Liao: North and South officials

# The moment when the heart beats faster #

Terminology expression:

Southern and Northern Officials: In order to effectively govern the people of all ethnic groups with different social stages and customs in the ruling area, Liao adopted the method of "governing according to customs" and established two administrative systems. Named after the different positions of official positions in the Emperor's Account, the official position that ruled the Han nationality was located in the south of the Emperor's Account, so it was called Nanguan, imitating the three provinces and six departments in the Tang Dynasty, and most of the officials were Han Chinese; The official office that ruled the Khitan nationality was located in the north of the emperor's tent, so it was called the northern official. The northern officials were held by the Qidan nobles, and their power was greater than that of the southern officials.

Oral comprehension:

Southern and Northern Officials: A special political system in Liao Dynasty, centered on the emperor's big account and named after the position and orientation of the official position.

Scholars' point of view:

Wang Taotao: After the acquisition of the Bohai Sea and the Sixteen States, the Liao Dynasty was injected with a lot of feudal economic elements and feudal culture, and soon changed from slavery to feudalism. So in Liao, two different ways of production and life were formed. One is mainly Han Chinese and Bohai people, who grow crops for food, while Sang Ma lives a settled life based on agriculture. The other is dominated by the Khitans, who live a nomadic life and have changeable migration. This is not only the difference between animal husbandry and agriculture, but also the difference between slave labor and non-slave labor, that is, the difference between slavery and feudalism. Faced with such a social and economic situation, the rulers of Liao Dynasty further developed the political system of "dividing the Han Dynasty into different schools", and "governing the Khitan with state control and the Han people with Chinese control", which made the system of official posts in the north and south of this period tend to be stereotyped. (The reasons for the appearance of officials from the North and the South)

-Wang Taotao: A Study of the Southern Liao Official System, Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University (Social Science Edition), No.3, 2006.

Li Si: The establishment of the North-South official system had a great influence on the culture of the Liao Dynasty, mainly in the following aspects: First, the North-South official system promoted the material culture of the Liao Dynasty, that is, the social and economic development. Before the founding of New China, the Liao Dynasty mainly adopted the predatory economy of slavery, engaged in nomadism, supplemented by hunting, eating animal meat, clothes and hides, and taking cars and tents as their home, so the economic development was relatively slow. After the Liao Dynasty gained sixteen states, especially after the official system was implemented in the north and south, a large number of Han people in Yanyun fled or were plundered to the territory of Qidan, which brought advanced agricultural production technology and rich production experience, and made the farming culture of the Liao Dynasty develop to a certain extent. The development of farming culture provides abundant feed for raising animals and further promotes the development of animal husbandry. The purpose of developing animal husbandry, in the words of that time, was to "raise herds and fight with soldiers", which provided sufficient material basis for the rulers of Liao Dynasty to March eastward and westward. Secondly, the official system in North and South promoted the changes of behavior culture and the development of culture and art in Liao Dynasty. First, it promoted the birth of Qidan characters. Secondly, it promotes the richness of music and entertainment. Third, the official system in the north and south promoted the development of ideology and culture in Liao Dynasty. When Qidan rose, he believed in Buddhism, and Buddhism occupied a dominant position in Qidan culture. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially after the establishment of the North-South official system, they began to believe in Confucianism. It advocates that "Chinese and foreign styles are the same, and Han and Qi are integrated" and that Confucianism is respected. The Central Plains culture gradually developed into the mainstream culture of Liao Dynasty, and gradually claimed to be orthodox in social concept. Finally, the north-south official system promoted the development of institutional culture in Liao Dynasty. North-South official system promoted the further development of Liao feudal system and represented the direction of historical development. (Influence of North and South Officials)-Li Siren Xiangyang: North and South Officials' Exposition on Liao Dynasty Culture, Literature and History (Theory) No.6 20 1 1

Martin: During the Tang Dynasty, clothes and cultural relics were spread to Japan in a peaceful way. The introduction of the "North-South Officials" system of Liao into Korea was achieved by means of war. After three "Khitan Korean Wars", there was no large-scale military conflict between Liao and Li in the following 100 years. A large number of adherents of Bohai country poured into North Korea with the determination not to become courtiers of Liao country, and a large number of Song Dynasty and Jurchen entered North Korea due to war or famine. The history of Korea as a nation-state was rewritten at an extreme time. It is based on this realistic factor that induced and accelerated the motivation and speed of North Korea's absorption of the "Northern and Southern Officials" system of Liao State. The uniform application of Korean laws to foreign immigrants or temporary businessmen and refugees in China has caused a lot of dissatisfaction in reality. In particular, Korean laws basically follow the specific content of the Tang Law, so people from ethnic groups outside China's cultural circle, such as Bohai, Jurchen, Qidan and Xi, often cannot understand or agree with them. This prompted the Korean court to set up a symbol after the war and realized the "South-North Privy Council" of "China ruled by law and Liao ruled by law". Ma Tian: On the Influence of Northern and Southern Officials in Liao Dynasty on North Korea, Journal of Chifeng University (China Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),No. 10, 20 16.

Analysis of scholars' viewpoints

As a special political system in Liao Dynasty, officials in the North and South were once an important topic for scholars to study, and some scholars even thought it was the beginning of "one country, two systems". The focus of scholars' attention is the background, origin and influence of North and South officials. Wang Taotao introduced the reasons for the emergence of the North-South officials, Lisi introduced the influence of the North-South officials, and Martin discussed the research of the North-South officials on North Korea.