The answer to the second volume of high school history

The cradle of China civilization

Find out the important cultural sites in the map and summarize the main characteristics of their distribution.

Important cultural sites: such as Yuchanyan site in Hunan, Pengtoushan site in Hunan, Hemudu site in Zhejiang, Jiangzhai site in Shaanxi, etc.

Main features: all over the land of China, like stars all over the sky, rising in all directions Among them, the central plains region in the middle reaches of the Yellow River is the most concentrated.

Practice and evaluation

1. What is the significance of agricultural origin? What are the major influences on the development of China's national history?

Significance: The origin of agriculture makes human beings no longer rely solely on gathering, fishing and hunting for a living. Grain cultivation, livestock raising and other labor provide people with a sustainable food source and ensure a relatively stable residence. Domesticating livestock by growing grain has the nature of productive economic activities, which marks the first great economic change in human history.

Impact: Agriculture with a long history has had a far-reaching impact on the survival, development and civilization creation of the Chinese nation.

With the improvement of production capacity and the increase of population, people settled in groups, forming the initial agricultural settlements and creating a good living environment.

Agriculture was the foundation of China's ancient society and economy. China is founded on agriculture, and agricultural culture is the basic feature of traditional culture in China. China ancient agricultural policy, agricultural thought, science and technology (astronomy, calendar, mathematics, traditional Chinese medicine, etc. ), agricultural festivals and customs, food culture and pastoral poetry are all closely around agricultural production. The relatively stable settled life made China's blood relationship close, thus forming related ethics.

(Just click on this question. With the enrichment of students' historical knowledge, they will gradually supplement you and expand.

2. Why are ancient historical memories often handed down in the form of myths and legends? Besides myths and legends, what other materials can convey real historical information?

Reason: (Myth) In ancient times, due to the low level of productivity, people's understanding of nature was limited, and they often used imagination to explain the surrounding natural phenomena and life phenomena, thus creating myths. And many people and things in the legend are often attached with the color of myth. (Legend) Ancient times is an ancient historical era described by word of mouth. Before writing appeared, history was handed down from generation to generation. These contents were later recorded in words and became ancient historical legends in the literature. China's ancient literature is rich in ancient history and legends, from which we can see the overall appearance and development of China society in primitive times.

Materials: Physical materials: sites, relics, fossils, etc. Documents: pictures, documents, etc.

Exploration and free opinion

About 1 10,000 years ago, our ancestors started farming, but this does not mean that they will completely give up gathering, fishing and hunting. In addition, for a long time, although some areas of our country have already entered the agricultural era, many areas are still in the era of gathering, fishing and hunting. In the northern grassland and northwest desert areas, our ancestors lived by nomadism for a long time.

Is the above statement consistent with historical facts? How does it help us understand the history of our motherland?

Key points of the answer:

Basically in line with historical facts.

Because of China's vast territory, different geographical environment, unsynchronized historical development and different forms of development, there are great differences in the characteristics and development level of early civilization. Not only did nomadic ancestors in the north coexist with farming ancestors in the south, but even in the Central Plains, agriculture coexisted with gathering, fishing and hunting. On the one hand, it reflects the low level of early agricultural development, agricultural production can not meet people's needs, and it needs gathering, fishing and hunting to supplement food. On the other hand, it also reflects that the life of our ancestors was also influenced by the natural environment and traditional habits. Understanding these situations will help us understand the richness and diversity of the historical development of the motherland.

Lesson 2 Xia culture in literature and archaeology

Practice and evaluation

1. Why do you say that the Xia Dynasty entered a class society? According to the literature and archaeological materials mentioned in the textbook.

According to documents, the Xia Dynasty established official posts, a certain number of troops, prisons and criminal laws to suppress the rebels.

The two palace buildings excavated from Erlitou site have a rigorous pattern, with different halls, courtyards and corridors, and the difference in height can be clearly seen when the ceremony is held. Moreover, in ancient times when the productivity level was low, it can be speculated that this kind of building was the result of forced labor.

Most of the bronzes and jades unearthed in the site belong to ritual vessels and sacrificial vessels, which should reflect the situation of "courtesy as discipline" at that time and show the characteristics of class differentiation.

2. Read the following materials (omitted) to answer questions.

(1) What are the characteristics of Erlitou residents' life from the funerary objects in the material 1?

Agricultural production is the mainstay, and agriculture has been greatly developed; The staple food is millet, millet and the like; Livestock breeding has reached a certain scale.

(2) Combined with the first and second kinds of materials, the significance of Erlitou site excavation is analyzed.

Erlitou site, located in Yanshi, western Henan, dates back about 3900-3500 years, which is most in line with the legend of Xia people's activity area (mainly concentrated in western Henan and southern Shanxi) and time in ancient literature. The connotation of Erlitou site is typical, which provides important clues for exploring Xia culture.

For example, the production tools unearthed from Erlitou site are mainly agricultural tools such as stone shovel, sickle and axe, which can explain the situation of working people using these primitive tools to develop agricultural production at that time; The ruins similar to the palace show that the building technology at that time has made great progress and the class differentiation has become obvious. The ruins of workshops and relics such as bronzes and jades fully prove that the handicraft production technology and internal division of labor were further developed at that time. Bronzes and jades were mostly ritual vessels and sacrificial vessels, which was consistent with the "courtesy as discipline" recorded in the literature.

Although the discussion on Xia culture is inconclusive, the archaeological materials provided by Erlitou site provide strong evidence for studying the economic and cultural development of Xia dynasty, thus laying a solid foundation for the exploration of Xia culture, which is of great significance.

Exploration and free opinion

Some scholars believe that Erlitou culture belongs to Xia culture because the remains of Erlitou culture are basically consistent with the Xia dynasty recorded in the literature in time and space; Some scholars also believe that there is no written evidence that can directly prove the history of Xia Dynasty in the cultural remains of Erlitou, and it is inferred to use the archaeological data of Erlitou to demobilize the history of Xia Dynasty.

Which of the above views do you agree with? Why?

Agree with the second view.

Erlitou site was discovered by China scholars in the process of searching for Xia culture. After more than 40 years of field excavation, rich remains and information were obtained. Because it is located in the central area of the Xia Dynasty recorded in ancient documents, and its age is generally within the scope of the Xia Dynasty, the debate surrounding it has never stopped since its discovery.

After the dating project of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, the view that Erlitou culture is mainly the remains of Xia people has gradually been accepted by most scholars, and the academic circles tend to think that Erlitou is the capital of the middle and late Xia Dynasty. However, due to the lack of documentary evidence, the current research on its ethnic group and country has not exceeded the scope of inference. The final understanding of Erlitou culture and Xia culture will be further revealed with the in-depth investigation, excavation and research of Erlitou site, waiting for the discovery of evidential remains of more historical information such as words.

Lesson 3 Shang Dynasty and Bronze Culture

Observe and compare the two pictures, and analyze the main characteristics of Shang bronzes in shape and decoration.

Unique shapes and magnificent patterns (combined with the observed content analysis).

The former is a tiger in itself, while the latter is decorated with animal faces, both of which are related to animals. Businessmen believe that these animals can help them communicate with their ancestors or gods, protect their rights and property in the world, and give bronze ritual vessels the function of communicating heaven and earth and supporting political power. Animal modeling and ornamentation have become important features of bronze ritual vessels.

Practice and evaluation

1. What is the internal and external service system? Why did the king adopt this system?

Definition:

It is the national system of Shang Dynasty. Oral administration is the land of the capital directly under the jurisdiction of the Shang king, and foreign service is the land outside the capital indirectly under the jurisdiction of the Shang king through the leaders of the Fang state. The former is generally located in the Central Plains area centered on present-day Henan, while the latter refers to a large number of countries and tribes around at that time. There is a loose alliance between businessmen and neighboring countries. The Shang king is the master of the alliance between countries, and the country submits to the business.

Reason:

(1) Historical factors: There are areas directly under the jurisdiction of Xia Dynasty and areas under the jurisdiction of the heads of vassal states. Shang was originally a vassal state that surrendered to Xia, but later it developed and strengthened, and joined other anti-Xia allies to overthrow Xia and replace it. Shang dynasty inherited Xia's internal and external servant system, but expanded the area under direct control and made its obligations more clear.

(2) The result of actual power comparison: Although the area directly controlled by Shang King increased compared with Xia Dynasty, the number of neighboring countries and tribes greatly decreased compared with that of Yu Xia period, and the power of the state was also enhanced in the merger. The power of Shang dynasty was not enough to attack the city and plunder the land, destroy all countries and tribes, and directly send officials to govern. At the same time, the strength of the country is not equal to that of the Shang king, so we have to admit that the Shang king is the master of the world, submit to the Shang dynasty, pay tribute regularly and be ordered to conquer.

(3) Productivity factors: The internal and external service system is a national system that adapts to the development level of productivity at that time. Affected by the development level of productive forces, transportation and communication were not developed at that time, and the technical factors and economic foundation for maintaining a huge administrative system were not yet mature.

2. Read the following materials and answer the questions (omitted)

(1) From the above materials, what role did Ding play in ancient China?

A can be used as a cooker in daily life.

On some occasions, the number of ding can be used to show the identity and status of the owner.

Ding became a symbol of power.

(2) Idiom: Keep one word, win the Central Plains, and the bell rings with enough food, hence the name. ...

3. Read the following materials and answer the questions

It rained today. It rains from the west? Is it raining in the east? It rains from the north? Is it raining in the south?

What historical information can be learned from this Oracle Bone Inscriptions?

A: People in the Shang Dynasty often divined; People in Shang dynasty marked this day with dry branches; Businessmen attach importance to astronomical phenomena, have a clear concept of orientation, and are eager to know the direction of rain. It can be inferred that people in Shang Dynasty attached importance to farming.

Exploration and free opinion

Do you know any ancient Chinese characters in the world? Why did many ancient Chinese characters die out in the process of civilization evolution, but Chinese characters survived?

The ancient characters in China are listed as follows: Egyptian hieroglyphics, cuneiform characters in two river basins, Mayan characters in America, Indian seal characters, linear characters in Aegean civilization, etc.

Cause analysis: (This question is open and reasonable, and the following views are for reference only)

Most of these ancient characters died out for complicated reasons. There are roughly the following reasons: the text is complicated and difficult to understand, and few people master it; Influenced by a strong culture; Due to irresistible reasons such as natural disasters, cultural achievements and even population have been destroyed.

Chinese characters, developed from Oracle Bone Inscriptions, are rare ancient characters in the world. The main reason is that since the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, China's social, economic and political development has been sustained and its national strength has been strong, which has created conditions for cultural development. After Qin unified the whole country, "sharing books" was conducive to the development of cultural exchanges; China has attached importance to education since ancient times, which is conducive to the popularization of writing; China's geographical environment is relatively closed, and its culture is in a state of independent development. In ancient times, it was not impacted by foreign strong culture. The nomadic people in the north who have invaded repeatedly have a low level of civilization and are often assimilated by Chinese culture. ……

There is a saying that Chinese characters developed from hieroglyphics are easier to remember and are conducive to the popularization of characters. )

Lesson 4 Building a National and Ritual Culture

Practice and evaluation

1, Difference: (1) The Shang Dynasty adopted the way of indirect jurisdiction through the leaders of the Fang State, and Zhou adopted the strategy of agreeing with the leaders of the former Yin State, and also with the support of force, divided the princes with the same surname into various countries; (2) The alliance between merchants and neighboring countries is loose, and the state-owned system of Zhou dynasty makes the control of local governments more strict and effective. Progressive effect: The system of feudal state strengthened the effective rule over the newly conquered areas, improved the royal power, and made the relationship between Wang Ji and the local area closer.

2. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Duke Zhou further institutionalized the ceremony and became the norm that people followed in their lives. The ritual and music system is an important link to maintain patriarchal clan system and political hierarchy, and the culture formed by the ritual and music system is the core of political culture in the Western Zhou Dynasty. With the decline of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the rise of the vassal states, the core political culture and its system of the Zhou royal family collapsed, and the situation of learning in the palace was broken. This is what Confucius saw as "the ritual collapses and the music is bad."

Duke Zhou concluded that the reason for the demise of Shang Dynasty was that Shang Dynasty had no virtue and lost its destiny, so the stability of political power needed to be maintained by virtue. With the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the expansion of its territory, the Duke of Zhou needed to maintain the patriarchal clan system and the political hierarchy with a practical system of rites and music. In this context, the Duke of Zhou shifted the focus of ceremony from the divine to the personnel.

Exploration and free opinion

Tip: Guide students to understand the relationship between content and form in culture, and guide students to think about the subtle enlightenment of etiquette as a system and form to ordinary people. In the process of discussion, pay attention to let students use the historical facts of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period to demonstrate.

Lesson 5 social change and a hundred schools of thought contend

Practice and evaluation

1. What changes did the above materials (omitted) reflect during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period? What is the final result of these changes?

Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, ethics, etiquette, rituals, patriarchal clan system and cultural life have existed in the Spring and Autumn Period, and they were all destroyed in the Warring States Period. The final result of these changes led to the collapse of the ruling order and social norms under the system of "sealing the country" and "ritual and music culture"

2. Complete the table below and analyze how Confucianism changed from Confucius to Mencius and Xunzi. What does this change mean?

Main schools of thought

Representative figure

Main idea

Confucianists

Confucius

"courtesy", "benevolence", "benevolent people love" and "self-denial"

Mencius

Benevolent politics, "the people are precious and the monarch is light."

xunzi

Re-interpretation of "reason" and integration of reason and law in one furnace.

Legalist school

Han Fei and Li Si

"Rule of law", centralization, emphasizing agriculture and enriching the people in Qiang Bing.

dao jia xue pai

Laozi

"Governing by doing nothing" and "a small country with few people"; Simple dialectical thinking of changing things and transforming contradictions and opposites

Explanation: Confucius founded the Confucian school, with the core idea of "benevolence", advocating "benevolent people love others", injecting new vitality into "ceremony", cultivating ideal personality, coordinating interpersonal relationships and standardizing social order with ethics. Mencius developed Confucius' theory of "benevolence" and hoped that the rulers would be people-oriented and implement benevolent policies. Xunzi reinterpreted the "ceremony" and integrated the ceremony with the law.

These changes show that in the era of great social change, complex social reality has an impact on Confucianism, and Confucianism develops to adapt to social change; Different reactions to social changes have also led to the division within Confucianism and different academic schools.

3. Why is the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period an important period of social transformation in the ancient history of China?

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were years of wars and social unrest, and drastic changes took place in economy, politics, culture and other fields. Politically: disputes among countries, the annexation of small countries by big countries, the collapse of the system of "sealing the state" in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the gradual formation of the centralized and unified system of Qin State; The purpose of reform in various countries is to make Qiang Bing rich. Economically, the use of iron farm tools in agricultural production, the emergence of farming technology, the expansion of cultivated land area, the sale of land and the policy of encouraging farming have promoted the emergence of yeomen and emerging landlords; Private handicrafts and commerce are very active. Society presents a new situation of pursuing interests and strength competition. Culturally, a hundred schools of thought contend, among which Confucianism, Legalism and Taoism have the greatest influence, leaving the most brilliant page in the history of ancient academic thought in China and even the world. Therefore, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is an important period of social transformation in ancient China.

Exploration and free opinion

This question is an open question. You can have different answers as long as it makes sense. The key to this topic is to emphasize the "background at that time" and adapt to the social development trend. The following opinions are for reference)

Each theory has certain rationality. However, from the background at that time, the collapse of the "feudal state" system, the decline of the old aristocracy, and the emergence of new landlords, the Legalists positively affirmed this fierce social change, and advocated the implementation of the monarchical centralization system, the abolition of stone clearing, the encouragement of farming, and the prosperity of Qiang Bing, which was welcomed by politicians and conformed to the historical development trend, and was therefore more reasonable.

Lesson 6 the formation of a unified centralized state

Practice and evaluation

1, it is often said that the advanced can become backward and the latecomers can catch up. Take the unification of Qin State as an example, and talk about the conditions that latecomers must have.

① Strong reform, catching up: for example, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to reform; ② The policy should be stable and continuous: although Shang Yang was killed, his political reform system continued; (3) Breaking the tradition and reusing talents: Qin broke the boundaries of patriarchal clan system, tried his best to absorb outstanding talents from other countries, entrusted them with heavy responsibilities and respected them as "guests". Due to the above reasons, Qin came from behind and became strong rapidly. Successively annexed six countries and established a unified great empire.

2. According to the contents of the fifth and sixth lessons, talk about the foundation, conditions and reasons for the formation of a unified country in the Qin Dynasty.

Political basis: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, wars broke out year after year, countries disputed, and big countries annexed small countries, forming the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States". Seven countries annexed neighboring small countries, developed the frontier, and completed regional unification, laying the foundation for the great unification of Qin. Economic base: iron farm tools are used in agricultural production, farming techniques appear, cultivated land area is expanded, private handicrafts and commerce are active, and economic ties between localities are strengthened; Theoretical basis: Legalists advocate the implementation of monarchical centralization.

Conditions and reasons: Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to reform the country with the goal of enriching Qiang Bing and annexing the world, abolishing the system of land acquisition, wasting the wealth of the world, encouraging farming and establishing the county system. Reuse talents to make the country strong. With convenient transportation and simple folk customs, Qin became the most powerful of the seven vassal States.

3. The Emperor and centralization of authority

emperor

Prime minister, imperial doctor, Qiu

Ting Wei treats ministers such as Su Neishi.

County (Garrison) County (Garrison)

County (Order) County (Order) County (Order) County (Order)

Exploration and contention:

All the above views are correct, but they are not comprehensive. We must comprehensively evaluate centralization of authority initiated by Qin from the viewpoint of historical materialism.

China is an agricultural country, and the scattered small-scale peasant economy is unable to resist natural disasters and foreign invasions; The natural economy can easily lead to political division. Centralization of authority, initiated by the Qin Dynasty, strengthened the central rule and eliminated the separatist factors. Build lanes and straights to ensure the smooth implementation of government decrees; Building the Great Wall to resist the Huns; Open border immigrants and enrich the strength of border areas; Unifying currency, weights and measures and writing has objectively promoted economic and cultural development and played a positive role in social development. Centralization of authority, established by Qin Dynasty, became the blueprint of China's political system in past dynasties, which had a great influence in the long agricultural society. We can't completely deny this system just because of Qin Ershi's death. "Qin died in politics, not in the system." Not all dynasties that practiced centralization died short-lived, and the rule of Han, Tang, Ming and Qing dynasties lasted for more than 200 years.

However, the core of centralization of authority established in the Qin Dynasty is the supremacy of imperial power, and the quality of rule depends largely on the personal quality of the emperor, the accumulation of ruling experience and the overall restraint of the ruling group. After Qin Shihuang's reunification, he could not meet the needs of social development, could not assess the situation, changed course, and intensified social contradictions. Qin Ershi was fatuous, the world was in chaos, and II died, which is a typical lesson. Centralization of authority's fatal flaw led to the situation that ancient China society was in a cycle of chaotic control, which had a destructive impact on society. By the late Middle Ages, the centralization of absolutism seriously hindered the development of capitalism and led to the slow development of China society.

(This question involves the historical facts of Qin's death, and it is suggested to discuss it after class 7. )

Lesson 7 Peasant Uprising in the Late Qin Dynasty

History of graphic reading:

Legends from top to bottom are: the former site of Chen Guang Uprising, the former site of Xiangguang Uprising, the former site of Chen Guang March, the former site of Xiang Liang Xiang Yu March, the former site of Liu Bang March and Julu Battle.

Practice and evaluation

1. Read the following materials and answer the questions.

In 2 15 BC, Qin Shihuang went to Jieshi and ordered the Jieshi Gate to be carved, saying, "The emperor is brave, virtuous and a vassal, and the first day is peaceful. If the battlements are broken, we will definitely stop them from crossing the river and clear the obstacles. The terrain is established, there are no caves in Li Shu, and the world is salty. Men enjoy their own fields, women study their own careers, and everything is in order. I have been blessed by various industries. I have been in the field for a long time and I am not at ease. "

(1), which words on the stone tablet reflect the positive influence of Qin reunification?

The first day is peaceful, the danger is removed, the world is salty, everything is orderly, and there is no place to be uneasy. ...

(2) whether the eulogy on the carved stone conforms to historical facts? What is the reason?

Not completely in line with historical facts. Praising Qin Shihuang for destroying the six countries, establishing a unified country and eliminating the barriers between regions is conducive to cultural exchanges and economic development, which is in line with historical facts.

However, it is obviously against the historical facts to say that the people have no corvee, the world is at peace, and the people can live and work in peace and contentment, because after Qin unified the six countries, the rulers of Qin Dynasty practiced tyranny and constantly used the people's power for more than ten years: repairing the Great Wall, repairing the pool road, guarding the five ridges, building the Epang Palace, building the tomb of Mount Li and so on. Requisition of millions of laborers; Moreover, the laws of the Qin Dynasty were quite harsh, with severe penalties. One person broke the law and relatives and neighbors sat together. Coupled with exorbitant taxes and levies, the people of Qin dynasty lived in dire straits, which eventually led to the outbreak of peasant uprising at the end of Qin dynasty.

2. What are the historical facts related to these familiar idioms, such as "referring to a deer as a horse", "one pole can't hit it", "three chapters of the law", "besieged on all sides", "cross the rubicon" and "Xiang Zhuang's sword dance is intended to pay tribute to the public"? What do these facts show?

Calling a deer a horse: Zhao Gao usurped power

Explain the crisis and decline of Qin Ershi and Qin Dynasty. In order to usurp the supreme sovereignty, Zhao Gao, the prime minister, did not hesitate to reverse black and white and confuse right and wrong.

Uprising: Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising.

Due to the tyranny of the Qin dynasty, the people lived in dire straits, which eventually triggered a large-scale peasant uprising, thus accelerating the pace of the demise of the Qin dynasty. Explain the importance of benevolent governance of rulers.

Chapter three: Liu Bangjin won the hearts of the people in Guanzhong.

In order to win the hearts and minds of the people in Guanzhong, Liu Bang made a covenant with the people in Guanzhong and won the support of the local people, which became one of the most important factors for Liu Bang to finally defeat Xiang Yu and win the world, and explained the truth that he who won the hearts and minds won the world.

Embattled: the battle of paper money

In the Chu-Han War between Xiang Yu and Liu Bang, Xiang Yu was finally defeated, which showed that Xiang Yu lost the support of his officials and the people because of his headstrong and cruel temperament, which led to his final failure. Students can also be educated in combination with reality.

Burn one's bridges: the battle of the giant deer

In 207 BC, the rebel army of Xiang Yu and the main force led by Zhang Han, the general of Qin State, fought at Julu. Xiang Yu did not fear the strong enemy and led the troops across the river. After crossing the river, Xiang Yu ordered the whole army: "Anyone who sinks a ship, breaks a cauldron, burns down houses, and leaves three rations to show that the foot soldiers will die, and no one will return to their hearts." In World War I, Julu defeated Qin Jun and Xiang Bing. Now people often use this idiom to express their determination to go all out.

Xiang Zhuang's sword dance is intended to be Pei Gong: Hongmen Banquet

After overthrowing the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu hosted a banquet in honor of Emperor Gaozu in Hongmen. At the banquet, Fan Zeng, Xiang Yu's counselor, motioned for Xiang Yu to kill Emperor Gaozu several times, but Xiang Yu ignored it because he could not bear it. So, in the name of sword dancing, Fan Zeng asked Xiang Zhuang to kill Emperor Gaozu. Seeing the emergency, Sean, the counselor of Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, went out to call Fan Kuai and said, "Now Xiangzhuang's sword dance is often aimed at Pei Gong." So Fan Kuai walked into the banquet hall with a sword and shield, accusing Xiang Yu of breaking his word. Xiang Yu was impressed by Fan Kuai's momentum, and Emperor Gaozu took the opportunity to escape. Later, people often use it to mean to say or do something with ulterior motives, although there is a proper and pleasant name on the surface.

3. Historical narration and historical interpretation are two levels of historical understanding. The so-called historical narrative is to describe events that happened in the past. Historical interpretation is to clarify the track of historical development and its significance. Which of the following materials belongs to historical narrative? What are the historical explanations?

Historical Narration: Wang Xiang's army fell behind the wall, serenaded without food, and the Han army and vassal soldiers surrounded him. That night, when he heard that the Han army was besieged on all sides, Wang Xiang was shocked and said, "Has the Han army gained Chu?" He Chu has so many people! "Wang Xiang up at night, drink on the account. If you have a beauty, you will always be lucky; Good horses are famous and often ride. Therefore, Wang Xiang is a sorrowful and generous poet, who wrote a poem for himself, saying, "If you pull up a mountain, you will be angry with the world. If it is unfavorable, you will not die. "What can I do if I don't die?" Songs count, beauty and it. Xiang Wang cried several times, but both sides cried, afraid to look up.

Historical explanation: Chen She was the first to bear the brunt of his father's loss of government, and numerous schools of thought contended. However, the feather has no size. In three years, five princes destroyed Qin and divided the world. However, the government was crowned with feathers and the title was "Overlord". Although it is not over, it has not been seen since ancient times, and northern Henan cares about Chu, exiled the righteous emperor to stand on his own feet, and blamed the princes for turning against themselves. Be proud of your merits and demerits, don't learn from the past, and strive for your own personal wisdom. Call it a matter of overlord, and want to rule the world by force. He died in Dongcheng for five years, but he didn't feel guilty or blame himself. It is a fallacy to quote "God kills me, not the crime of using troops"!

Lesson 8 Reconstruction of a Unified Empire

Practice and evaluation

1, this generalization makes sense. The centralization established in the Qin Dynasty (including the centralization of the emperor, the composition of the central government and the county system) was the beginning of the centralized system in ancient China. The rulers of the Han dynasty inherited the Qin dynasty from the yellow emperor system, the central official system to the local county system.

2. Reasons for adopting the policy of inaction: Huang Lao's thought in the early Han Dynasty was in line with the people's desire to hate war and long for social stability; The tyranny of the Qin dynasty and the wars in the following decades have caused great damage to the social economy, and it is necessary to "share the interest with the people" and resume development.

Function: These policies are conducive to social stability and economic recovery, but they also make the power of the rich expand, and land merger, polarization between the rich and the poor and other factors stand out.

3. Angle: (1) The history of countries' hegemony and mutual annexation since the Spring and Autumn Period; (2) The centralized system initiated by Qin Dynasty and its inheritance in the Western Han Dynasty; (3) The cloth was the same in the early Han Dynasty.

The History of Graphic Reading

General principles of inquiry: guide students to explore multiple information in pictures, teachers should supplement and expand information, pay attention to the effective interpretation of what they have learned, and pay attention to the interpretation of core information, that is, refer to answers 2 and 3.

Reference answer:

1 reflects the development of pottery-making technology in Han dynasty.

2. It reflects the thought of attaching importance to agriculture of the rulers in Han Dynasty.

3. Reflect the principle of "death is like life" in the culture of rites and music.

4. Expand and explore: (1) the aesthetic value of pottery barn appliances; (2) It reflects the form of granary architecture in Han Dynasty; (3) It reflects the architectural form of the Han Dynasty, because the roof looks like a temple from the artifacts in the picture.