The architectural art of Hatra

It is fully reflected in the architectural art of the countries in the Tarim Basin. The ancient city in Loulan area

The shape is obviously divided into two types. One type is square cities, such as LE City, LA City, LK City along the Lop Nur coast and Yixun City in Milan Oasis; the other type is round cities, such as the ancient cities of Niya and Andier in the desert north of Minfeng County. wait. The first type of city originates from the cultural tradition of the Han Dynasty in the Central Plains, because some of the square cities along the Lop Nur coast were originally castles built by garrison soldiers in the Central Plains. Among them, LE City was built in the early Western Han Dynasty. It can be seen that the Han culture of the Central Plains had an early influence on the city system of Loulan. The second type of city belongs to the Western cultural tradition. The origin of this type of circular castle still lacks in-depth research. However, in 1500 BC, the Greeks in the Peloponnese carried out extensive construction on a hill in Mycenae, building palaces, temples, tombs and the magnificent Lion Gate. For safety reasons, the Greeks also built a circular protective wall around their buildings. According to archaeological excavations, the famous Greek city Troy mentioned in "Homer's Epic" was also a round city. In 329 BC, Alexander made an expedition to Sogdia, Bactria and Northern India, and sent his generals to establish Hellenistic kingdoms in various parts of the East, thus bringing the Mediterranean civilization and the Central Asian civilization into direct contact. It was precisely because of Alexander's expedition to the east that the passage from the Aegean Sea to the Pamirs was truly opened. Therefore, the significance of Alexander's Eastern Expedition in the history of Silk Road development is no less than that of Zhang Qian's passage to the Western Regions. Every time they conquered a place, they built a city, as if they didn't feel safe if they didn't live in a stone castle; then they built stadiums, Greek temples, Greek-style houses and baths inside the city. Waiting to relieve homesickness. The Greeks also built many Greek cities in Central Asia, known as "Alexandria" in history. There are many translated names for this in Chinese literature, such as Wuyi Shanli, Lanshi, Li (Gegan), etc. According to documentary records, there are more than 70 cities named after Alexander in various parts of the East. Currently, more than 40 Alexander cities have been discovered by archaeology. It was during this period that Greek immigrants immigrated in large numbers to Central Asia and Northern India. According to a survey conducted by the French archaeological mission in the 1960s, the city of Alexandria in the easternmost part of Asia was built all the way to Ay-Khanum on the northeastern border of Afghanistan. Alexander tried to push Greek culture to various parts of the East he conquered, but the conquest of culture was not as easy as Alexander's expeditionary army conquering cities and occupying territory in the East. On the contrary, Greek culture was conquered by Eastern culture in many aspects and turned into a Greek art with a large number of Eastern cultural characteristics. In order to distinguish it from typical Greek art, Western art historians call it "Hellenistic art". The Greek aristocratic art of Bactria gradually merged with the local culture and art of Bactria, forming the so-called "Bactrian Hellenistic Art". In 1938, Soviet archaeologists excavated a circular ancient city on the banks of the Amu Darya River in Central Asia. Today it is called "Koi. Kerrgan. Kara City".