Understanding of the transfer law of scientific development center

In the development of the history of science and technology, the world science and technology center has undergone five major shifts, from ancient China to Italy, Britain, France, Germany and then to the United States. Every time the science and technology center moves, the world economic center moves with it. Every move has a profound historical background, which reflects the close relationship between science and technology and politics, economy and culture, and finally embodies the conclusion that science and technology is the primary productive force.

Ancient China used to be the center of science, technology and economy in the world.

The peak of science and technology in feudal times was in China. Since the agriculture-centered science and technology in ancient China was in a leading position in the world, the science, technology and economic center of the ancient world has been in China for a long time since the Qin and Han Dynasties. Especially in the Tang and Song Dynasties, the economy developed rapidly, and the famous "Zhenguan rule" appeared in history. Both rulers and civilians attach great importance to the accumulation and application of technology, and technology has made rapid progress during this period. Three of the "four great inventions" of gunpowder, papermaking, movable type printing and compass came into being one after another. Practical sciences such as agronomy, traditional Chinese medicine, astronomy and arithmetic also occupy the leading position in the world, and water conservancy and geology have also made great progress. Zhang Heng invented the seismograph, Shen Kuo completed it, and Li Daoyuan wrote Zhu et al. During this period, rapid science and technology promoted economic prosperity and development. At that time, the spectacular scene of China's scientific culture and economic prosperity attracted scholars and foreign envoys from many countries to study. There were as many as 500 to 600 Japanese students studying in Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty. In the same period, other countries developed slowly. It can be said that ancient China was the science and technology center of the world at that time, and obviously it was also the economic center at that time. However, since the Tang Dynasty, most feudal rulers in China did not attach importance to science and technology and intellectuals, and did not give them enough status. Scientists and technicians have always been at the bottom of society. Moreover, the long-term implementation of the imperial examination system made intellectuals spend most of their energy on stereotyped writing and fame, which objectively affected their attention to natural science and technical science and seriously bound people's thinking. Especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties, some imperial rulers implemented the policy of closing the country to the outside world, which led to backward science and technology and weak national defense. In such a political and social environment, the development of science and technology slowed down slowly, and science and technology and economy declined gradually during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The first transfer of the world's science and technology center-from ancient China to modern Italy, China's four great inventions were introduced to Europe one after another from the13rd century, which catalyzed the emergence of the bourgeoisie. During this period, the Italian Renaissance was in full swing, calling on people to get rid of the shackles of feudalism, and a series of anti-feudal and anti-theological activities followed, which set off the climax of ideological emancipation. With the deepening of people's ideological emancipation movement, people gradually began to understand and explore the world with scientific methods, and tried to explain some phenomena in life with scientific methods. A group of scientists, such as Copernicus and Galileo, used scientific methods to explain the laws of celestial bodies and objects, which greatly promoted the development of scientific truth in Italy. With the introduction of China's ancient science and technology such as gunpowder and compass into Italy, with the continuous exploration and improvement of skilled craftsmen, gunpowder developed into artillery, effectively improving the combat effectiveness of the Italian army. The constant evolution of the compass has expanded the range of activities of navigators and laid a solid foundation for them to find colonies, acquire more resources and accumulate capital. The development of printing has expanded the scope and speed of information dissemination and promoted the progress of civilization and technical exchange. The continuous evolution and popularization of oriental scientific and technological achievements in the west led to the emergence of modern western science, and the great development of science and technology promoted the economic development of Italy. Italy's commerce and shipping industry developed rapidly, and gradually became the center of the world economy, the first science and technology center in modern times, and the first in modern Italy moved from ancient China to the world science and technology center.

The Second Transfer of the World Science and Technology Center-From Italy to Britain1From the beginning of the 7th century to 1830, the world science and technology center was transferred from Italy to Britain when the industrial revolution broke out, and the second transfer of the world science and technology center took place. /kloc-At the end of 0/6, a war broke out in Italy and it split into many small countries. The development of science, technology and economy is severely restricted. At the same time, there was a religious revolution in Britain. Some progressive thinkers expounded the important role of natural science and discussed the value of knowledge from a philosophical point of view. Under the advocacy of these progressive intellectuals, the British government began to advocate scientific experiments and natural science research. The Royal Society and other academic activity centers were established to carry out natural science research. During this period, great progress was made in British natural science, Newton discovered three laws, and Watt perfected the efficient steam engine, which lifted people's ideological and technical obstacles. Mature steam engine technology has promoted the production efficiency of textile and manufacturing industry to be doubled and the productivity has been fully developed, thus triggering the outbreak of the first industrial revolution. It has changed the face of production and life. Supported by advanced scientific concepts and technical level, British capitalism has developed to a great extent, and the British economy has entered a period of extreme prosperity. Strong scientific and technological support provided Britain with mechanized equipment such as ships and artillery and efficient production and distribution for its overseas expansion, thus gaining a lot of resources and capital accumulation. With the rapid development of economy and society, the so-called "the sun never sets" began, and Britain became a powerful country in science, technology and economy in the world during this period.

The Third Transfer of the World Science and Technology Center-From Britain to France Since the beginning of18th century, France has started a massive enlightenment movement, advocating human rights and freedoms, opposing feudal theocracy and privileges, starting a brand-new ideological emancipation, and constantly improving its system in economic freedom, political equality and legal system construction. And promote the establishment of a mature capitalist society. At the same time, under the influence of Newton's theory, a group of quantitative analysis scientists appeared in France during this period. Lavoisier is a typical scientist in this period. He founded the theory of combustion oxidation, which overthrew the phlogiston theory that occupied chemistry for a hundred years, and also achieved the title of the father of modern chemistry. At the same time, a series of relatively perfect systems such as metric weights and measures and scientific teaching system have been produced. Under the guarantee of various systems in France, the speed of scientific and technological development has steadily increased. During this period, Britain's investment in science and technology continued to decline, and its academic circles had a tradition of emphasizing theory over application and science over technology, which led to the continuous decline of Britain's position in the international economy and science and technology, and France gradually surpassed Britain to become the new world science and technology economic center.

The Fourth Transfer of the World Science and Technology Center —— From France to Germany to1at the beginning of the 9th century, France paid too much attention to the academic research-oriented education, and most of them advocated the philosopher-oriented education and training system, but lacked enthusiasm for transforming scientific theories into productive forces, which further affected the further development of its science and technology and led to the lag of its economic development. By the end of19th century, France was surpassed by Germany, which came from behind, and replaced the position of the world science and technology economic center.

After the industrial revolution, Germany sent a large number of international students to Britain to study advanced production technology and basic science. In the subsequent development process, the German government reorganized the education system, established colleges and universities, combined science and education, hired famous scientists and educators, and created a higher education system that unified teaching and research. Under the strong implementation of this system, a large number of famous scientists emerged in Germany after the 1940s, such as Gauss, Ohm, Justus von Liebig, Krupp, Siemens, etc. These outstanding scientists and inventors greatly promoted the development of German coal and coal chemical industry, steel industry and chemical industry, and Germany's organic synthesis industry was far ahead in the world. German inventors invented a practical generator by applying electromagnetic theory, and its significance and function are equivalent to Watt's steam engine. This led to the second technological revolution characterized by electrification. At the same time, joint ventures appeared in Germany, and a Konzern-style production system was established. Germany's economic development momentum has been maintained for a long time, and the process of German industrialization has fully proved the assertion that science and technology are the primary productive forces.

With the continuous progress of science and technology, in the19th century, three discoveries, namely, biological evolution theory, cell theory and energy conservation, have appeared one after another, which indicates that science has matured and started to develop in the direction of deepening and refinement. The trend of scientific guidance to production has become very obvious, and the assertion that science and technology are the primary productive forces has been further confirmed.

The fifth transfer of the world science and technology center-from Germany to the United States after the American War of Independence, defined the policy on science and technology. In the early stage of development, the American government clearly promoted scientific research through education, adopted special preferential policies for education, and gave strong support in terms of funds, land and policies. In addition, successive American leaders attached great importance to the development of science and technology, and some presidents at that time were scientists themselves. For example, Franklin and the United States actively used immigration policies to attract a large number of scientific and technological talents to contribute to their own scientific and technological and economic development, and a number of famous scientists such as Einstein and Fermi were attracted to the United States. It is in this inclusive and integrated environment that actively encourages and introduces scientific development that a large number of inventors like Edison emerged, built the world's first power plant and triggered a new power revolution. The American government has greatly increased its investment in science and technology by using the funds obtained from the war. A series of measures have prompted the United States to improve the three technologies of steel, chemical industry and electric power, develop the three civilizations of automobile, airplane and radio technology, and promote the third technological revolution represented by atomic energy, computer, space technology and microelectronics technology in the United States.

Since the 1970s, with the rapid development of high-tech research represented by microelectronics and gene recombination technology and the formation of high-tech industrial clusters in the United States, the United States has led a worldwide technological revolution and become the leader of the information superhighway. Its new materials, new energy technology, aerospace technology and marine technology have developed rapidly, and under the operation of mature capital, they have been commercialized rapidly and developed economically. During this period, the United States became the center of science, technology and economy in the world, and it was a long time.

From the development and transfer of the world science and technology center, it can be seen that a region has to go through several processes to become a world science and technology center: first, the people in this region have been highly liberated and their awareness of science and technology has been greatly improved; Secondly, after ideological liberation, people are willing to welcome new changes with an open attitude. Some scientists who have made outstanding achievements in a certain field have appeared, some scientific and technological organizations have been established, and some theoretical monographs have been published, which has attracted the attention of government agencies. These advanced scientists and governments have introduced advanced science and technology, formulated policies for planning scientific and technological development, and actively invested in science and technology, creating a good atmosphere for scientific and technological development. Thirdly, in a good atmosphere of scientific and technological innovation and creation, basic research develops rapidly, people are full of creative enthusiasm, scientific and technological achievements, talents and scientific research institutions show explosive growth, theoretical research is well combined with production needs, and science, technology, economy and culture develop freely in an all-round way. Through a series of practical effects, this area has become the center of science, technology and economy in the world.

In the process of the decline of the world science and technology center and being replaced by the latter center, we can see that the main reasons for the decline of a science and technology center are insufficient investment in science and technology, lack of sustainable development policies, imperfect science and technology system and lack of rule of law in science and technology. It is worth noting that the decline of science and technology centers is accompanied by slow economic development, which lacks internal motivation. Over time, slow economic development will lead to insufficient investment in science and technology, which will lead to a vicious circle of slow economic development, so that a certain area will fall into a spiral downward mode of "insufficient investment in science and technology-economic decline-further weakening of investment in science and technology-further decline of economy …", so that the old science and technology center will be replaced by the emerging science and technology center.

With the establishment of high-speed information channels on the Internet and the increasingly close international cooperation, the development of science and technology centers presents a multi-polarization trend. The United States and Japan, represented by high technology, and Germany, represented by traditional manufacturing, are more advanced in science and technology, and China, as a rising star, has also shown a strong momentum. The future science and technology center is likely to present a multi-center or multi-pole situation, that is, many countries will become science and technology centers at the same time.

Since the founding of New China, China has attached great importance to the development of science and technology, and established the Ministry of Science and Technology to take charge of the development of science and technology in the whole country. Science and technology departments have been established in all provinces, cities and counties, and science and technology bureaus have been established to take charge of the scientific and technological work in all provinces, cities and counties. Medium and long-term scientific and technological development plans have been formulated, and various laws, systems and rules for promoting scientific and technological development have been established and improved, and scientific and technological undertakings have made great progress. Remarkable achievements have been made in aerospace, deep-sea exploration, national defense modernization and agricultural science and technology. It can be said that the development of science and technology is flourishing. The enthusiasm of the whole society to understand, support and contribute to science and technology has gradually increased, and the national level has played a strong role in promoting science and technology. However, it is generally difficult for grass-roots scientific and technological work to perform its duties, which is obviously manifested in the weakening of responsibilities of grass-roots scientific and technological departments. The science and technology departments in most counties (districts) have gone through the process of institutional reform from science and technology commission to science and technology bureau, and then to science and technology department or science and technology service center, and their functions have been weakened continuously. Some provinces and cities don't attach importance to grass-roots science and technology, and even county-level science and technology departments withdraw and merge from other units in institutional reform, which leads to the absence of science and technology management and will inevitably delay the development of science and technology. It makes the development of social economy lose its core power. In the development of science and technology, it is necessary to strengthen both top-down and bottom-up, and adhere to science and technology according to law. With the strengthening of the responsibilities of science and technology departments at all levels, I believe that in the near future, China will become a world science and technology center.