During the period of 1945- 1946, how many chief war criminals of fascist Germany were tried by international military courts?

1945 65438+1October 18, the first trial of the international military court was held in Berlin, and was moved to Nuremberg, Germany from1945 65438+1October 20th. After 2 16 sessions, it ended on 1 9461June1day. The court sentenced 22 of the 24 defendants: the following 12 people were hanged:

Herman. Goering, the No.2 figure of Nazi regime, aviation director, Prime Minister of Prussia, general of the army, the full executor of Germany's four-year plan, "Marshal of the Empire" and Hitler's "full heir".

John? German Foreign Minister ribbentrop.

William? Keitel, German Army General, Minister of the High Command of the National Defence Force.

Ernst? Kartenbronner, Director-General of German General Security.

Alfred. Rosemburg, a "Nazi thinker", was the editor-in-chief of Nazi publications and the minister of the German East Occupation Department.

Hans? Frank, the national leader of Nazi legal affairs, the governor of occupied Poland.

William? Fleek, Minister of the Interior, member of the National Defense Committee of the Cabinet, and "Protection Chief" of Bohemia and Moravia.

Julius. Streicher, editor-in-chief of the anti-Semitic publication The Forward.

Alfred. Jodl, Director of the Defense Department and Director of the Warfare Department of the German Defence Force Supreme Command.

Fritz? Sokol, the general of the stormtroopers and the SS, was in charge of labor affairs.

Saeijs? Inquart, Austrian Governor-General, the highest German official in the Dutch occupied area.

Martin? Bowman, Hitler's secretary.

Sentenced the following three people to life imprisonment:

Rudolph? Hess, member of the National Defense Commission, head of the secretariat of the Nazi Party and second heir to Hitler.

Erich? Lei Deer, Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Member of the National Defense Commission, Nominal Director of the Navy.

Walter. Feng Ke, Minister of the Government Information Office and Propaganda Department, Minister of German Economy, Chairman of the Plenipotentiary Committee on War Economy, and President of the National Bank of Germany.

Sentenced the following two people to 20 years' imprisonment:

Bardu? Hilach, German youth leader, governor of Vienna.

Albert. Speer, Minister of Arms and Munitions.

The following 1 people were sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment:

Constantine? Feng? Neureiter, Minister without portfolio, member of the National Defense Commission, Bohemian-Moravian "Protection Chief".

The following 1 people were sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment:

Carl. Deng Nici, commander of submarine fleet and commander-in-chief of navy.

The following three people were acquitted:

Flantz? Baben, German Chancellor, Deputy Prime Minister of Cabinet, Ambassador to Austria and Turkey.

Gaimar? Schacht, governor of the National Bank, member of the Plenipotentiary Committee on War Economy.

Hans? Fritch, director of the domestic information department of the propaganda department.

The following organizations were judged as criminal organizations:

German political leaders group;

Secret police and security service;

SS.

The following defendant organizations have not been judged as criminal organizations:

German cabinet;

Nazi stormtroopers;

General staff;

Supreme command of the national defense forces.

After the verdict was announced, the chairman explained that any appellant could submit a "request for forgiveness" to the management Committee within four days.

Subsequently, the President announced the dissenting opinions of Soviet judges. Tenichenko, a Soviet judge and judicial major general, believes that it is incorrect and unfounded not to declare the German Cabinet, the Chief of Staff and the Supreme Command of the National Defence Force as criminal organizations, to sentence the defendant Hess to life imprisonment, and to acquit and release the defendants Baben, schacht and Fritsch. Soviet judges set out their reasons in a 30-page opinion.

On the afternoon of June 6th 1946 10 1, the European International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg was adjourned.

Defendants ribbentrop and Hans? Frank, Saeijs? Inquare, Bardu? Albert Hillah? Speer, Carl? Six people, including Deng Nici, filed appeals for commutation. The defendant Goering appealed to change the hanging to shooting. All appeals were rejected and the court upheld the original judgment.

During the trial, the world public paid close attention to Nuremberg. It is gratifying to sentence Germany's number one war criminal.

However, the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal acquitted or lightly sentenced a few Nazi leaders, which was opposed by the public and criticized by world public opinion. 250,000 workers in Berlin went on strike to protest. Thousands of citizens gathered in Hamburg, demanding that the international military court sentence schacht and others to death. The French newspaper Humane believes that "releasing Papen and others is tantamount to inviting Hitler's gang to restart their activities". The Jewish League in the French resistance sent a letter to the International Court of Justice to protest the release of schacht and others. The Austrian government requested the Nuremberg International Tribunal to extradite the released Baben, schacht and Schirach to that country in order to try these war criminals who invaded Austria again.

No one was more surprised than themselves when the three defendants learned that they were released. They are afraid to leave the prison. Schacht said: "I am very worried that the German people ... really feel that there is no place to live" and asked for temporary "permission to stay in prison". Baben wanted to go to France, but France refused to go through the border formalities for him.

The Nuremberg trial was the first international trial of the organizers, conspirators, instigators and planners of the war of aggression in history, which set a precedent for sending war criminals to the international court for punishment according to law. This accusation against war criminals is based on recognized international laws and practices that guide the conduct of war. As the first case in the history of international criminal law, it will go down in history forever.

Although the Nuremberg trial liquidated the Nazi system and achieved a temporary goal, the most ideal goal of the Nuremberg Tribunal-making the war illegal and providing an international court to try the war of aggression-has caused controversy that continues to this day. However, in any case, Nuremberg is a milestone in the law of international relations, which has left a set of codes of conduct for the contemporary world to deal with war issues.

19461June 16 in the early morning, the execution of Nazi war criminals sentenced to hanging began in Nuremberg prison. Goering cheated the prison guard two hours before the execution and committed suicide by swallowing potassium cyanide. Martin, a war criminal sentenced to hanging? Bowman was tried in absentia and was "executed after being hunted down and brought to justice". The rest of the sentenced war criminals were sent to prison to serve their sentences.

In Nuremberg, the US military court conducted 177 follow-up trials on 65,438 defendants who held important positions in Nazi Germany's political, economic and military institutions and organizations, namely: ① doctor trials (medical experiments for prisoners of war and prisoners in concentration camps). (2) m hill trial (for marshal e m hill). (3) Judge trial (for senior judicial officials who used the law to persecute Jews and Nazi opposition). (4) Bohr trial (for H.von Bohr, leader of SS concentration camp management organization). ⑤ Frick trial (for President F Frick and Kang Zeen who used a lot of foreign forced labor). 6. The trial of French companies (for the activities of French companies in the occupied areas). ⑦ Hostage-killing trial (aimed at the generals who killed hostages in anti-guerrilla warfare in Southeast Europe). Race and Immigration Experiment (SS's Race Plan). Pet-name ruby SS special operations forces trial (for Olendorf and other special operations forces commanders). Participate in the Krupp trial (for Krupp Konzern and his leaders). ? 1 1 William street trial (for crimes against peace committed by senior officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and several government ministers). 12 trial of the supreme command of the national defense forces (senior officers of the supreme command). In the subsequent trial, 24 people were sentenced to death (including 12), 35 people were released and the rest were sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment. But by 1956, they were all released.

The Nuremberg trial was prosecuted and convicted according to the following four charges: ① planning, preparing, launching or carrying out war crimes. (2) Participating in the implementation of war and planning crimes. Together, these two crimes are called crimes against peace. (3) War crime (referring to violation of the laws or customs of war). (4) Crimes against humanity (refers to the slaughter, extermination and slavery of civilians, etc.). The Nuremberg trial laid the foundation for future trials of crimes against peace and marked the great development of international law.