65438+In the 1960s, the United States faced a crisis of division. What war did it take to safeguard the reunification of the motherland?

Background Oil Painting during the American Civil War The Civil War, also known as the American Civil War, was a large-scale civil war in American history. The two sides involved in the war are the United States of America (referred to as the Federation) and the United States of America (referred to as the Confederacy). The war broke out because 1 1 states in the south of the United States withdrew from the union on the grounds that abraham lincoln became president in 186 1, set up a government with Jefferson Davis as the "president", expelled the federal troops stationed in the south, and Lincoln ordered to attack the "rebellious" states. This war not only changed the political and economic situation in the United States at that time, but also led to the final abolition of slavery in the southern United States, which also had a great impact on the later American civil society.

Directory [hidden]

Causing north-south confrontation and conflict

separation of nationalities

Southern States

Border state

The process of war, the beginning of war

Python plan and federal blockade 186 1

Eastern Battlefield/KOOC-0/86/KOOC-0/–/KOOC-0/863 Pan-Mississippi Battlefield/KOOC-0/86/KOOC-0/–/KOOC-0/865.

Awarded to the tiger

The confederacy collapsed.

North-South Church

Post-war period

Rebuild the south

Major battles in other wars

Literary relevance

film

novel

Causing north-south confrontation and conflict

separation of nationalities

Southern States

Border state

The process of war, the beginning of war

Python plan and federal blockade 186 1

Eastern Battlefield/KOOC-0/86/KOOC-0/–/KOOC-0/863 Pan-Mississippi Battlefield/KOOC-0/86/KOOC-0/–/KOOC-0/865.

Awarded to the tiger

The confederacy collapsed.

North-South Church

Post-war period

Rebuild the south

Major battles in other wars

Literary relevance

film

novel

[Edit this paragraph] Reason

The main items of three important battles of the American Civil War: the causes of the American Civil War and the timetable of the American Civil War. There is a persistent dispute between American states and the central government, whether it is the power of the central government or the loyalty of citizens, and this competition has been uncovered almost from the beginning of the establishment of * * *. For example, Kentucky and Virginia's resolution 1798 openly opposes Hakka law and foreigners and incitement. In addition, in the Hartford Convention, New England expressed its opposition to President Madison's war with 18 12. In fact, the relationship between the Civil War and the abolition of slavery is not obvious in the eyes of white Americans. 1828 and 1832, the national assembly passed the tariff increase for European industrial products to benefit the industries of the northern states. Because this tariff policy will have an economic impact on South Carolina and other southern states, which are heavily dependent on exporting agricultural products to Europe, American southern agriculture is ridiculed as "tariff aversion" because it is worried that European countries will retaliate against the United States and raise tariffs on American agricultural products. In response, the South Carolina legislature convened a state congress, and by repealing the laws, it declared that the 1828 and 1832 tariff laws were invalid in the state. The state legislature has also passed relevant laws to implement regulations, including authorizing the organization of troops and the purchase of weapons. In response to the threat from South Carolina, Congress passed the force bill. In June 1 832+065438+1October, President Jackson sent seven small naval vessels and1armed warships to Charleston. In February, 10, 10, Jackson refuted one side of the provisions on the right to annul federal statutes. On the eve of the Civil War, the United States was a country composed of four distinct regions: the northeast (that is, today's New England)-the industry and commerce developed day by day, and the corresponding population density increased; Northwest China (today's Midwest)-Free peasants developed rapidly here. Because of the Northwest Law, there will never be slavery here. Upper south-farming farms, but some areas are in recession; Southwest China-a cotton economic zone that has mushroomed. At this time, a masterpiece that shocked the world, Uncle Tom's Cabin, was published. It was forcibly reprinted as soon as it was published. The reader wipes his tears while reading, and the observer has a sore nose while listening. The publication of this book made the people in the north know the bitterness and tears of slaves and accelerated the promulgation of the "Abolition Order". Before the outbreak of the civil war, the American Constitution provided the basis for peaceful debate for the future government, and it could balance the conflicts and contradictions of interests in this new state relationship. A few years later, the number of free States and slave States gradually balanced the Senate through compromise. Texas, the last slave state, was recognized in 1845, and five free states were recognized between 1846 and 1859. Kansas, originally a slave-holding state, was rejected before and joined as a free state in 186 1. Subsequently, a large-scale democratic industrial revolution and industrialization wave arose in the north, and the old two-party system was lifted. The increasingly hostile ideology makes it increasingly impossible to conclude gentleman's agreements (such as Missouri compromise and 1850 compromise) to avoid crises in the past. At the same time, the use of slaves in the southern States makes the northern States the first choice destination for new immigrants, so that the advantages of the north in parliamentary and presidential elections are getting stronger and stronger according to the population size. 1850 s, the party struggle took a sharp turn in essence and intensity. The American Republican Party was founded in 1854. Both this new political party and Lincoln are opposed to free trade and abraham lincoln Easy. In order to protect the emerging industries in the northern part of the United States, this is completely contrary to today's * * and the party's position (Harvard Business Review, April 2009). Although a few northerners support the measures to abolish slavery in the south, the CPC has the ability to get the support of northerners and westerners who are unwilling to compete with slaves. * * * The Republican Party has won many former Whigs and former members of the Democratic Party in the North. They are worried that the US Senate, the Buchanan administration and the Supreme Court will be disproportionately influenced by the South. At the same time, the rich profits of cotton deepened the south's dependence on farming and slaves. The owners of a few slaves, especially cotton growers, controlled the politics and society in the south. * * * Republican Lincoln's election triggered a split in the South. Lincoln was a moderate who opposed slavery. He promised to do his best to oppose the expansion of slavery in the new territory (and prevent any new slave-holding States from joining the union); But he also said that the federal government could not abolish slavery in the state where it was implemented, so he would enforce the slave escape law. Southern States are expected to increase hostility to their unique system; And don't believe that Lincoln and many other * * * and party member can completely abolish slavery. Lincoln even encouraged abolitionists in 1858 to gradually and peacefully terminate slavery by giving economic compensation to slave owners and organizing former slaves to move out of slave-holding states. Because Lincoln won the presidential election, the slave state lost the balance of power in the Senate and will face continuous weakness after decades of control by the presidential palace and Congress. Renye Fang felt powerless to stop protectionist tariffs similar to Morelle's tariff law. Before the invalid crisis of 1798 and 1832 in Kentucky and Virginia, people debated it. Faced with the threat of tariffs, the South unilaterally exercised state power to secede from the Federation.

North-South Opposition and Conflict

Although Lincoln, a Republican from the north of the United States, is not an advocate of the emancipation of slaves, he thinks slavery is inhuman and opposes its expansion, but the South, which has been using slaves to develop industry, strongly opposes it. However, the north also has hatred for the workers monopolist in the south, and the two sides began to have contradictions. 1860, Lincoln was elected president, and the protection of tariffs and homestead laws mentioned by Lincoln in his platform greatly weakened the interests of southern slave owners. This made South Carolina immediately announce its withdrawal from the Union at 186 1, and the southern States also responded to South Carolina's withdrawal from the Union, established the "american league" and elected Jefferson Davis from Kentucky as president. Two months later, the southern government began to launch an armed uprising, the northern government was forced to participate in the war, and the civil war began to break out.

[Edit this paragraph] Ethnic division

Before Lincoln entered the White House, seven states seceded from the Union. 186 1 On February 9th, they organized and established a new southern government-the United States of America. With a little resistance from Buchanan, they gained control of the federal castles and properties under their jurisdiction. Ironically, after secession, the rebel states weakened their demands on disputed areas, canceled the responsibility of the North to return fugitive slaves, and ensured the smooth passage of bills and amendments they had long opposed. The Civil War began when Confederate general P G T Bo Regard opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina.

[Edit this paragraph] Southern States

* * * After the US presidential election 1860 Before Lincoln took office, seven states quickly seceded from the Union. These states are: South Carolina (1860 65438+February 2 1), Mississippi (186 1) and Florida (186 1). 38+1October 1 1) Georgia (186 1 1) Louisiana (1861) The Confederacy of America was founded, with Jefferson Davis as president. After the Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina, Lincoln called on the troops of other states to recover Fort Sumter. As a result, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee seceded from the Union.

[Edit this paragraph] Border States

Maryland, Delaware, Missouri and Kentucky around Virginia still maintained slavery (so-called "slave States"), but they did not join the Confederacy. These four States and West Virginia (residents of some counties in northwest West Virginia refused to leave the United States federal government, so another group of people from West Virginia joined the union) became the border States of the Civil War. Although Delaware supported John C. Breckinridge, the candidate of the Southern Democratic Party, in the election of 1860, slavery was not widespread, so it was not considered to leave the federal government. At first, most citizens in Maryland also supported Breckenridge, but after the riots in 186 1 Baltimore were declared martial law by the federal government, the state legislature rejected the proposal to leave the federal government on April 27th of the same year. Although Missouri and Kentucky did not secede from the United States federal government, some politicians formed the so-called "secession", which was recognized by the Confederacy. Claiborne F. Jackson, the governor of Missouri, left the state capital of Jefferson City in 186 1 because he supported the southern independence movement, and set up a government in exile in Yu Na to declare his secession. In the same year1October 30th 10 Confederacy recognized. At the same time, the federal government of the United States held a constitutional convention in Missouri, rejected the proposal of secession, and established another state government. Although Kentucky did not secede from the Union, it declared its long-term neutrality during the Civil War. During the short-term occupation of the state by Confederate troops, people and politicians sympathetic to the south initiated an independent meeting and elected a governor, which was immediately recognized by the Confederacy. As mentioned above, the residents of northwest Virginia finally left Virginia because they refused to leave the federal government, and announced that slavery would be abolished gradually. The state formally joined the Union in the name of West Virginia on 1863. In addition to Virginia, similar anti-independence movements also occurred from time to time in other southern States, but they were all suppressed by the confederacy in the form of martial law. On the other hand, although New Mexico is loyal to the federal government, the southern counties of the state decided to leave the union and join the confederacy in the name of Arizona. Although New Mexico never declared its secession from the federal government, the Confederacy claimed the sovereignty of New Mexico and briefly occupied its capital Santa Fe from March to April 6, 65438. 1862. However, the Confederacy did not further organize the temporary state government of New Mexico.

[Edit this paragraph] War process

The beginning of the war

1860 Lincoln's victory in the US presidential election triggered the secession of South Carolina. By February 186 1, six more states will secede. On February 7th, seven states adopted the provisional constitution of the Confederacy and established their capital in Montgomery. The 186 1 peace conference held in Washington in February before the war failed to solve the crisis. The rest of the southern states remained in the Union. Some breakaway states seized the Federal Fort (but not Fort Sumter). President Buchanan protested, but there was no serious military response except trying to provide supplies to Fort Sumter. However, the governors of Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania secretly bought weapons and trained troops. Less than a month later, on March 4, 186 1, Lincoln officially took office as the president of the United States. At the inaugural meeting, he advocated that the Constitution is a "more perfect combination", which is different from the previous Confederate regulations as a binding contract. And declared that secession was "legally invalid". He claimed that he had no intention of invading the southern States, but would use force to maintain the ownership of federal property. His speech ended with a call for the restoration of federal relations. The South once sent representatives to Washington, willing to pay the price for federal property and discuss a peace treaty with the United States. Lincoln refused to negotiate with the Confederate representatives on the grounds that the Confederacy was not a legitimate government, and negotiations were equivalent to recognizing the Confederacy as a sovereign government. Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, is one of the three fortresses within the Confederacy that are still under federal control. Lincoln insisted on holding it. Under the orders of Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederacy, the troops of the Confederacy government shelled the fortress on April 6, forcing it to surrender. In response to Lincoln's call to the States, the North sent troops to recapture the fortress and protect the Union. In the small-scale rebellion at that time, Lincoln called 74,000 volunteers in 90 days. A few months ago, some governors had carefully prepared militia; The operation began the next day. Although the four upper southern States (Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina and Virginia) repeatedly rejected the Confederacy proposal, they refused to send troops to fight against their compatriots and announced their secession and joining the Confederacy. In return for Virginia, the Confederacy moved its capital to Richmond. That city is a symbol of the confederacy; Once it falls, the Confederacy will lose its legal status. Richmond is located on a winding supply line, which is difficult to defend. Although Richmond has deep ditches and high fortifications, the supply of the city was weakened by Sherman's occupation of Atlanta, and was completely interrupted after Grant surrounded Petersburg and supplied Richmond's railway.

Python plan and federal blockade 186 1

186 1 Scott's cartoon "Python Plan", US military commander winfield scott drew up the Python Plan to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible. His plan was to weaken the confederate economy by federal blockade of major ports; Then take the Mississippi River and cut off the south. Lincoln accepted the plan, but rejected Scott's warning not to attack Richmond immediately. 1861may, Lincoln imposed a federal blockade on all southern ports and terminated most of the international shipping of the confederacy. Illegal ships and goods are detained, which is usually not covered by insurance. 186 1 Later, the blockade prevented traffic between most ports. The blockade stopped the cotton trade and hit the southern economy. British investors build small fast smuggling boats to transport weapons and luxury goods from Cuba and Bahamas in exchange for high-priced cotton and tobacco. After being captured, the smuggled ships and goods were sold, and the proceeds went to the federal sailors, while the British crew were released. The blockade caused a shortage of food and other materials, and the expropriation of food by the Southern Alliance led to hyperinflation and food riots in the south. 1862 in March, CSS Virginia launched an attack on the federal navy and opened the blockade; At first, it was unstoppable, but the next day, in Hampton Anchorage, it fought the new federal warship Monet. Whatever the outcome, this battle is a tactical victory to keep the blockade. The Confederacy lost the Virginia when it fled to avoid being captured, so it built a replica of Monet. Lacking the technology to build efficient warships, the Confederacy tried to buy warships from Britain. 1865 1 The victory of the Federation in the second non-Cherbourg campaign blocked the last available port in the south and stopped smuggling.

[Edit this paragraph] Eastern Battlefield1861–1863

Due to the fierce resistance of a few confederate troops in Manacas, Virginia, 186 1 in July, Major General Irvin McDowell led his troops to March to the Confederacy and fought the first battle of Manacas (the first battle of Niuben River). Later, Joseph? Johnston and Piri Polligard fought back and returned to Washington. Thomas Jackson, a Confederate general, won the title of "Stone Wall" in this campaign because he resisted the Union like a stone wall. Awakened by this failure, in order to prevent more slave-holding states from seceding from the Union, the US Congress passed the Crittenden-Johnson resolution on July 25th of the same year, claiming that the war was to safeguard the Union, not to end slavery. George? Major General McClellan took over the Union Potomac Army on July 26th (he was the commander of the Union Army, but later Henry Holek took over), and the war officially began on 1862. 1In the spring of 862, McClellan invaded Virginia from Virginia Peninsula between York River and James River in southeast Richmond. Although McClellan arrived at Richmond Gate in the Battle of Peninsula, Joseph? Johnston stopped him at the Battle of Seven Pines, followed by Robert Lee and his men james longstreet and Joseph? Johnston repelled him in a seven-day battle. The battles in northern Virginia, including the second battle of the Niuben River, ended in victory in the south. McClellan disobeyed Commander Horecker to reinforce John? Pope's orders from the federal army in Virginia made it easier for the federal army in robert lee to defeat twice the enemy. Encouraged by the second battle of Niuben River, the Confederacy invaded the north for the first time. On September 5th, General Lee led 45,000 people from Northern Virginia to cross the Potomac River and enter Maryland. Lincoln then returned Pope's army to McClellan. On September 17, McClellan and Lee fought in the Battle of Antietam near Fort Heaps, Maryland, which was the bloodiest day in American history. Before being annihilated by McClellan, General Lee's army was finally stopped and returned to Virginia. The Battle of Antietam was regarded as a federal victory, because it stopped Lee's northward invasion and gave Lincoln a chance to announce that after the cautious McClellan failed to pursue Antietam in the Emancipation Declaration, he was replaced by Major General Ambrose Bensai. The championship was quickly defeated in the Battle of Fort fredericks on February 13, 2003, and the frontal attack on Mary Heights was futile, with more than 12000 union soldiers killed or injured. After the battle, the event was replaced by Major General joseph hooker. Hook could not defeat General Lee's army. Although compared with the Confederacy, he was outnumbered by 2-to-0/,but he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellesville in May 1 863. In June, Li's second northward advance was replaced by george meade. Meade's defeat of General Lee in the bloodiest battle of Gettysburg from July to July 3,/kloc-0, is considered as the turning point of the whole civil war. The pickett charge on July 3 was also the final climax of the Confederate army, not only because it represented the end of Lee's plan to put pressure on Washington, but also because Vicksburg, the main stronghold controlling the Mississippi River, fell the next day. About 28,000 people were killed or injured in Li Jun (23,000 in the central region). However, Lincoln was dissatisfied with Meade's failure to stop Lee's retreat. After Meade's decisive autumn offensive, Lincoln decided to turn to the western battlefield for a showdown.

Pan-Mississippi Battlefield1861–1865

186 1 year, the allied campaigns in Arizona and New Mexico have been smooth. Moreover, the residents in this area quickly adapted to the rules of the Allies, and even asked the Allies to send troops to drive away the local federal troops. Later, the Allies sent General Col. John Baylor to carry out the task, captured a town called Mesilla in New Mexico and captured several federal generals alive. The following year (1862), the allies tried to seize the territory of the Federation, but they were defeated by California reinforcements sent by the Federation and were forced to retreat to Arizona. The Battle of Glorietta Pass was a "small-scale battle" because both sides suffered losses in this struggle (Federation died 140, Federation died 190). But if the allies continue to chase north, it is possible to capture the federal fortress and Denver, Colorado. So, a citizen of Texas spoke and said, "If those bastards (federal troops) on Park Peak didn't stop our army, the whole country might belong to us!" " In April, California organized a federal army. In the Battle of Picacho Pass, the allied troops stationed in Arizona were completely driven away. As for the eastern United States, the war between the two sides has lasted for nearly three years, and the fighting in the northwest has come to an end. 1862 at the end of the war, the union made several attempts to seize the territory of Texas, Mississippi and Louisiana. So, the three States blocked the river. Especially in Texas, he occupied and blocked almost all the eastern ports. At the same time, in order to give the Allies a "back door" to escape from, Texas and western Louisiana have been constantly providing cotton and other crops to matamoros, Mexico, and even sending people to Europe to exchange materials and buy people's hearts. In order to stop these actions, the federal government decided to invade Texas, but it failed every time. For example, the allies won the battles of Galveston and Sabine Pass in Texas. Both wars completely repelled the union army. In particular, the defeat of the Union Army was the Red River Campaign in western Louisiana and the famous Mansfield Campaign. These victories ended the union army's aggressive plans in these areas until the Allies fell apart. As the allies were trapped in the east, General Lee surrendered, and the civil war would not stop in the next few months. The last battle between the two sides was the battle of Palmi Tuo Ranch in southern Texas. Ironically, this is a "great victory" for the allies.

Awarded to the tiger

1863, General Grant has taken control of the entire Mississippi River basin, splitting the south in two, and the strategic pattern has changed since then.

The confederacy collapsed.

However, the strategic and economic advantages of the northern army made General Li finally give up Richmond, the capital of SAARC, in April 1865. The victory of the northern army was very obvious. General Lee surrendered within a week after the fall of Richmond. 1On May 26th, 865, the Confederate army completely surrendered and the war ended.

North-South Church

Because the north and the south pursue different policies, the religious circles have also been severely tested. The churches in the north have a more flexible understanding of the Bible, and constantly try to defend the liberation of slaves through the interpretation of the Bible. Church leaders in the South, such as Robert Lewis Dabney, used Calvinism to provide a plausible theoretical basis for slavery and the division of the South. Due to the differences between the north and the south, churches distrust each other and attack each other, which leads to the division of churches. The Presbyterian Church split as early as 1837, and other events besides race complicated the split. The Methodist church and the Baptist church also had serious differences in this storm.

Post-war period

Missouri and Maryland, two border States, ended slavery with the progress of the war. 1864, 12, Congress proposed the amendment to the US Constitution 13. The amendment to 13 ended completely at the end of 1865, and slavery was abolished in the United States. The amendment 1868 14 confirms the rights of citizens and gives the federal government greater power to require all states to provide equal legal protection. The amendment 15, signed by 1870, guarantees the voting rights of black men (excluding black women). The amendments 14 and 15 overturned the judgment of Dred Scott in 1857, but especially in the amendment 14, it had an unexpected and far-reaching impact. However, after more and more black residents moved into Harlem, the largest city in the northern United States after the war, the original white residents also moved away, unwilling to be neighbors with blacks. It can be seen that even though blacks and whites in the northern United States did not get along well at that time, the relationship between the Civil War and the abolition of slavery was not obvious in the hearts of white Americans. From the general election of 1876 to the general election of 1964, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Arkansas did not vote for * * * and the party, with the exception of South Carolina and Louisiana. Most other seceded states also voted overwhelmingly against CPC, and local elections in each state also showed the same trend of mainstream support. This phenomenon is called the stubborn South. However, when Democratic President lyndon johnson signed the civil rights bill in 1964, Democratic lawmakers in southern states abandoned him in 1964 and supported Bailey Gao Huade of the party. Despite the disastrous defeat of Bailey Gao Huade, the support of the South and the Party is still very strong, which also makes the South a stronghold of the South and the Party. Survivors in the south still suffer from post-war poverty. In addition, most political power has been transferred to the north. Due to the federal invasion of the south, the south suffered more and more. Although the Federation was willing to rebuild the South after the war (1865- 1877), the citizens of Vicksburg refused to commemorate the American Independence Day in 75 years after the war, and the Mississippi legislature did not accept the 13 amendment to the US Constitution until 1995. Similarly, although the North of the United States enjoyed economic and political victory, it also paid many sacrifices, including President Lincoln who was assassinated by terrorists who supported the South. In the decades after the war, * * * and the party's politicians still attacked their opponent, the Democratic Party, by stirring up war memories (this strategy is called "waving bloody clothes"). Moreover, the conflict between the north and the south caused by war and reconstruction has made many northerners lose interest in the south, which made the CPC give up the plan of rebuilding the south effortlessly after the general election of 1876. At the same time, the poverty problem in the south is getting more and more serious, but the north of Renye Fang turns a blind eye to it, not to mention the politicians in the south often give the federal government trouble. At the same time, the north did not strictly protect the civil rights of the south. As time goes on, many people's ideas have changed. Franklin delano roosevelt was elected president in 1932, which brought the south into a new era. Renye Fang, like northerners, began to reconsider the economic status of the federal government. Since then, a series of public facilities construction plans have been carried out, such as Tennessee Valley Authority, and many public facilities (such as railways, highways, sewers, etc.) have been established. ) for the construction of the south. Despite this, the conflict has not stopped. After the war, there were still civil rights activities and a series of conservative anti-federal political actions. In addition, the question is: how to quell the post-war resentment? Should we use the Southern Cross again?

Rebuild the south

After the war, the south was under the "semi-military control" of the United States, but the federal government of the United States was very tolerant of slave owners, which led to the remnants of southern slavery in reconstruction and did not get rid of it until a long time later. After the war, some "Ku Klux Klan" were established in the south. The reconstruction of the south has been very difficult.

[Edit this paragraph] Other

Major battles during the war

Time of Battle (Location) Confederate Commander Federal Commander Number of Confederate Army Victims

Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)1863 July1–3 Robert Lee George Mead 75000 82289 Federal General: 5 1 12 Federal: 23049 State: 28063.

Battle of Kamoga (Georgia)/KOOC-0/863 September/KOOC-0/9–20 Braxton, Breg, William Starke Rosecrans 66326 58222 Federal General: 34624 Alliance:/KOOC-0/6/KOOC-0/70 State:/KOOC-0/8454.

Battle of Chancellesville (Virginia) 1863 May1–4 Robert Lee Joseph? Hook 60892 133868 Confederation General: 30099 Trade Union: 17278 State: 1282 1.

Battle of Sposer Vegna County (Virginia)1864 May 8–19 Robert Lee Ulysses Grant 500083000 Unknown Total: 27399 United: 18399 State: 9000.

Battle of the Andes (Maryland)/KOOC-0/862 September/KOOC-0/7 Robert Lee George mcclelland 5/KOOC-0/844 753/KOOC-0/6 Federal General: 26/KOOC-0/34 United:/KOOC-0/24/KOOC-0.

Battle of the Wilderness Plains (Virginia)1May 5 -7, 864 Robert Lee Ulysses Grant 6102510/895 Unknown Total: 254 16 United: 17666 State.

Battle of Manacas (Virginia)1August 29 -30, 862, Pope Robert Lee John 48527 75696 Confederate General: 2525 1 Union: 16054 State: 9 197.

Battle of the Si Tong River (Tennessee)1862 65438+February 3 1 Braxton, Breg, William Starke Rosecrans 37739 4 1400 Federation: 24645 Federation: 12906 State:11.

Battle of Cerro (Tennessee)1862 April 6 -7 Albert? Johnston Peripoli Garde Ulysses Grant 40335 62682 Federal General: 2374 1 Federation: 13047 State: 10694.

Battle of Donaldson Fort (Tennessee)/KOOC-0/862 February/KOOC-0/3–/KOOC-0/6 John Floyd Simon buckner Ulysses Grant 2/KOOC-0/000 27000 Federated:/KOOC-0/9455 Federated: 2832 State:/KOOC-0/0.

Literary relevance

film

Gone with the wind, cold mountain god and general, glorious battle of Gettysburg, blue and gray ride with the devil.

novel

The little floating woman, Uncle Tom's cabin, took part in the war.

United States of America (Federated) United States of America (Confederate)

commander

Hiram grant, abraham lincoln Jefferson Davis robert lee

military strength

2.2 million people/kloc-0.064 million people

casualties

The total death toll was 360,000, 1 10000, and 275,200 were injured. The total death toll was 258,000, 93,000 people were killed (killed in battle) and injured137,000.