Who are the famous representatives of utopian socialism in the early part of the century?

Saint-Simon In the "Letter of Geneva", Saint-Simon has already put forward such an argument: "Everyone should work." In the same work he already pointed out that the Reign of Terror was the rule of the propertyless masses. He said: "Look, what happened in France when your companions ruled? They caused famine!" Saint-Simon recognized that the French Revolution was a class struggle between the aristocracy, the bourgeoisie and the propertyless. It was an extremely genius discovery in 1802. In 1816, Saint-Simon declared that politics was a science of production and predicted that politics would be completely dissolved in the economy. Although the understanding that the economic situation is the basis of the political system is only expressed in an embryonic state here, it has clearly expressed the idea that political rule over people should become the management of things and the leadership of the production process. That is, the idea of ??abolishing the state. Equally superior to his contemporaries, just after the Allied forces entered Paris in 1814, and then during the Hundred Days War in 1815, he declared that the alliance between France and Britain, and secondly the alliance between these two countries and Germany, It is the only guarantee of European prosperity and peace. Saint-Simon had a genius and far-sighted vision, and almost all the economic thoughts of later socialists that were not strictly economic were influenced by Saint-Simon. Fourier Fourier's writings contain his truly French and interesting, but not less profound, criticism of the existing social system. Almost every page of Fourier's writings radiates a spark of satire and criticism of the poverty caused by the much-lauded civilization. Fourier captured what the bourgeoisie said, what their fanatical pre-revolutionary prophets and post-revolutionary sycophants said. He ruthlessly exposed the material and moral poverty of the bourgeois world. He not only used this poverty to compare with the Enlightenment scholars' ideas about a society ruled only by reason, about a civilization that can bring happiness to all people, and about the infinite perfection of human beings. He contrasted this poverty with the alluring promises of ability, and also contrasted this poverty with the gorgeous words of the bourgeois thinkers of the day; he pointed out that the loudest words were everywhere corresponding to the most pitiful realities, and he poignantly The irredeemable bankruptcy of such phrases. Fourier was not only a critic, but his always cheerful character also made him a satirist, one of the greatest satirists of all time. In a clever and humorous style, he depicts the speculative fraud that became popular with the decline of the Revolution and the petty trade habits common in French commerce at that time. Fourier skillfully criticized the bourgeois form of gender relations and the position of women in bourgeois society. He was the first to express the idea that in any society, the degree of women's liberation is a natural measure of general liberation. The most remarkable thing about Fourier is his view on social history. He divided the entire history of society so far into four stages of development: ignorance, patriarchy, barbarism and civilization. The last stage is equivalent to what is now called bourgeois society. He pointed out: "This civilized system makes every crime committed in a simple way in barbaric times take a complex, ambiguous, double-faced and hypocritical form of existence. "; The civilizational age moves in a "vicious circle", in contradictions that it constantly recreates but cannot overcome. Therefore, the results it achieves are always opposite to what it hopes to achieve or pretends to hope to achieve. . So, for example, "In civilized times, poverty arises from excess itself." Fourier mastered dialectics. He opposed the empty talk about the infinite ability of human beings to perfect, and also dialectically asserted that every historical stage has its period of rise, but also its period of decline. He applied this view to the future of the entire human race and predicted the future of human beings. The idea of ??annihilation was introduced into historical research. Robert Owen When the storm of the French Revolution swept across France, Britain was undergoing a relatively calm, but not lacking in power, change. Steam and new machine tools transformed manufacture into modern large-scale industry, thus revolutionizing the entire basis of bourgeois society. The sluggish development of the age of manufacture was transformed into a period of real frenzy in production. Society is dividing more and more rapidly into big capitalists and dispossessed proletarians. What is now between them is no longer the stable middle class before, but the unstable masses of craftsmen and small businessmen, who live a turbulent life. lives and is the most mobile part of the population. The capitalist mode of production is still in the initial stage of its rise, but it has already produced obvious social ills: homeless people are crowded in slums in big cities; all traditional blood relationships, patriarchal affiliations, and family relationships have been disintegrated The working time, especially the working time of female workers and child workers, has been extended to a terrible extent; the working class that was suddenly thrown into a completely new environment has degenerated in large numbers. At this time, a 29-year-old factory owner appeared as a reformer. He had a noble character as simple as a child, and he was also a rare natural leader. Robert Owen accepted the teachings of materialist Enlightenment scholars: human character is the product of both innate organization and the environment in which a person lives throughout his life, especially during his developmental period. Most people of Owen's social status believed that the Industrial Revolution was a chaotic mess that facilitated fishing in troubled waters and making fortunes.

Owen saw the Industrial Revolution as an opportunity to apply his beloved theories and turn chaos into order. When he was leading a factory in Manchester with more than 500 workers, he tried this theory and achieved results. From 1800 to 1829 he managed the great cotton mills of New Lanark, Scotland, as stockholder and manager, in the same spirit, but with greater freedom of action, and with results which made him famous throughout Europe. The population of New Lanark gradually increased to 2,500 people. The composition of these people turned out to be extremely complex, and most of them were extremely degenerate elements. However, Owen turned this place into a perfect model immigration area, where alcoholism, alcoholism, The police, criminal courts, litigation, poor relief and charity all disappeared. And the reason why he can do this is only because he makes people live in an environment that is more consistent with human dignity, especially so that the growing generation receives careful education. He invented and first established a kindergarten here. Children enter kindergarten when they are one year old; they live there so happily that their parents can hardly take it back. Irving's competitors forced workers to work 13 to 14 hours a day, while New Lanark workers only worked 10 and a half hours. When the crisis in the cotton textile industry forced factories to shut down for four months, the workers who went on strike continued to receive their full wages. Nonetheless, the business more than doubled in value and continued to bring handsome profits to the owners until the end. Irving was not satisfied with any of this. The living conditions he created for his workers were far from human dignity in his opinion; he said, "These people are my slaves"; the relatively good environment he arranged for them was far from adequate. It enables the comprehensive and reasonable development of human character and wisdom, not to mention allowing free life activities. "However, the actual wealth produced by the laboring part of these 2,500 people for society would have required 600,000 people less than half a century ago. I asked myself: The wealth consumed by these 2,500 people is different from that of the previous 60,000 people. Where is the difference between the wealth that ten thousand people should consume?” The answer is obvious. This difference fell into the hands of the business owners, who in addition to receiving 5% basic investment interest, also received profits of more than 300,000 pounds (6 million marks). This was true of New Lanark, not to mention all the other factories in England. "Without these new wealth created by machines, the war to overthrow Napoleon and maintain the social principles of the aristocracy could not be carried out. And this new power was created by the working class." Therefore, the fruits should also belong to the working class. In Owen's view, the new and powerful productive forces, which previously only made individuals rich and enslaved the masses, provide the basis for transforming society. As everyone's common property, they should only serve everyone's common welfare. . Owen's communism was produced through this purely business method, as the fruit of so-called commercial calculation. It has always maintained this practical nature. In 1823, Owen proposed a method of eradicating poverty in Ireland through communist settlements, and attached detailed calculations of establishment costs, annual expenses and expected income. In his final plan for the future, he made very expert plans for various technical details. Owen's most important works are "The Institution of Marriage in a New Moral World", "The New Moral World Book" and "Revolutions in Human Mind and Practice" on marriage and the communist system. Owen's "New Moral World Book" Expressing the clearest expression of communism, this book not only advocated equal labor obligations and equal rights to obtain products, but also proposed a plan for the future communist commune with floor plans and front views. and aerial view of detailed house design.