The Kingdom of the Netherlands (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in Dutch), commonly known as the Netherlands (Nederland in Dutch), is located in the northwest of Europe, bordering on the North Sea and bordering Germany and Belgium. The Netherlands is very low in altitude, and many places are close to or even lower than the sea level, so it is often called a low-lying country. It is famous for its seawalls, windmills and tolerant social atmosphere. Dutch capital: Amsterdam. Amsterdam is the official capital determined by the Constitution. However, the government, the Queen's palace and most embassies are located in The Hague. In addition, the International Tribunal is also located in The Hague. The official name is Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (Dutch, translated into "Kingdom of the Netherlands" in Chinese), but it is usually called Holland by mistake. In fact, the Netherlands is one of the two regions of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands originally meant "a low-lying country", so it used the plural form of common nouns and added articles. German is directly called Dutch (English) and Die Niederlande (German), while Latin is literally translated into les Pays-bas (French) and los Países Bajos (Spanish). History In ancient Rome, the area south of the Rhine belonged to "Belgian Gaul" province first and then to "Germanic province". There are many Germanic tribes living in the north and Gauls living in the south. These Gauls also merged with many Germanic tribes during the immigration period. Among them, Salien Franks moved to Gaul from here and established a powerful Morovian dynasty in the fifth century. In the Middle Ages, low-lying countries (including Holland, parts of West Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium and parts of northern France) had many feudal territories belonging to the Principality of Burgundy and the Holy Roman Empire. /kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, because of the complicated royal marriage, they were unified under the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. 1556, Emperor Carl V (reigned 15 19- 1556) abdicated, giving Spain and the lowlands (commonly known as the Northern Province) to his son Philip II, and Austria and the Habsburg Orthodox Church to his brother Ferdinand I. In this way, the Northern Province belongs to. 1568, an 80-year war against Spain broke out in the northern province because of resisting the centralization of the Spanish king and persecuting Protestant Calvinists. 1579, seven northern provinces (now the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg) established the Utrecht League against Spanish rule. This is considered to be the beginning of modern Holland. Lian Meng officially declared its independence. The war continued until 1648, when King Philip IV of Spain signed the Treaty of Mü nster, recognizing the unification of the seven lowlands (Netherlands)/seven provinces with the Republic (Republik der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/Provinci? 0? 5n), after gaining independence from Spain, the Netherlands developed into a maritime and trade power in the17th century. The Netherlands has established colonies and trade strongholds all over the world. This period is called the "golden age" of Holland. /kloc-In the late 7th century, the Netherlands went to war with Britain and France, lost to Britain at sea (the Anglo-Dutch War) and lost to France on land (the Franco-Dutch War), and went into decline. 1795 Holland was occupied by France. 18 15 After the French occupation under Napoleon ended, the Netherlands, now Belgium and Luxembourg, formed the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Het verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden). Belgium soon became independent at 1830, followed by Luxembourg. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, the Netherlands was relatively backward compared with its neighbors. The Netherlands remained neutral in World War I. The Netherlands was occupied by Germany in World War II1May 940 and was not liberated until 1945. After the war, the Dutch economy flourished again. The Netherlands is a member of Benelux, the European Economic Community and NATO. 1954, 15 In February, the Netherlands adopted Het Statuut, which made the former colonies and territories of the Netherlands enjoy the same status as the Netherlands. Since then, the Kingdom of the Netherlands refers to the kingdom composed of the Dutch mainland and its former colonies, and "Netherlands" refers to the Netherlands in continental Europe. At present, the Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of three parts, namely, the Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. On June 22, 2006, the Netherlands held the second parliamentary election. Among the 150 seats, the Dutch Christian Democratic Union won 4 1 seat, the Dutch Labor Party won 32 seats, the Socialist Party won 26 seats, and the Liberal Democratic People's Party won 22 seats. On February 22, 2007, the new Council of Ministers was sworn in, consisting of the Christian Democratic Union, the Labour Party and the Christian Union, with Jan Peter Balkenende as the Prime Minister. Politically, from 158 1 to 1806, the Netherlands is a * * * republic. From 1806 to 18 15, the Netherlands was briefly ruled by France. The Netherlands has been a constitutional monarchy since 18 15. Queen Beya Trix has been the head of state since 1980. Theoretically, the queen has the right to appoint members of the government. In fact, a coalition government is usually established according to the election results, and then the Queen announces the appointment of the head of government. The process of forming a government may take several months. The Dutch Parliament consists of the House of Commons and the Senate. The House of Commons consists of 150 members, who are elected every four years. The Senate has less power. Senators are elected every four years by newly elected provincial council members. Political scientists generally regard the Netherlands as a typical sample of deliberative democracy. The province and its dependency, the Netherlands, are divided into 12 administrative regions, which are called provinces: a schematic diagram of the division of Dutch provinces.
The asterisk is Amsterdam, the capital. * The Netherlands is divided into Groningen-Friesland)-Drenthe in the northeast-Upper aysel)-Groningen in the northeast, south of Groningen in the east and Frevoland in the middle)-Drenthe in the south and Gelland in the east). Utrecht)-South of Upper Ethel-North Holland in the middle-Zuid Holland in the northwest-Zeeland in the west of the middle-North Brabyn in the southwest-Limburg in the southeast, extending to Belgium. Save the first-class city (gemeenten n), ***489. Geographical flatness is the most striking feature of the Dutch terrain. Half of its land area is below sea level 1 m, and even below sea level in many places. Some areas are even formed by reclamation, such as most parts of Frehling Province. These lowlands are protected by seawalls. The Dutch have been competing with the ocean for generations, and the biggest enemy in the eyes of the Dutch is the ocean. The highest point in the Netherlands is Vaalserberg, located in the southeast corner of the country, with an altitude of 32 1 m. Rhine, Val and Marsh (English: Meuse; ; Dutch, German: Maas) divides the Netherlands in two. The prevailing southwest wind from the Azores high pressure belongs to the temperate maritime climate, with warm winter and cool summer. Economy The Netherlands has a prosperous and open economy. Since the 1980s, the government has gradually reduced its control over the economy. The main industries include food processing, chemical industry, oil refining, electrical and mechanical manufacturing. In agriculture, Dutch agriculture has achieved a high degree of mechanization. The population engaged in agriculture is less than 4% of the total population, but the output can be used for food processing and large-scale export. Dutch agricultural exports rank third in the world, second only to the United States and France. Among them, horticulture has been specialized in the Netherlands, and many flowers, seeds, saplings and bulbs are sold all over the world every year. Animal husbandry in the Netherlands is also world-famous. It mainly uses the method of grazing livestock to produce a large number of cheese products, so purebred cows and clogs have become traditional symbols representing the Netherlands. In terms of oil industry, the Netherlands originally had only two minerals: coal and salt. Since the discovery of oil in the North Sea after World War II, it has promoted the development of the entire Dutch refining industry and petrochemical industry. /kloc-After the 1960s, the discovery of natural gas made the whole Dutch petrochemical industry reach a peak, and the world-famous Royal Dutch Shell Group was one of them. As the initiator of the euro, the Netherlands began to use the euro instead of the Dutch guilder from 1999 1, and began to officially use euro coins and banknotes in 2002.