Evaluate the background and influence of Soviet socialism under the background of world history.

The international background of the formation of the Soviet model

The formation of the socialist model of the Soviet Union was largely influenced by the sinister international environment. During Stalin's reign, the international situation of the Soviet Union was very steep, and it was always surrounded by capitalist countries, and the international war against * * * was approaching. The threat of international war against * * * can be traced back to the October Revolution. After the victory of the October Revolution, Lenin had hoped that the world revolution would break out on a large scale, so that socialism would develop from one country to many countries, and that the world revolution would be completed in a short time. The victory of the proletariat in the world envisioned by Marx and Engels would at least change the isolated and weak situation of a socialist country and form the Oriental Group. He believes that "the socialist revolution in all countries of the world is not maturing day by day, but has been maturing." It is predicted that "the Russians will start, the Germans, the French and the British will end, and socialism will win". Encouraged by the victory of the October Revolution, the European Revolution reached a short climax. 19 18, a revolution broke out in Finland. 1 year, the proletariat seized power and announced the establishment of the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic. In the same year 165438+ 10, a revolution broke out in Germany and the Bavarian Soviet Republic was established. 19 19 the Hungarian proletarian revolution won and the Soviet regime was established. But these revolutions soon failed because of the suppression of imperialism, the betrayal of socialists and the mistakes of producers. By 1923, following the failure of September Uprising in Bulgaria, October Uprising in Hamburg, Germany, and November Uprising in Krakow, Poland, the European revolution was once again at a low ebb, and Russia became the only socialist country in the world, surrounded by international imperialism. Starting from 19 18, imperialism consolidated 14 countries, colluded with Russian counter-revolutionary forces, and launched large-scale armed intervention and counter-revolutionary rebellion. In order to beat back the imperialist attack and crush the rebellion of counter-revolutionary forces, from the spring of 19 18 to the end of 1920, the Bolshevik Party led the people to wage arduous struggles, beat back the imperialist interference, crushed the rebellion of reactionaries and initially consolidated the Soviet regime.

In the 1920s and 1930s, due to the failure of imperialist intervention in the Russian Soviet regime, the European revolution to overthrow capitalism was frustrated, and the relationship between the Soviet Union and western capitalism was in a new state: the imperialists could not destroy the Soviet Union and had to make peace with it, but they did not give up their anti-Soviet purpose and were always looking for opportunities for aggression and subversion; The Soviet Union is weak and surrounded by capitalism, so the only correct strategy for foreign countries is to take advantage of the temporary opportunity of peace to strengthen their own strength and strive for the ultimate victory of socialism. The Soviet Union and international capitalism have shown an essentially antagonistic but peaceful relationship. By 1925, almost all capitalist countries except the United States had recognized the Soviet Union and established diplomatic and commercial relations with each other. 1933, the United States finally recognized the Soviet Union. However, in this peaceful place, in order to alleviate the insurmountable economic crisis within the capitalist world, imperialist countries still retain their ambition to oppose war. When the economic crisis in the capitalist world broke out in an all-round way in the late 1920s and early 1930s, all countries took corresponding measures to safeguard their own rule and get rid of the crisis. Some countries (such as the United States) adopt improved policies to ease contradictions. Some countries (such as Germany, Italy and Japan) have successively established fascist rule and openly clamored for war. Germany, Italy and Japan even formed an international agreement against * * * production, forming the axis of "Berlin-Rome-Tokyo", aiming at "cooperating to prevent the destruction of * * * production" and implementing the policy of isolating the Soviet Union, encircling the Soviet Union and preparing conditions to wage war against the Soviet Union. As a result, Europe and the Far East have become the two major sources of war, and local wars have broken out frequently. In fact, looking back at history, there were two world wars in Stalin's era. Other local wars (including regional wars, civil wars and national liberation wars, etc.). ) also broke out constantly and lasted for a long time. The Soviet Union at that time, from the 1920s to the 1940s, was always surrounded by world capitalism and was always in special conditions of war or preparation. The Soviet Union not only experienced civil war, but also experienced foreign armed intervention and a large-scale patriotic war. It can be seen that the cloud of war at that time was very heavy. This continuous international situation of confronting the threat of * * * war will inevitably have a noticeable influence on Stalin's thought of how to build a socialist country in the Soviet Union. Since the war is imminent, the preparation and conduct of the war will inevitably require a high degree of political, ideological and operational unity of the whole party and the people of the whole country, a high degree of centralized and unified use of the country's limited manpower, financial resources and material resources, the rapid development of industry, especially heavy industry and military industry, and the full cooperation of other parties and departments. This is as Lenin pointed out long ago: "Either perish or advance desperately." This is how history asks questions. Therefore, Stalin clearly pointed out: "We can't know when imperialism will attack the Soviet Union and interrupt the construction of China. There is no doubt that they can take advantage of our technical and economic weaknesses to attack us at any time. Therefore, the party had to spur the country forward, so as not to miss the opportunity, but to make full use of the breathing space to quickly establish the foundation of Soviet industrialization, that is, the foundation of Soviet prosperity. The party can't wait and cope, it should implement the policy of the highest speed. " Because, "we are 50 to 100 years behind advanced countries. We should run the distance in ten years. Either we do this or we are knocked down. " "Slow is backward. The laggards will be defeated. "

At that time, the theme of war and revolution in the international community was complementary to the theme of social life in the Soviet Union for domestic preparation and rapid industrialization. The former is the premise of the latter, and the latter is the inevitable product of the former. Economically, Stalin's mode of high-speed industrialization and agricultural collectivization, concentrating funds, resources and manpower on national defense heavy industry, played an important role in preparing for war. Politically, the formation of highly centralized system is also strongly influenced by the factors of preparing for war. Under the overcast situation of war, resisting foreign aggression, consolidating and defending socialism became the most concerned issue of Soviet leaders such as Stalin at that time. In order to defend the Soviet countries against emergencies and to be ready to defend and consolidate the nascent Soviet regime at any time, the Soviet Union has to put the task of building an industrial power and realizing socialist industrialization as soon as possible in the first place. The road and way of socialist construction in the Soviet Union was the choice made under the specific international situation at that time.

Stalin's understanding of Marx, Engels and Lenin's socialist theory is generally correct and the general direction is correct. However, Marx, Engels and Lenin's vision of the future society is some principles found in criticizing the internal contradictions of capitalist mode of production. These principles need to be repeatedly tested by countries that insist on building socialism, and it is precisely because they are some principles and rough outlines that even if they are objective and true, they need to go through a series of intermediaries to become a reality. Theoretically speaking, we should combine Marx and Engels' theory of socialism with the reality of Russia. On the one hand, we should firmly grasp Marx and Engels' theory of socialism; On the other hand, we must profoundly grasp the basic national conditions of Russia. When Stalin creatively applied Marx and Engels' socialist theory to the Soviet Union, he had these two conditions in general. However, there are some problems in Stalin's understanding and application of Marx and Engels' socialist theory, both in theory and in practice. Theoretically speaking, Stalin's understanding and grasp of Marx and Engels' socialist theory is not only insufficient in depth and breadth, but also flawed in copying. For example, in the understanding of Marxism-Leninism about the development stage of capitalism, it copied Marxism-Leninism's thought about the development stage of socialism in form, which caused the mistake of rushing to the "beyond stage" of capitalism in practice; In the 1920s and 1930s, Stalin's understanding of Marx's theory of public ownership was limited to mechanization. He regards the ownership structure of socialist society as a single ownership by the whole people, and regards pure and pure public ownership that can only be realized in the whole society at the advanced stage of socialism as the essential embodiment of the whole socialist period, thus directly opposing public ownership and commodity economy and denying the existence of commodity economy and law of value in the socialist period. In fact, it should be said that Stalin's understanding of the socialist economic feature of public ownership of the means of production is not wrong in essence. The mistake lies in his eagerness to realize the goal of relations of production, without paying full attention to the special national conditions of the Soviet Union in building socialism, without taking into account the basic principle of Marxism that relations of production should adapt to the development level of productive forces, and without combining the basic principle of Marxism with the concrete reality of Russia. This is obviously the result of dogmatic understanding of Marx and Engels' theory of socialist public ownership. Realistically speaking, due to the influence of subjective and objective factors, Stalin's grasp of the reality of his country is still lacking in comprehensiveness and profundity. For example, he did not have a deep understanding of the legacy of feudal absolutism in the new social system born out of feudal, military and imperialist countries, and underestimated the brand of centralization and commandism in the new social system born in the revolutionary storm, which also had some negative effects on the formation of the Soviet socialist model.

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For the Soviet model, we must make a concrete historical evaluation. In the Soviet model, there are both aspects that embody the essence of socialism and the particularity of socialism in different countries. As for the characteristics of socialism, we should realize that they reflect the general laws of revolution and construction at a specific stage in the long development of human society, which any socialist country should adhere to. For the aspects that embody the particularity of socialism in the Soviet model, we should see that they are the products under specific historical conditions. There are some disadvantages in the Soviet model, some of which are obvious when the model is formed, and some of which are highlighted with the development of the times and the progress of social productive forces. After World War II, great changes have taken place in the domestic and international situation of the Soviet Union, especially the rapid development of the new scientific and technological revolution, which requires the economy to develop from extensive management to intensive management. The disadvantages of the Soviet Union's political, economic, ideological and cultural system are becoming more and more obvious. The Soviet Union did not carry out timely and effective reforms, which seriously affected the Soviet Union's economic, political and cultural development. All these shortcomings can only be overcome through socialist reform.