settled in this area entered the Neolithic Age, reclaiming land and cultivating agriculture. Wu Gong entered the Bronze Age about 400 years ago.

Danes are good at sailing and often go south to the Roman Empire to exchange amber and flint for grain and other utensils. They are often thieves and rob at sea in summer. In 793, Danish pirates attacked the British island of Lindisfarne. Since then, Danish pirates have invaded England more and more. Danish pirates occupied London in 87 1 year. In 878, King Alfred of England made peace with the great Danish pirates, and England was divided equally between the two sides. Danish immigrants established the "Danish area" in the northeast of England. 10 16, King Knut the Great of Denmark captured the whole of England and established the "North Sea Empire" covering most of Norway, England, Scotland and southern Sweden. The empire collapsed on 1042.

1After the mid-2nd century, the Kalmar Union and foreign wars, Waldemar I (reign time1157-182) established a powerful feudal monarchy, and occupied Estonia, the area north of the Elbe River and Gotland Island through aggressive wars. 1397, the Kalma Conference was held under the auspices of Queen Margaret of Denmark (1353- 14 12). Denmark, Sweden and Norway have formed an alliance, and Denmark is in the dominant position. The Kalmar Union lasted 126 years. The former Norwegian territories Greenland and Faroe Islands were handed over to Denmark. During this period, Denmark continued to expand overseas to break the economic rule of Hanseatic League on the Baltic Sea. After a long war, Denmark annexed Schleswig and Holstein. The long war cost Denmark a lot of money, which led to an increase in tax revenue. The annexation of land by wealthy nobles caused peasant riots. /kloc-In the middle of 0/4th century, the Black Death claimed nearly half of the population. In order to quell the discontent and unrest, King Christian 1 (in office at 1448- 148 1) convened a four-level meeting at 1468 to seek support. But riots continue, especially in Sweden. Christian II (reign time1513-1523) personally led the troops to conquer Stockholm, the Swedish capital occupied by Swedish separatists, slaughtered a large number of Swedish nobles who participated in the rebellion, and triggered the Darana Uprising. 1523, the Danish army was defeated and Sweden declared its independence. Since then, Denmark has repeatedly competed with Sweden for control of the Baltic Sea and its surrounding areas, such as 1563- 1570' s Northern Seven-Year War and1-13' s Kalmar War, but all previous wars ended in failure, leading to thirty years. The whole territory of 65438+ was later defeated by Sweden in the Scania War of 1675- 1679 and the Northern War of 1709- 1720. Due to the weakening of national strength, Denmark avoided being involved in the chaotic disputes on the European continent at that time. Denmark remained neutral or avoided interference in the Seven Years' War, the Anglo-French War (1766- 1783) and the early days of the French Revolution.

Denmark's shipping industry and overseas trade are very developed, and its merchant fleet ranks second in Europe after Britain, with a considerable fleet. /kloc-At the end of 0/6, Denmark established the East India Company, with colonies in the West Indies and Guinea. 1767, Denmark announced an alliance with Russia to ensure its "armed neutrality", and Britain declared war and launched the Copenhagen War 180 1. 1807 sent a fleet to shell Copenhagen, and the Danish navy was wiped out. Denmark turned to support Napoleon I and formed an alliance with France against Britain during 1807- 18 14. After the defeat of Napoleon I, Denmark signed the Kiel Peace Treaty and ceded Norway to Sweden.

The development of capitalism and years of war have caused great damage to Danish economy, especially agriculture. The government had to reform to limit the privileges of landlords and nobles. Denmark changed farmers' compulsory labor system into tenancy system in 1799 and Schleswig and Holstein in 1804, thus ending farmers' personal dependence on landlords since the Middle Ages. In order to alleviate financial difficulties, Denmark sold its colonies in West India and Guinea. It was not until the middle of19th century that the financial situation improved. Due to the influence of German nationalism and Prussia's direct intervention, the situation in Schleswig and Holstein was turbulent, and an uprising broke out in 1848. Jiaqiu left Denmark and merged into the German Federation. Denmark fought with these two principalities for nearly three years, and finally won when Prussia stopped marching into Schleswig, and saved these two principalities. 1864, Denmark announced that Schleswig was merged into Denmark and separated from Holstein, so Prussia joined Austria to intervene. After Denmark failed, it signed the Vienna Peace Treaty and ceded Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia and Austria.

Under the influence of the democratic movement in France, Germany and other European countries in 1848, the Danish Constituent Assembly promulgated the constitution, abolished the absolute monarchy, changed it to a constitutional monarchy, and implemented universal suffrage with property restrictions. 1870 the left-wing party representing the interests of the rich peasants was established. 187 1 year, the Danish Social Democratic Party was established, with trade unions all over the country. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, Danish industry

With the rapid development of industrialization, shipbuilding, telecommunications and manufacturing have begun to take shape. The village cooperative system in rural areas has been replaced by cooperative system, and agriculture has developed in the direction of specialization and become one of the world's agricultural powers.

During the first world war of two world wars, Denmark implemented a neutral policy, and at the request of Germany, it laid mines to block the waters of the Songde and Bert Strait. After Germany surrendered, Denmark demanded a referendum in Schleswig to solve the ownership problem. 1920, the northern part of Schleswig returned to Denmark by referendum.

1924 Danish social democratic party formed the government for the first time. Faced with the thorny unemployment problem and economic depression, the Social Democratic Party government was forced to resign after two years in power. 1929 during the great recession, the social democratic party won the general election and formed a cabinet with the radical left party. Since then, except for a few short-term failures, the Social Democratic Party has been forming a cabinet alone or jointly until the 1970s. Economically, the Great Depression of 1930s also spread to Denmark, and the unemployment rate reached 40% at 1933. The government devalued the currency to stimulate exports. 1933 and 1934 successively signed agricultural products agreements with Britain and Germany, and agricultural production was adjusted accordingly, alleviating the impact of economic depression.

Before the outbreak of World War II, Denmark got involved in disputes on the European continent at no cost and accepted the non-aggression treaty proposed by Germany in 1939. However, fascist Germany was treacherous and launched a large-scale attack on April 9 1940, and the Danish government announced its surrender on the same day. 194 1 year, Greenland, Iceland and Faroe Islands were occupied by the US military and lost contact with Denmark. 1944 Iceland became independent and Greenland and Faroe Islands returned to Denmark.

During the Second World War, the Danish people, under the leadership of the Freedom Committee, Land and People, launched a struggle against fascist Germany and their own Nazis in various ways. With the intensification of German rule and search, the scale of struggle is getting bigger and bigger, from small-scale sabotage to large-scale sabotage and general strike. Underground resistance organizations not only operate in Denmark, but also set up an armed force "Danish battalion" consisting of 5,000 people in Sweden. 1On May 4th, 945, the German occupation forces surrendered.

In the postwar period, Denmark accepted the Marshall Plan in 1947. Denmark joined the European Economic Cooperation Organization in April 1948, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in April 1949 and Council of Europe in May. 1950 May 1 1 Denmark established diplomatic relations with China. 1953, Denmark revised its constitution again, stipulating that Denmark has a constitutional monarchy and a unicameral parliament. Actively develop Nordic foreign cooperation. 1973 joined Europe. The Queen of Denmark is Margrethe II (1972). Schrü tt was appointed Prime Minister.

Norwegian history

The Kingdom of Norway is located in the west of Scandinavia, bordering the Norwegian Sea in the west and the Scandinavian Mountains in the east. %F