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Jamestown Colony Established 13 years ago, another British colony, Plymouth Colony, was established in the north of Jamestown Colony. By concluding the Mayflower Convention, the founders of Plymouth Colony brought the spark of democracy in the old continent-the theory of state contract-to the new North American continent.

1) Puritans

In addition to economic benefits, enthusiasm for religious freedom was also an important factor in early immigration to North American colonies, especially in northern New England.

After King Henry VIII led the religious reform in 1536 ~ 1540, the differences and contradictions among various religious factions in Britain became increasingly serious. Some church members have radical religious views. They think that the measures taken by the Anglican Church to reform religious worship and eliminate the influence of Catholicism were not thorough. They opposed the compromise measures taken by the church to Catholicism, especially the privilege of bishops, advocated the direct religious experience of believers, demanded the reform of complex religious ceremonies and advocated simple religious etiquette. This religious Sect is called Puritanism for short in history.

At that time, the British government and the authorities in charge of the church were very afraid of the views and influence of Puritanism and tried their best to persecute them. Many Puritans were forced to leave Britain, and some came to the Netherlands (including today's Netherlands and Belgium) where religion was more enlightened. However, some Puritans could not find a sense of belonging in the Netherlands, so they planned to go to the New World of North America, hoping to find their dream religious freedom there.

② "Mayflower"

Among the Puritans who yearned for the new world, there was a man named William Brewster, who knew Sir Sands, the financial director of Virginia Company in London. Through this relationship, they obtained the right to settle in the northern territory of the company and got some financial assistance from an iron ore dealer in London. After everything was ready, they left Holland and returned to England, where they began their historical journey to the New World.

1620 On September 6th, about 102 people boarded the ship "Mayflower" and left Plymouth Harbor in England. Half of this 102 people are Puritans, and the rest are bankrupt farmers, craftsmen and fishermen. Mayflower was originally a merchant ship that transported wine between Britain and France. After modification, it is 27 meters long and has a load of 180 tons. After more than 60 days of wandering, on June 5438+065438+ 10/9, the immigrants finally saw Cape Cod on the east coast of North America, and they were ready to continue sailing to the Hudson River (which was then under the jurisdiction of Virginia Company). However, due to the rough sea and the change of wind direction, the food and fresh water they carried were about to run out, so they had to return to Cape Cod. 165438+1October 2 1 day, they landed in the New World of America in Plymouth Bay.

Because they failed to reach the Virginia colony as planned, their land license had no legal effect there, and there were religious differences among immigrants. In this context, in order to effectively manage and restrain the immigrant team, the leader of Puritans, William Brewster, negotiated with william bradford and others and decided to draw up a management principle for future settlement, which was later called Plymouth Agreement or Mayflower Convention. This convention requires people who immigrated to the New World to uphold the religious beliefs of Puritans, and at the same time swear allegiance to the British government headed by the King of England, and decided to voluntarily form a "civil autonomy group" to formulate fair and equal laws and regulations to ensure compliance and obedience. This convention constituted the embryonic form of American constitutionalism, and later historians regarded it as the first political contract document in American history. It is of great significance and influence in the evolution of American political and legal system.

The landing time and place chosen by "Mayflower" is very unfavorable to immigrants. It was the middle of winter, and the local land was hard and stony, which was not suitable for farming. As a result, at least half of the immigrants died of cold and disease within one year, and no more than 50 immigrants survived to the next spring. However, the surviving immigrants were not intimidated by the difficulties. They built strong houses, learned to fish and hunt, and friendly Indians taught them how to grow corn. Although life is hard, when a boat passed by 1622 and promised to take them back to England, no immigrant backed out and offered to go back.

However, due to the lack of king's charter and unclear legal status, Plymouth colony was merged into Massachusetts colony on 169 1.

(3) City of the Peak

1620, some employees of Plymouth Company set up Massachusetts Bay Company. After 1629 was chartered by the British royal family, the company entrusted John winthrop, the manor owner in Suffolk, England, to arrange the immigration plan. 1630 In March, John winthrop led 1000 pilgrims with moderate religious attitudes to the Bay of Massachusetts in five ships. With the support of Massachusetts Bay Company, the number of immigrants coming to Massachusetts has gradually exceeded 20,000. Soon, the headquarters of Massachusetts Bay Company moved from England to this colony, and the Massachusetts colony developed rapidly around Boston.

The Puritans in Massachusetts came to the New World with devout religious ideals, and they tried to build a "city on the top of the mountain" here, that is, to set a sacred example for all mankind. To this end, the local government issued laws requiring people to strictly abide by the teachings and severely punish immoral behaviors such as alcoholism and adultery. Even if a man's hair is a little longer, it will get into trouble. These strict and complicated rules and regulations quickly aroused the dissatisfaction of some immigrants. Pastor roger williams, who lives in Salem, resolutely opposes the local government's policy of integrating politics with religion. He believes that the church and the government should be separated and not interfere with each other. The government cannot enforce religious laws, and religion itself ultimately depends on individual consciousness and feelings. His views were quickly rejected by the local Puritan rulers. 1635 was expelled from the colony by the Massachusetts General Court. Reverend Williams and his supporters fled to Narragansett Bay, where they established a new colony called Rhode Island and pursued a policy of separation of church and state.

(D) The establishment of the North American colonial system

Another colony established by Puritans was the Pennsylvania colony, which was founded by Quaker leader william penn from Puritanism. Quakers refused to take the oath and perform military service, which was quickly rejected by the British government, and a large number of Christians immigrated to North America. Payne's father is a famous British military general, and Payne himself is very capable. 168 1 14 In March, he obtained a charter from King Charles I of England and owned land in Pennsylvania. 1682, Payne founded Philadelphia, which was a name he synthesized with two Greek words and expressed his plan. Payne's policy of religious freedom and his fair reputation soon attracted a large number of immigrants from Europe, many of whom came from small Protestant factions in Germany to escape religious persecution.

By the second half of the18th century, British colonists had established 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast, namely, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, which initially laid the foundation of the colonial system in North America. Subtitle: Sailing that changed the world.

Introduction: On June 1620, 165438+101day, after 66 days of drifting at sea, the sailboat Mayflower approached the land. There are 102 passengers on the bus. Their destination was the mouth of the Hudson River, but because of the dangerous waves, they missed the target, so they moored at the present Providence Port outside Cape Cod. Because it was late autumn, they decided to land there instead of continuing to sail. In order to establish a self-governing foundation that everyone can bind, they signed a convention before going ashore.

About one third of these passengers were Puritans, who initially fled to Leiden, the Netherlands, to seek religious freedom. Later, these British colonists were called Puritans. They had negotiated an agreement with the Virginia Colonial Company in London, that is, the Virginia Colonial Company authorized them to settle anywhere on the company's vast land and manage it by themselves.

4 1 The male passenger signed the convention on board. In this document, which was later called the Mayflower Convention, the signatories vowed to establish an autonomous organization, which was established on the basis of the consent of the ruled and will be governed by law.

This Convention is formulated by Mayflower (all)1620165438+10/month1. After drifting at sea for 66 days, the may flower sailboat approached the land. There are 102 passengers on the bus. Their destination was the mouth of the Hudson River, but because of the dangerous waves, they missed the target, so they moored at the present Providence Port outside Cape Cod. Because it was late autumn, they decided to land there instead of continuing to sail. In order to establish a self-governing foundation that everyone can bind, they signed a convention before going ashore.

About one third of these passengers were Puritans, who initially fled to Leiden, the Netherlands, to seek religious freedom. Later, these British colonists were called Puritans. They had negotiated an agreement with the Virginia Colonial Company in London, that is, the Virginia Colonial Company authorized them to settle anywhere on the company's vast land and manage it by themselves.

4 1 The male passenger signed the convention on board. In this document, which was later called the Mayflower Convention, the signatories vowed to establish an autonomous organization, which was established on the basis of the consent of the ruled and will be governed by law.

This convention is signed by every parent, every adult single man and most hired footmen in may flower. Since women did not have political rights at that time, they were not required to sign.

On the second day of Christmas, 102 settlers landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Those who signed the contract formed the autonomous government of Plymouth colony, which had the right to elect officials, pass laws and recruit new voting members. In June of that year165438+1October 1 1, the convention reached on a ship anchored in a desolate harbor laid the foundation for the establishment of autonomy and legal system in the New World.

In the name of God, amen. We, the undersigned, are God-blessed kings of Great Britain, France and Ireland, loyal subjects of His Majesty King James, the defender of faith and church.

For the glory of God, to strengthen the mutual respect of Christianity, and to enhance the honor of our king and country, we crossed the ocean and developed the first colony in Northern Virginia. Before God, we vowed to sign a contract and voluntarily form a people's self-governing group. In order to better realize, maintain and develop the above-mentioned goals, we will ensure that we will abide by and obey all laws, regulations, rules, articles of association and systems formulated and promulgated in the future that are considered most suitable and convenient for all the people in this colony.

On the second day of Christmas, 102 settlers landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Those who signed the contract formed the autonomous government of Plymouth colony, which had the right to elect officials, pass laws and recruit new voting members. In June of that year165438+1October 1 1, the convention reached on a ship anchored in a desolate harbor laid the foundation for the establishment of autonomy and legal system in the New World. This is a mysterious ship, and she reprinted America. Through this ship, you can learn about America; If you want to know about America, you must go through this ship. If you don't know this ship, then you don't know America. A voyage that changed the world touched the words of a country.