Third, the key points of compulsory geography in test sites

Section 1 Influence of Geographical Environment on Regional Development

1. Definition of region: The spatial units of the earth's surface are divided by certain indicators and methods on the basis of geographical differences. Different indicators and methods have different types of regions.

Second, regional characteristics: some boundaries are clear (administrative areas) and some boundaries are transitional (dry and wet areas); hierarchy

Note: According to different indicators, the geographical boundaries of the two regions are different.

Third, the influence of geographical differences on regional development.

Comparison between Yangtze River Delta and Songnen Plain

Yangtze River Delta (East China, Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou): Read the pictures and get the following information:

1, location: 30 N ~ 32 N,120 e ~122 e, in the middle of the eastern coast, on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, facing Japan across the East China Sea.

2. Terrain: It is mainly plain with flat terrain.

3. Climate: subtropical monsoon climate, high temperature and rainy summer, rain and heat at the same time, long warm time and long crop growth period.

4. Soil and cultivated land: fertile paddy soil, scattered cultivated land, mostly paddy fields, and the per capita cultivated land is lower than the national average.

5. Water system: Yangtze River, Beijing-Hangzhou Canal, Fuchun River, Qiantang River and Huangpu River.

6. Crops: rice, winter wheat, rape and cotton.

7. Poor mineral resources.

8. Comprehensive industrial base (developing light industry on the basis of developed agriculture and developing heavy industry by importing minerals with traffic advantages)

Songnen Plain (Northeast Plain and Sanjiang Plain and Liaohe Plain)

1, location: near 43 ~ 48 degrees north latitude, east longitude 125 degrees.

2. Terrain: the plain is dominant and the terrain is flat.

3. Climate: temperate monsoon climate, with rain and heat in the same period, with precipitation mainly concentrated in July and August (slightly continental), short warm time and short crop growth period.

4. Soil and cultivated land: fertile black soil, relatively concentrated cultivated land, mostly dry land, with more cultivated land per capita, which is conducive to the promotion of mechanization. Farming methods are relatively extensive, and the yield per mu is lower than the national average.

5. Water system: Nenjiang River and Songhua River

6. Crops: spring wheat, soybean, corn and sugar beet (winter wheat in southern Liaoning)

7. Minerals: rich in oil resources.

8. Industry: China Heavy Chemical Industry Base.

Fourthly, at different stages of development, the influence of geographical environment on the region is different.

Take the plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River as an example.

1. Early stage of development: cohesive soil and dense water system become obstacles to agricultural development.

2. Development period: With the development of science and technology, unfavorable natural conditions are transformed into favorable conditions.

3. Agricultural period: It became an important granary and cotton silkworm producing area in China. (why)

4. Industrial and commercial period: Dense water network has once again become an obstacle to agricultural development, and granaries and cotton production have given way to other regions.

Section 2 Application of Geographic Information Technology in Regional Development

1, geographic information technology: RS (remote sensing), GPS (global positioning system), GIS (geographic information system), familiar with Chinese and English.

2. Application of geographic information technology: environmental monitoring, urban management, resource investigation, disaster assessment, agricultural production, typhoon forecast, etc.

3. The popularization trend of geographic information technology: GPS car navigation, urban multimedia geographic information and spatial information websites.

4. Definition of remote sensing: Remote sensing of the ground is carried out by using equipment carried on airplanes, spaceships and satellites.

Key equipment: sensor.

Principle: Different objects will emit different electromagnetic waves.

Main links: target-sensor-processing equipment-remote sensing image.

Application:

5、GPS

Components: space part, ground part and user equipment.

GPS can obtain accurate three-dimensional coordinates (latitude, longitude and altitude).

Applications: car navigation, spatial positioning, agricultural irrigation.

6.GIS is a computer system, which needs people to operate (input information, manage, analyze and express).

Data sources: statistical data, field survey data and remote sensing images.

Applications: spatial analysis, query and retrieval

On the basis of remote sensing, geographic information system can be used for dynamic monitoring or prediction.

Typhoon monitoring uses remote sensing and geographic information system technology.

chapter two

I. Definition, manifestations and main areas of desertification

Definition: Land degradation in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas. Essentially, it is land degradation caused by the loss of land productivity.

Performance: farmland degradation, grassland degradation and woodland degradation. (referred to as three retreats)

Form: desertification (arid and semi-arid areas in northwest China, loess plateau),

Rocky desertification (karst landform area of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau),

Salinization (irrigated agricultural areas),

Red desert (mainly appears in the hilly areas of the south of the Yangtze River in China, mainly red sandstone. Due to soil erosion, the bare red stone mountain is exposed, and the land is barren, forming a desert, so it is called the red desert.

Second, the natural characteristics of drought (natural basis of desertification)

Northwest China (you can get the following information by reading the pictures in the textbook)

1. Location: 38-50 N and 75- 120 E, including Xinjiang, Gansu (bordering Mongolia), Ningxia, northwestern Shaanxi and most of Inner Mongolia.

2. The main mountain ranges in this area: Daxinganling, Yinshan, Helan, Qilian, Kunlun, Altun, Tianshan and Altai.

3. Geographical boundary: Helan Mountain is the boundary of arid and semi-arid areas, with precipitation over 200mm in the east and less than 200mm in the west.

Tianshan Mountain is the dividing line between southern Xinjiang and northern Xinjiang. The north of Tianshan Mountain is called North Xinjiang, and the south is called South Xinjiang.

4. The law of regional differentiation: the landscape changes from east to west into grassland, desert grassland and desert, which reflects the law of regional differentiation from coastal to inland.

5. The location of oasis agriculture: on the alluvial fan in front of the mountain and in the foothills.

6. Natural factors of desertification in northwest China: dry climate, poor soil development, loose soil, sparse vegetation, frequent wind concentration and serious wind erosion.

Third, the human factor of desertification (the decisive factor of desertification).

Cause: Population explosion and improper human activities.

Excessive logging: Ordos

Overgrazing: mainly in grassland areas.

Overcultivation: the edge of sandy area and oasis area.

Improper utilization of water resources

Four. Countermeasures and measures for desertification control

1. Rational utilization of water resources (rational distribution in the upper, middle and lower reaches of rivers)

2. Use biological measures and engineering measures to build shelter forest system (the function of grass grid sand barrier is to increase ground roughness and water conservation, but the cost is high and it is not suitable for large-scale promotion).

3. Adjust the relationship between agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry (returning farmland to forest and grassland)

4. Take comprehensive measures to solve the energy problems in agricultural and pastoral areas (building firewood forests and developing biogas and wind power generation).

5. Control population growth:

Section II: Development and Protection of Forests

I. The role of forests

1. Natural resources: wood and fuel.

2. Environmental resources: regulating climate, stabilizing atmosphere, conserving water, conserving soil and water, maintaining biodiversity, purifying air, eliminating smoke and dust, preventing wind and fixing sand, and beautifying the environment.

3. Hazards of deforestation: climate imbalance, deterioration of ecological environment, frequent natural disasters and reduction of biodiversity.

Second, the distribution and function of tropical rain forest

1, distribution: on both sides of the equator, concentrated in Congo River basin in Africa, Amazon River basin in Southeast Asia and South America,

Note: Not all places where the equator passes are tropical rainforests. If the terrain in eastern Africa is high, the climate near the equator is savanna.

2. amazon rain forest accounts for half of the world's rainforests, and its environmental function is obvious.

(1) Maintain the global balance of carbon and oxygen; (2) Maintain the global water balance and promote the global water cycle.

Third, the fragility of rainforest ecology.

1, almost all nutrients are stored in plants.

2, high temperature leaching, poor soil.

Plants are easily destroyed, and once destroyed, it is difficult to recover.

Fourth, the reason why the rainforest was destroyed.

1, direct cause: excessive exploitation of human beings,

(1) Overburning and culture.

(2) developing large-scale farms and pastures

(3) Commercial logging

(4) Mining, water conservancy and highway construction

Verb (abbreviation for verb) Amazon rainforest development plan

1. Construction of Trans-Amazon Highway

2. emigrate to the Amazon plain

3. Encourage multinational enterprises to develop with foreign investment.

Development or protection of intransitive verbs

Protection first

Protective development should be adopted: developing environmental education, establishing protection foundation, developing eco-tourism and establishing nature reserves.

Problem research:

Functions of wetlands: (1) water conservation (2) flood storage (3) biodiversity maintenance (4) climate regulation.

Reclaiming farmland around lakes is an act of destroying the ecological environment.

Three. Comprehensive development and utilization of regional natural resources

The development of Shanxi's energy resources

Two types of energy:

Renewable energy: hydropower, wind energy, biomass energy, tidal energy and solar energy.

Non-renewable energy: mineral energy such as coal, oil and natural gas.

Shanxi coal resources development conditions;

Rich in coal resources, good mining conditions: abundant reserves, wide distribution, complete coal types, excellent coal quality, broad market, moderate location and convenient transportation.

Construction of energy base:

Expand coal mining.

Improving Shanxi's coal transportation capacity

Strengthen coal processing and transformation: build pithead power station; Develop coking industry

Three industrial chains:

Coal-electricity-aluminum coal-coke-coal-iron-steel

Results of comprehensive utilization of energy:

Shanxi's industrial structure has changed from a single structure dominated by coal mining to a diversified structure dominated by energy, metallurgy, chemical industry and building materials. The raw material industry gradually surpassed the mining industry and occupied the main position, realizing the upgrading of industrial structure.

Environmental protection and governance:

Improve the utilization technology of coal; Adjust the industrial structure; Treatment of "three wastes"

The birthplace of human civilization:

Nile civilization; Two rivers civilization; Yellow River-Yangtze River civilization; Indo-Ganges civilization

Development of Tennessee River Basin

Located in the southeastern part of the United States, it is a branch of the Ohio River, a tributary of the Mississippi River, with the longest flow and the largest water volume; It rises on the western slope of the Appalachian Mountains and flows into the Ohio River near Kentucky.

Protection of different parts:

Mountain area: the birthplace of rivers, protecting vegetation ecology.

Valley plain: the area where human activities are concentrated is the focus of ecological environment protection.

River: the main part of development and utilization in the basin, paying attention to the rational allocation of water resources and water quality protection.

The natural background of Tennessee valley development;

Terrain: mountainous and undulating, rich in hydraulic resources; Land transportation is inconvenient, and river transportation plays a very prominent role.

Climate: Subtropical areas, with more precipitation in late winter and early spring.

Water system: there are many tributaries, and most of them are navigable, which can lead to most parts of the country through the Mississippi River and its tributaries; The terrain fluctuates greatly, the river falls greatly, and the water quantity affected by climate is very unstable.

Mineral resources: very rich.

Early development of river basin and its consequences;

/kloc-the second half of the 0/8th century: agriculture is developed, population is small, and it has little impact on the natural environment.

/kloc-Late 9th century: The rapid increase of population and predatory exploitation of resources brought a series of ecological and social problems: land degradation; Vegetation destruction; Environmental pollution.

Early 1930s: Tennessee Valley became one of the poorest areas in the United States.

● Geographical conditions of basin development, basic contents of development and construction, and countermeasures for comprehensive management.

1. Geographical conditions of river basin development: evaluate its "advantages" and "existing problems" from economic, ecological and social benefits.

◆ Natural aspects: topography, climate, hydrology, vegetation, minerals, etc.

Humanities: population, settlement, transportation, culture, agriculture, industry, etc.

For example, the characteristics of the middle and upper reaches of the river-narrow valley, large slope, many rapids and rich hydraulic resources.

Characteristics of the downstream river channel-wide valley and convenient navigation.

2. The basic content of river basin development and construction: determine the direction of river basin development according to "resource advantages"

Development of hydraulic resources-power generation, aquaculture, tourism, shipping, flood control, etc. Is conducive to the development of energy-intensive industries.

Water resources development-tourism, irrigation, aquaculture, shipping, etc.

Biological resources development-tourism, education, etc.

Development of land resources-develop agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery according to local conditions.

Mineral resources development-establish mineral development bases and establish corresponding industrial departments (using cheap electricity).

Tourism resources development-do a good job in tourism planning, develop transportation and develop tourism.

◆ Ecological (restoration) construction:

Exploitation of mineral resources: ① Exploitation of mineral resources leads to vegetation destruction, and waste rocks and waste residue occupy a large amount of land;

(2) unreasonable exploitation causes geological disasters such as land subsidence, landslide, collapse and debris flow;

(3) The toxic elements in the waste residue and waste water formed by the development of mineral resources pollute the environment.

3. Comprehensive control measures: according to the "existing problems", determine the control measures of the basin.

◆ Measures to control soil erosion: ① biological measures such as adjusting agricultural structure, planting trees and returning farmland to forests and grasslands; (2) engineering measures such as slope protection and dam siltation; ③ Small watershed management.

◆ Measures to control river pollution: ① Close small industries with heavy pollution; (2) Treatment of industrial, agricultural and domestic sewage; (3) Reduce water consumption and increase flow in dry season; (4) Adjust the production process and properly discharge pollutants in flood season.

◆ Measures to control the destruction of biological resources: ① establishing nature reserves, ② appropriately moving out the residents in the reserves; ③ Adjusting agricultural structure and controlling human activities (such as traffic construction); ④ Publicity and education. Fourth, regional economic development.

Geographical conditions in the northeast of China:

Climatic conditions: Climate is the most difficult natural condition in regional agricultural production.

Topography and soil conditions: provide conditions for diversified agriculture; Black soil and chernozem are widely distributed, with deep soil layers and high organic matter content, which is beneficial to agricultural production.

Socio-economic conditions: Industry: an important industrial base in China. Agriculture and animal husbandry promote industry, and industry promotes agriculture and animal husbandry.

Transportation: The transportation is developed, the external contact is convenient, and the export-oriented agriculture is developed.

The development time is late and the population density is low, which is conducive to the development of green agriculture and large agriculture.

Three mountains and three plains:

Sanjiang Plain, Songnen Plain and Liaohe Plain; Xiaoxing 'anling, Daxinganling and Changbai Mountain (found on the map)

Characteristics of agricultural layout:

1. Farming agricultural area: mainly distributed in three plain areas.

2. Forestry and specialty areas: mainly distributed in Daxinganling and Changbai Mountains.

3. Changbai Mountain is the main producing area of precious medicinal materials such as pilose antler and ginseng in China, and apples and pears are produced in Yanbian. Liaodong and peninsula hilly areas are the largest tussah cocoon producing areas in China. Southern Liaoning is an important apple producing area.

5. Animal husbandry area: mainly distributed in the western plateau, the western Songnen Plain and some forest grasslands, it is an important production base for sheep, cattle and horses.

Sanhe area of Hulunbeier City: Sanhe Niu and Sanhe Ma; Western Songnen Plain: Northeast Red Bull

Production characteristics of northeast commodity grain base;

Large-scale mechanized production; Regional specialized production; Agricultural development direction

Plain area: develop high-quality special varieties to meet processing needs and improve product quality and competitiveness; Accelerate the development of agricultural products processing industry, promote grain transformation and extend the industrial chain; Building a green food base.

Western grassland area: vigorously develop ecological agriculture and house-feeding animal husbandry.

Mountain agriculture: realizing the transformation from raw material production to raw material and product processing.

Industrialization and urbanization

1, the connotation of urbanization:

The process from rural population to urban population concentration and from rural to urban population.

2, measure the signs of urbanization:

(1) The urban population has increased; (2) The proportion of urban population has increased; (3) The scale of urban land use has expanded.

Conditions for improving the level of industrialization and urbanization in the Pearl River Delta;

Adjustment of industrial structure in developed countries and regions: the proportion of secondary industry decreased, while the proportion of tertiary industry increased; Within the industry, the proportion of labor and resource-intensive industries is declining, while the proportion of technology and knowledge-intensive industries is rising. The country's policy of opening to the outside world: many preferential policies are given, which makes the Pearl River Delta region attract foreign investment first than other regions.

Good location conditions: located in the southern coast of China, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, close to Southeast Asia; Give full play to the advantages of abundant labor force and low land price, accept the industrial diffusion of Hong Kong and Macao nearby, and use Hong Kong and Macao trade channels to export a large number of goods. One of the largest hometown of overseas Chinese in China.

Stages of industrialization and urbanization:

The first stage:1979-1990, labor-intensive industries become the leading industries in this stage.

The second stage: after 1990, high-tech industries gradually replaced labor-intensive industries and became the leading industries.

Problems and countermeasures:

1 ... industrial upgrading faces difficulties-industrial structure adjustment

2. Heavy industry and machinery manufacturing are underdeveloped, and Guangzhou with a good industrial foundation is the foundation.

3. Urban construction is relatively backward-building a greater Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration.

Build a greater Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration with Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Shenzhen as the core.

4. Eco-environmental problems are getting more and more serious-strengthen planning and management.

"village in city":

What appeared in the suburbs of the city has been transformed into a village mainly engaged in industry and commerce.