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Population According to the data of 20 10, 47.3% of Brazil's population is white, 43. 1% is mixed, 7.6% is black, 2. 1% is Asian, and the rest is a few Indians. The official language of Brazil is Portuguese.

The largest country in South America is also a country with rapid economic development. It is the epitome of the melting pot of nations in the world. Brazil was a Portuguese colony for 300 years in history. /kloc-in the 6th century, when the colonists landed in Brazil, they found a rare tree-Brazilian wood, from which a rare red dye in Europe could be extracted. Therefore, this kind of wood is called "Sequoia" and has evolved into a national name. Brazil has a land area of 8514900 square kilometers, accounting for 46% of the total area of South America, and is the fifth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada, China and the United States.

Latitude and longitude of Brazil: 35 W to 74 W, 5 N to 35 S.. It borders the South Atlantic in the east and other South American countries in the north and south (all South American countries except Chile and Ecuador).

Brasilia, the capital of Brazil, is located at UTC/GMT -3 hours (the third district in the west), and the time difference with Beijing is later than China Beijing time 1 1 hour.

Brazil's terrain is mainly divided into two parts, one is the Brazilian plateau above 500 meters above sea level, distributed in southern Brazil, and the other is the plain below 200 meters above sea level, mainly distributed in the Amazon River basin in the north and west. The whole territory is divided into Amazon Plain, Paraguay Basin, Brazil Plateau and Guyana Plateau, of which Amazon Plain accounts for about 1/3 of the national area. There are three river systems: Amazon River, parana river River and San Francisco River. The total length of the Amazon River is 67,565,438+0 km, which traverses the northwest of Brazil and covers an area of 3.9 million square kilometers in the Brazilian basin. Parana river, including the parana river and Paraguay rivers, flows through the southwest with many rapids and waterfalls, and is rich in water resources; The San Francisco water system, with a total length of 2,900 kilometers, flows through the arid northeast and is the main irrigation water source in this area. The coastline is more than 7,400 kilometers long, and the width of the territorial sea is 12 nautical miles, leading to the overseas exclusive economic zone 188 nautical miles.

Among them, Amazon Plain is the largest plain in the world, Amazon River is the largest river in the world, and Brazil Plateau is the largest plateau in the world. Sao Paulo is the largest city in the southern hemisphere.

Most areas have a tropical climate, while some areas in the south have a subtropical climate. The average annual temperature in the Amazon plain is 25 ~ 28 degrees, and the average annual temperature in the southern region is 16 ~ 19 degrees.

The proven iron ore reserves are 33.3 billion tons, accounting for 9.8% of the world's total reserves, ranking fifth in the world; The output is 355 million tons, ranking second in the world; Exports are also among the highest in the world. Pakistan is rich in 29 kinds of minerals, with nickel accounting for 98% of the world's total reserves, and metals such as manganese, bauxite, lead and tin accounting for more than 10% of the world's total reserves. The proven reserves of niobium ore are 4.559 million tons, which can be used worldwide for 800 years according to the current consumption. In addition, there are abundant chrome, gold and asbestos mines. The proven reserves of coal mine are1010 million tons, but the grade is very low. Since 2007, Brazil has discovered large oil and gas fields in the southeast coast. It is estimated that the oil reserves will exceed 50 billion barrels, which is expected to rank among the top ten oil producers in the world. The forest coverage rate is 57%. The timber reserves are 65.8 billion cubic meters. Rich in water resources, accounting for 18% of the world's fresh water, the per capita fresh water possession is 29,000 cubic meters, and the water conservancy reserves reach 65,438+43 million kilowatts per year.

The Atlantic coast is densely populated and the inland areas are scarce. (referred to as "the land is narrow and the people are dense")

Brazil's national population186957906 (June 2, 2008) ranks fifth in the world. The southeastern region is the most populous region in Brazil. According to the data of the Brazilian Bureau of Geography and Statistics in 2004, the population of this area is about 78 million, which is equivalent to 42% of the total population of Brazil. The region has three states with the largest population in Brazil (Sao Paulo, population 70 million, Minas Gerais,190,000, Rio de Janeiro,150,000) and two largest cities (Rio and Sao Paulo). At the junction of Sao Paulo and Rio, a business district with Sao Paulo and Rio as its pillars has been formed, which has gathered about 23% of Brazil's population and become the most densely populated area in the country.

Ethnic groups and immigrants

There are significant racial and cultural differences in Brazil. Most residents in the south are of European descent, which can be traced back to immigrants from Italy, Germany, Poland, Spain, Ukraine and Portugal at the beginning of the19th century. Some residents in the north and northeast are locals and some are of European or African descent. The southeast region is the most widely distributed region of Brazilian nationalities. There are mainly white (mainly Portuguese and Italian descendants) hybrids, African-Brazilian hybrids, Asians and Indians in this area.

Throughout Brazil, Brazilians, Portuguese and Africans are often mixed together. /kloc-in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, Asian and European immigrants began to be stimulated. Germans began to come here in 18 18, Italians in 1875, Spaniards in 1880, and Japanese, Syrians and Lebanese began to come here one after another in the early 20th century. 19 At the end of the 20th century, the biggest migration wave in Brazil occurred in the southeast, and Italians and Portuguese became the main components of this migration, because the slave liberation movement began at that time, and plantations and emerging Brazilian industries needed a lot of labor.

There have been several major waves of migration in the history of Brazil. From 1884 to 1962, more than 4.97 million immigrants moved to Brazil, mainly from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, France, Poland and Arab countries. Most yellow people come from Japan, South Korea and China. There are 6.5438+0.3 million Japanese and 250,000 China people in Brazil, mainly in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

Ethnic composition of the population

Due to historical reasons, the ethnic composition of the Brazilian population is very complicated. The Atlantic coast is densely populated and the inland areas are scarce. There are significant racial and cultural differences. According to the data of 20 10, 47.3% of the Brazilian population is white, 43. 1% is mixed-race, 7.6% is black, 2. 1% is Asian, and the rest is a few Indians. The official language of Brazil is Portuguese. The mixed-race population and the black population are growing rapidly. In Brazil, people of different races and colors live together, forming a colorful picture. Indians are the earliest inhabitants of Brazil. Since16th century, immigrants from European countries such as Portugal, Spain, Italy and Germany have entered Brazil. With the rise of plantations and mining in Brazil, starting from 1532, Portugal began to traffic slaves from Africa to Brazil. /kloc-After the 9th century, some China and Japanese immigrated to Brazil. Therefore, some people in Brazil are called melting pots.

Indians lived in ancient Brazil. On April 22nd, 1500, Portuguese navigator pedro cabral arrived in Brazil. He named the land "Holy Cross" and declared that it belonged to Portugal. Since the plunder of Portuguese colonists began with the felling of Brazilian redwoods, the word "Brasil" gradually replaced "Holy Cross" and became the name of Brazil, which is still in use today, and its Chinese transliteration is "Brazil". In 1930s, a Portuguese expedition established a colony in Pakistan, and 1549 appointed a governor. After that, the whole colony was integrated along the Atlantic coast under Portuguese rule. 1555, France invaded and occupied the place equivalent to Rio de Janeiro today, with the intention of establishing a French colony in South America. However, because the French could not attract European colonists, they were finally expelled from Rio by the Portuguese in 1565. Two years later, the Portuguese established the city of Rio. It was not until 1630 that the Portuguese sovereignty in the Brazilian colony was challenged again.

1807 Napoleon invaded Portugal and the Portuguese royal family moved to Brazil. 1820, the Portuguese royal family moved back to Lisbon, and Prince Pedro Liuba served as Regent. 1822 On September 7th, it declared its complete independence from Portugal and established the Brazilian Empire. Then he was crowned emperor, known as Pedro I 1824 Brazil promulgated the Constitution. 1825, Portugal recognized the independence of Brazil.

During the imperial period (1822 ~ 1889), after the establishment of the Brazilian empire, the system of the Bragansa dynasty and the aristocratic forces of Portugal remained intact, the manor system and slavery still existed, and Brazil relied on Britain economically and politically. Pedro I implemented autocratic rule, forcibly dissolved parliament in 1823, and then suppressed the * * * and factional uprisings in Pernambuco and other northeastern provinces by force.

1889165438+1October 15 General Fonseca staged a coup to overthrow the monarchy and establish the United States of Brazil. 1964 Pakistan military coup came to power, 1967 was renamed Brazil Federation. 1in March, 985, the military government returned to the people. 1989165438+1October15th, Pakistan held its first national direct election in nearly 30 years, and Fernando Collor was elected president. 199212 On February 29th, President Collor was forced to announce his resignation on suspicion of taking bribes, and Vice President itamar franco took over as president that day. 1994 1 On October 3rd, fernando henrique cardoso won the national election, 1995, 1995,1became the 38th president of Brazil. 1998101October 4th, Cardoso was re-elected. 1 999,65438+1October,1,Kaka became the 39th president of Pakistan, and his term of office ended in 65438+February 2002,31.

* * * It is divided into 26 states and 1 Federal District (Brasilia Federal District), and there are 5,562 cities under the jurisdiction of each state. The state names are as follows: Acre, Alagoas, Amazon, Amapá, Bahia, Ceara, San Espiritu, goias, maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraiba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Pio, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Rond? nia and Romania.

New Discoveries in History Today, Brazilian scientists discovered the remains of an unknown civilization in the Amazon Plain based on satellite images. According to analysis, these relics are rectangular or round, which may be a country made of gold in ancient legends. Most of these relics are located on the border between Brazil and Bolivia.

Capital: Brasilia.

Brasilia is located in the middle of the Brazilian Plateau, and its climate is divided into two seasons, namely, the dry season from September to April and the dry season from May to August. The wet and dry seasons are obvious, and the temperature difference between morning and evening is also large. The annual average temperature is 19 degrees. The population is 265,438+10,000. Brasilia was built on the plateau at an altitude of 1000 meters in Goias, Brazil in the late 1950s, and it is one of the highest capitals in the world. 1960, the capital officially moved here from the old capital Rio de Janeiro.

In order to develop the vast northern region and make the inland and coastal areas develop in a balanced way, Brazil moved its capital from Rio de Janeiro on the Atlantic coast to Brasilia in the middle of the Brazilian plateau in 1956. Considering the high terrain and cool and pleasant climate, the builders designed a modern city with unique architecture and beautiful environment. The designer also cleverly dammed two streams flowing through Brasilia to form an artificial lake with an area of 46 square kilometers to adjust the air humidity in the city. Brasilia, a green garden city, miraculously appeared on the originally desolate red soil plateau in about three years.

Brasilia is the shortest city in South America. 1987 12 17, UNESCO approved the city as a "world cultural heritage".

The city was built according to the "Aircraft Master Plan" of the famous Brazilian architect Lucio Cospe.