Dong nationality introduction

Dong people's culture and art are rich and colorful, and they have the reputation of "hometown of poetry and ocean of songs". Dong people's poems are rigorous in rhythm, wide in subject matter, healthy and clear in artistic conception and vivid in metaphor. Among them, lyric poetry is delicate, sincere and enthusiastic. ; Narrative poems are euphemistic and tortuous, with profound implications, and are extremely precious cultural heritage of Dong folk literature. Poetry lyrics are mostly based on human origin, national migration and customary law, which has historical value. The most popular ones are Zhulang Niang, recklessness, Saburo dancing beautifully and Song of Cicada. There are many beautiful music tunes. A multi-part chorus "big song" has a loud voice, great momentum and free rhythm. Pipa songs, named after the accompaniment of pipa or Geyiqin (Dong ki2 12, commonly known as Niutuiqin), have a cheerful and smooth tune and are unique to Dong people. Folk stories and legends have a wide range of themes, various forms, strange twists and turns, fascinating and romantic expressions, which reflect the rich imagination and good wishes of the Dong people to pursue light and overcome evil. Dong Opera developed from the initial narrative rap, which began in the early 9th century/KLOC-0. According to legend, it was created by Wu Wencai (about 1798 ~ 1845), a Dong nationality in Liping. The catwalk is simple, the movements are simple and the tunes are changeable. When singing, it is accompanied by "Geyiqin", gongs and drums are loud, wearing Dong costumes, not painting faces, and full of national colors. Dong folk dances include "Duoye", Lusheng, dragon dance and lion dance. "Duoye" is a kind of mass collective song and dance, where men and women form a circle hand in hand and sing while walking. Lusheng dance is a group dance in which dancers play Lusheng while dancing. In addition to the above musical instruments, there are Dong flute, suona and so on. Handicrafts include flower picking, embroidery, painting, carving, paper cutting, paper carving, rattan weaving and bamboo weaving. Embroidery is a skill that Dong women are good at. They embroidered various patterns, figures, animals, flowers and insects on their costumes, with vivid images and rich and harmonious colors. Silver ornaments include collars, necklaces, bracelets, earrings, rings, silver hair clips and silver flowers. Textiles include Dong Brocade, Dong Pa and Dong Cloth. First dyed with indigo, and then painted with protein's "egg cloth", which is bright in color and is the inherent material of Dong people.

Drum Tower and Yufeng Bridge are typical representatives of Dong architecture. Dong people are good at stone and wood architecture. Drum Tower and Yufeng Bridge are the crystallization of their architectural art. Drum Tower is a wooden structure, connected by tenons without nails. There are three, five or even fifteen floors, and water is poured on four sides or six sides and eight sides, and the height is 4 ~ 5 feet. Climbing over the eaves, like a pagoda, it is a symbol of family or village and a place for people to gather. Yufeng Bridge is a wooden bridge with stone piers, long corridor and bridge pavilion, which is magnificent. Chengyang Bridge in Sanjiang County is the most famous and has been listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

Historical origin

Dong nationality originated from the "falling moon" (a branch of Baiyue) in Qin and Han Dynasties. The ancestors of the ancient Dong people originally lived in Wuzhou, Guangxi, and later some people moved eastward to Guizhou and Hunan. The other part moved to Guangxi to settle down. In the 3rd century A.D. 12- 13, due to the war, some Han people in the south of the Yangtze River moved to Dong areas. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, a large number of Han farmers migrated from Jiangxi; /kloc-At the end of 0/4, he stationed troops in Dong area, and most of the soldiers were Han people in Jiangxi. Most of these immigrants and troops are people who will be integrated into the Dong people in the future.

Lang.

Dong language belongs to the Dong Shui language branch of Zhuang Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. It is divided into two dialect areas, north and south, but there is little difference. Most people can speak Chinese now, and some places speak Chinese completely. Dong people don't have their own writing. 1958 designed a script scheme based on Latin letters, but it was not implemented. Now it's basically in Chinese.

Dong nationality (2)

Religious culture

They believe in polytheism and worship their ancestors, especially the female ancestor "Sam". Every village has built a "Sam Temple" or an altar to worship her. Some places are influenced by the Han nationality and believe in some gods of the Han nationality. Believe in the immortality of the soul. Buddhism has also spread, and there are temples in Antang, but not many people believe it. Christianity and Catholicism were also introduced, but not many believers.

The Dong nationality is rich in culture and art, and is known as "the hometown of poetry and the ocean of songs". Dong folk songs, Wu Ye, Reed Flute Dance, Dong Opera and Bullfighting are traditional cultural and recreational activities.

Customs and society

Monogamy is generally practiced. There is a custom of "staying indoors" after marriage before marriage. Young men and women communicate freely, and most young men who visit from young women are proud of it. When the young men go, everyone carries lanterns. Who hangs more lanterns at night shows whose daughter is outstanding and whose parents are proud. On festivals, young men and women will sing duets to express their love.

Men wear double-breasted or right-handed clothes and big headscarves; Women wear big-breasted collarless tops, pleated skirts, belts and leggings, wrapped heads and long braids.

Take rice as the staple food, and eat more glutinous rice in mountainous areas. Good at drinking, like hot and sour. Camellia oleifera, raw fish and pickled fish are all excellent dishes to eat and entertain guests.

In most areas, the Dong people celebrate the Spring Festival. In some areas, 10 or 1 1 month is chosen as the day to celebrate the Year of the Dong people. April 8 or June 6 is a festival to worship cows. On this day, cows will have a rest and be provided with fresh grass, glutinous rice and other food. New Year's Day is mostly in July, and new rice and new fish should be sacrificed to their ancestors to wish a bumper harvest.

When the old man died, he had to shave his hair. Both men and women should draw water to bathe the body, and then dress up, including silverware, and avoid copper and iron possession. During mourning, filial piety can't be a vegetarian and should be buried.

Economically, agriculture is the mainstay, and rice cultivation is the mainstay. There is also some forestry, and the Chinese fir produced is very famous. Folk crafts are relatively developed, and Drum Tower and Yufeng Bridge are buildings with unique national style.

After the founding of New China, 1 autonomous prefecture was established jointly with the Miao people, 3 autonomous counties were established independently, and 1 autonomous county was established jointly with the Miao, Yao and Zhuang people.

Social customs and habits

"Mid-Autumn Festival" is a social activity. People go from one village to another to play lusheng or sing and sing operas. Off-season bullfighting is one of the collective entertainment activities. At that time, young and old will gather together, with a sea of people, cheers and thunder, gongs and drums, and iron cannons shaking the valley. If guests from other villages pass by this village, they will stop at the edge of the village and answer with a song called "Zhazhai Gate". "Singing and sitting on the moon", also known as "singing and sitting at night", is the general term for young men and women to socialize and fall in love. The Dong nationality area in the north is called "mountain play", where young men and women meet in groups of three and five to sing love songs on the hillside after work. In the southern Dong area, it is called "Walking Village" or "Walking Girl". In the evening, the girls work together in the house, and the boys in Kezhai bring musical instruments to accompany them and talk about their love. When making out, men and women exchange notes (give gifts) and make promises to each other, which is a matter between husband and wife. Dong people in Fulu and other places in Sanjiang County often gather in Guangping on March 3 or February 2 in the summer calendar to punch an iron ring with a special fire bag. When landing, everyone will grab it, and the winner will get a generous reward. This is the so-called "fireworks grab".

The marriage of Dong people is monogamous. Cousins are more popular, and aunts, cousins and people of different generations can't get married. After marriage, women have the custom of "sitting at home" (that is, "staying at home"). Before liberation, the basic social unit of Dong nationality was patriarchal clan system with feudal patriarchal system. Women's status in society and family is lower than that of men, and women are forbidden to touch bronze drums; Men or elders are downstairs and are not allowed to go upstairs. Dong girls can only enjoy the "private houses" accumulated by their parents and themselves and a small amount of "girl fields" and "girl fields" after marriage. Men inherit the family business, and those who have no heirs can adopt adopted sons.

Funerals are generally buried like the Han nationality. In some areas, there is also the custom of stopping burial. After death, people park their coffins in the suburbs, and their families are buried together with the contemporaries of the deceased when they die.