Historical evolution of Jungar Banner

As early as ancient times, Jungar Banner has traces of ancient human activities. Archaeologists have discovered many early Paleolithic stone tool remains on the banks of the Nalin River in Jungar Banner and along the Yellow River. It proves that there were ancient human activities in the Jungar Banner area during the Paleolithic Age. They lived and multiplied here, leading a group life based mainly on hunting and supplemented by gathering.

In the Neolithic period (from 7,000 to 4,000 years ago), people from the Yangshao culture moved into the Ordos area from Shaanxi, Henan, etc. to cultivate wasteland and turn it into an agricultural area. Human relics from this period are scattered all over the Ordos Plateau, including the Fengma, Yaoziliang, Guandi, Yangwan, Hejia Shabei, Zhangjia Gedan and other sites in Zhungeer Banner. In the late stage of Longshan Culture (more than 4,000 years ago), descendants of Daihai Laohushan Culture settled in Ordos. At the same time, cultural groups from the same period in southern Shanxi and Guanzhong areas and later Qijia cultural groups from Qinghai and Gansu areas also came eastward. Ordos region. At that time, the ecological environment of the Ordos Plateau was evolving from a forest-steppe environment to a grassland environment, and the climate was gradually getting colder, prompting the agricultural economy to develop into a semi-agricultural economy. The most representative cultural sites in Zhungeer Banner during this period include Yongxingdian, Erliban and Dakou. Until about 3,500 years ago, Jungar Banner, like other areas in Ordos, gradually transformed into a social and economic state dominated by animal husbandry.

When the Central Plains region entered the Bronze Age (i.e., the Xia and Shang dynasties), bronze ware appeared on the Ordos Plateau almost at the same time. The use of bronze vessels promoted social and economic development; changes in the natural environment separated the nomadic economy from the agricultural economy. Since then, Ordos has become the hometown of nomads. At that time, the plateau had luxuriant forest and grass, and the forest was distributed in the north, east and south of the plateau, with a coverage of more than 50%.

During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the Jungar Banner was mostly occupied by nomadic tribes in the north, and there were occasional conflicts with the Central Plains.

In the early Warring States period, the three families of Han, Zhao and Wei were divided into Jin, and part of the Zhungeer Banner in the east of Ordos today fell under the jurisdiction of Shangjun of the State of Wei. And a Great Wall was built along the 10 to 20 kilometers of the Yellow River in the east to prevent foreign invasion. After Wei was defeated by Qin, it was forced to cede 15 counties for peace, including eastern Ordos (today's Jungar Banner area), which was also included in Qin's territory. In order to prevent the intrusion of northern ethnic minorities, the Qin State built the Great Wall from the north of Longxi, Beidi, and Shangjun to the urban and rural areas of Twelve Companies in Zhungar Banner, and planted an elm forest belt along with the Great Wall, which was called "Elm Creek Stop" at the time. To the east of the Great Wall is the jurisdiction of Shangjun of the State of Qin, and to the west is the nomadic area of ??Linhu, Loufan and other ethnic groups.

In the middle of the Warring States Period, the Xiongnu tribe rose up and formed a powerful alliance with the Linhu, Loufan and other tribes in Ordos. They took advantage of the war between Qin and the Six Kingdoms to invade the Great Wall. , occupying the entire Ordos Plateau and parts of Shaanxi and northern Shanxi. Zhao State is neighboring the Xiongnu and is often threatened by the Xiongnu. During the reign of King Wuling of Zhao, after the reform of "Hufu riding and shooting", the national strength greatly increased. In 306 BC, he defeated the Linhu and Loufan tribes, entered the Ordos Plateau, and established Yunzhong County in today's Tuoketuo County. Jiuyuan County is located in the northwest, which governs the northeast and northwest of Ordos. It implements military farming, develops agricultural production, and strengthens border defense. In 234 BC, the Qin army defeated Zhao Bing, and the Ordos Plateau belonged to Qin again. Then the Huns crossed the Yellow River and occupied the Ordos Plateau.

After Qin Shihuang unified China, he established counties in the Ordos region. The eastern and northern parts of Jungar Banner belonged to Yunzhong County and Jiuyuan County respectively; the southwestern part governed Meiji County and Pingding County. The ancient city discovered in Butugou, Narisong Town, present-day Zhungeer Banner, has been verified to be the Guangyan County seat of Shangjun County established by the Qin Dynasty. At the end of the Qin Dynasty, "the princes rebelled against Qin, China was disrupted, the Qin Dynasty moved away, and those who guarded the border returned." The Ordos Plateau was reoccupied by the Xiongnu Maodun Chanyu and designated as the pastoral area of ??King Youxian.

In the first year of Yuanshuo of the Han Dynasty (128 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty launched the Battle of Monan and sent general Wei Qing to drive away King Suijia and King Aries of the Huns who were stationed in the Ordos Plateau. The army occupied the Ordos Plateau and set up counties here. Most of the Jungar Banner belonged to Yunzhong County.

During the Sui Dynasty, Zhungeer Banner was first under the jurisdiction of Yulin County and then under the jurisdiction of Shengzhou. According to historical records, Yulinguan was established in the third year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (583), and Songlin County was established in the seventh year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign, under the jurisdiction of Yunzhou. In twenty years, Yunzhou Yulin (the ancient city of Twelve Liancheng in Zhungar Banner), Fuchang (now the ancient city of Tianshun Geliang in Zhungar Banner), and Jinhe (now the ancient city of Halabanshen in Tuoketuo County) were conquered. state. In the fifth year of Daye (609), Emperor Yangdi changed Shengzhou into Yulin County, and still controlled the three counties of Yulin, Fuchang and Jinhe, with a household number of 2230. Yulin County was governed, and its jurisdiction included present-day Zhungeer Banner and Tuoke in Hohhot. Tuo County and parts of Lingel County. In the third year of Daye, Emperor Yang visited the north and held a banquet in Yulin County, Shengzhou (the ancient city of Twelve Lianchengs in Jungar Banner) for 3,500 chiefs of Turkic tribes, Khitan, Xi and other tribes. Shengzhou became famous all over the world.

In the third year of Tang Zhenguan, the Tang Dynasty established Shengzhou (Yulin County in the Sui Dynasty). In the first year of Tianbao, it was changed to Yulin County, and in the first year of Qianyuan, it was renamed Shengzhou. It led two counties: Yulin (now the ancient city of Twelve Liancheng in Zhungar Banner) and Hebin (now the ancient city of Tianshun Geliang in Zhungar Banner). There are 1,187 households, a population of 20,952, and the state governs Yulin County.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, a small vassal tribe called the Zangcai tribe (also translated as the Zangchale tribe) in northwest my country took advantage of the war and entered Junggar in the eastern part of the Ordos Plateau. within the flag.

When the Liao invaded Western Xia, Wang Chengmei, the leader of the Tibetan tribe, led his troops to join the Liao. The Liao awarded his left hand the rank of General Niuwei and helped him build a city and stronghold in Erchangqu Village, Narisong Town, Jungar Banner. In the second year of Kaibao in the Song Dynasty (969), Wang Chengmei returned to the Song Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty named the city Fengzhou. At that time, the Northern Song Dynasty called Fengzhou (the ancient city of Erchangqu Village, Narisong Town, Jungar Banner), Fuzhou (now Fugu County, Shaanxi Province), and Linzhou (now Beiyangjiacheng, Shenmu County, Shaanxi Province) as the "Three Prefectures Outside the River" . The three states are distributed in the shape of pin, taking care of each other and sticking to the northern gateway of the Northern Song Dynasty. Therefore, the Northern Song Dynasty attached great importance to Fengzhou City and appointed Wang Chengmei as the commander of Fengzhou Yanei, and later promoted to the defense envoy, which was inherited by his descendants from generation to generation. In 1126, when the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, the Xixia people took the opportunity to occupy Fengzhou City. It was occupied by the Jin people for a while, but later it returned to Xixia.

After Genghis Khan unified all the Mongolian tribes in Mobei, he gradually went south and destroyed the Jin and Xixia. The Jungar Banner was occupied by the Yuan Dynasty. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there was a forest area with pine and juniper as the main tree species in the southeastern part of the Ordos Plateau, connecting the northwest Shanxi region to the northeast and the Yulin region of Shaanxi to the southwest. However, due to the impact of climate change, man-made logging and war damage, the forest has been weakening year by year. The famous "Pine King" in Zhungar Banner today was born naturally during the reign of Emperor Yingzong of the Northern Song Dynasty.

In the fourth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1371), the Ming army captured Dongsheng Prefecture (now the ancient city of Tuoketuo County) and set up a guard. In the same year, Yuan Zhiyuan Du Lian Timur and others led their troops to surrender, and the Ming Dynasty Five thousand households were set up near Dongshengwei and in the northeastern part of the Ordos Plateau, such as Baochi, Wuhuacheng, Oruluhunu, Yanzhi, and Wengji, and resettled the Mongolian surrender people under the jurisdiction of Dongshengwei. In the twenty-fifth year, the Dongsheng Guards were divided into five Dongsheng Guards: left, right, middle, front and rear. The following year, the three Dongsheng Guards, the middle, front and rear were dismissed. The seat of Dongsheng Youwei is now the ancient city of Twelve Liancheng in Zhungeer Banner. In the first year of Yongle (1403), Dongsheng Zuowei and Youwei moved to the interior. It was restored again in the third year of Zhengtong (1438), but was abolished soon after.

During the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty (1426-1435), the forces of the Mongolian tribes gradually expanded southward, threatening the security of the northern part of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty also began to set up border towns and build border walls in the north. The Suibian Wall was built in the southern part of the Ordos Plateau. This border wall starts from Zichengyan, Dazhan Village, Longkou Town, Jungar Banner, in the east, and reaches the northeast of Yanchi, Ningxia, in the west. It has since become the boundary between Ordos City in Inner Mongolia (formerly Yikezhao League) and Shaanxi Province.

In the sixth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1649 AD), the Qing government divided the Ordos tribe into six Zasak banners: the front, middle and rear left wing of Ordos and the front, middle and rear right wing of Ordos. Ordos Left Front Banner, commonly known as Jungar Banner. At this point, the Jungar Banner initially established a flag administration, with Prime Minister Zasak in charge of the flag administration.

During the Shunzhi period, in order to strengthen control over the Ordos tribes, the Qing emperor designated an area 50 miles wide to the north of the Great Wall and about 2,000 miles long from east to west as a forbidden area, commonly known as the "Black Boundary Area". It is clearly stipulated that Han farmers are not allowed to cross the Great Wall to enter the Ordos pastureland, and Ordos herdsmen are not allowed to enter this forbidden land, let alone cross the Great Wall to enter Han areas, further strengthening the southern boundary of the Jungar Banner.

In the 36th year of Kangxi (1697), the Qing government allowed the Han people in northern Shaanxi to cross the Great Wall and farm in the "black boundary land" and pay rent to the Prince of Mengqi every year. In the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), Han people were allowed to cross-border farming within 50 miles north of the Great Wall. As a result, the farmland of Zhungeer Banner gradually increased and the pastureland began to shrink.

In the third year of Xuantong (1911 AD), after Aisin Gioro Puyi abdicated, Yuan Shikai became the interim president of the Republic of China and announced that "the various policies implemented by the Qing court towards Mongolia will continue to be in effect", so the Yi League The alliance flag system continues to be implemented, and the administrative divisions of the seven banners have not changed significantly. In the first year of the Republic of China (1912), the Beijing government of the Republic of China was established, still following the Qing system. During the Anti-Japanese War, Ma Zhanshan accepted the order of the Nationalist Government to "guard the Yi League and also guard the river defense" and led his troops into the Jungar Banner to resist the war. He persisted until Japan surrendered and then led the troops to withdraw.

In April 1948, the Jungar Banner was liberated and the Jungar Banner Provisional Government Affairs Committee was established. The government headquarters was located in Shagetu. In April 1950, the last leader of the Jungar Banner, Zhasak Qifuhai, returned to Shage and handed over the seal, and the banner administration was finally unified under the People's Government. In September 1955, the Banner People's Government was renamed the Banner People's Committee. In April 1968, it was renamed the Revolutionary Committee. In January 1981, it was renamed the People's Government. In August 1999, the headquarters of the Banner People's Government was moved from Shagedu to Xuejiawan.