What did Zhang's reform inspire later reformers?

/z/q 187883636.htm It is not difficult to make a reform plan. The key is how to implement this plan, because there are variables in the sky and underground. As Confucius said, "If you learn truth in the morning, you can die at night." Don't you want the country to live? A gentleman stresses integrity, and you have no face when a villain associates with him. Where did you leave your whole life? Being a politician is different from being a good person and being a clean person. Therefore, Zhang realized this. He said that if the ideal of Qiang Bing, a rich country in this country, can be realized, it doesn't matter who poops on him, steps on him or hits him when he is lying on the ground. "It doesn't matter if you know me and accuse me." Yes, there are many people taking a shit and urinating on him today.

It is hard for a politician to be so bold. On his first day in office, he went home in the evening and had a meeting with his six sons, servants and housekeepers. In today's words, I am now the prime minister. You must not deal with any civil servants, accept any gifts from them or talk about the Minister of State. I know I will be punished in the future if I violate it. The next morning, in his archives, I wrote a letter to the governor of the north. The letter said, why can I sit in this position? I'm not sitting in this position to worship my ancestors. I have this position to realize my dream of becoming a rich country in Qiang Bing and reform this country. I know that the reform is very, very difficult, but I am ready, even if all the guns are behind me, even if all the traps are waiting for me to jump forward. Speaking of this passage, I remember that once I was invited to give a speech in Hong Kong, a reporter asked me if Zhang's letter was written according to the words of the Prime Minister. I can tell you right now. You can read the complete works. I wrote this letter in Qin Long more than 470 years ago on June 26th of the lunar calendar. I just moved his letter back to let you know. It was this determination that he made to push forward the reform.

How difficult and costly was it to push forward the reform at that time? One day, Zhang invited the emperor, and he chose three passbook: one was written by the top leader of Shanxi, saying that a man in a county of Yuncheng suddenly became a woman one night. The second letter is a passbook issued by Nanchang municipal government, saying that there is a rockery in our yamen. One day when we were at work, we saw the rockery growing upwards, and everyone was looking at it strangely. When it grew to more than two feet, everyone shouted, "This mountain has grown taller." After hearing this, the rockery stopped growing. The third letter was written by the Wuxi municipal government, saying that a rice field was growing well. Later, Tian ran into the lake and suddenly stopped when people shouted. The little emperor heard this passbook and said it was fun. Why are there so many interesting things under the sun? Zhang said seriously, your majesty, you are working on the Ninth Five-Year Plan. Do you know what an emperor should do? What should these government officials you appointed do?

Why did Zhang say that? Because Emperor Jiaqing likes to watch these passbook books and some funny things, it proves that there are some funny things everywhere in this place he leads, which are all given by heaven. These officials have been on this road for decades, so when the new emperor took office, he still enjoyed playing with the little emperor as the old emperor liked. At this time, after hearing what Zhang said, the little emperor stopped talking. Zhang said that our imperial court appoints and dismisses officials to manage a place in order to benefit the local people, and the emperor's kindness should be passed on to the people through this official. Officials do these messy things all day, and no one cares about the country. I only know now that the emperor's imperial edict has left the gate of Beijing, and no one cares. Not to mention reaching the frontier, the emperor's prestige does not exist ten miles away from the capital, so the reform must first change this.

What did Zhang Juzheng do later? He asked every official to write a debriefing report-what did you do during your six years in Qin Long? What did you do to benefit the court? What have you done to benefit the people? There should be a unified form for things that have not been done, which should be done by the official department and reported by everyone. Level 4 or above means that our cadres at or above the deputy provincial level report directly to the emperor, and below the main hall level report to the organization department at or above the county level. Everyone has to report it, and then decide whether he stays, gets promoted or demoted.

First of all, let's talk about the central government, because fish begins to stink at the head can't manage the central government well. Where do you care? This stipulated that 26,000 cadres must complete this task within three months. At or above the sub-provincial level, it is said that the emperor can read the passbook, but what about the emperor who is still illiterate? Zhang personally came to see it all, then organized an inspection team and a review team, and laid off 6000 people to go home in three months. Go home and announce that people really want to dig Zhang's ancestral grave. So many senior cadres have been mixed up all their lives and come to you for nothing. Moreover, he has another characteristic. Going home is going home. Doesn't mean you can stay in Beijing just because you are an official in Beijing. If you are from Fujian, you have to go back to Fujian. If you are from Jiangxi, you have to go back to Jiangxi. Why? What if these people don't go back because of his demotion and sit here every day? So we must let them go back and let the local government manage them. Once when I was talking about Zhang in a place, an audience told me that you said Zhang was a reformer, but I thought he was a big traitor. Later, it was learned through communication that his ancestors were a deputy minister, and he was dismissed and went home. Before his death, his ancestors made a family motto, and Zhang should be remembered as a traitor from generation to generation. Therefore, the cost of reform, one is the cost of the country, the other is the cost of the reformers themselves, and the cost paid by the country is borne by the reformers. Therefore, a reform that is beneficial to the people will inevitably hurt some powerful people.

Besides, after firing so many cadres, what kind of people should we use? Zhang set an example and asked the provincial cadres to recommend three cadres to the emperor. At that time, the official department summarized all the recommended lists, and Harry got the highest vote, so this person must be reused. When Zhang took office for the first time, he suggested that Xu Jie, the records at that time, reuse Harry, release Harry from prison, and then arrange him to be the chief executive in Suzhou. This man worked for two years, and the tax revenue was reduced by half. Many rich people have transferred their assets to Songjiang when he took office. Why? Because most people don't pay taxes, the tax deficit will bind the rich and let the family take money to redeem it. He didn't develop the economy, so he took such management measures, which led to a lot of refugees, that is to say, it doesn't matter if he doesn't farm. As a result, everyone in his team finally stopped cooperating with him. People in the team would rather not be an official than work with Harry. Up and down, perhaps, he saw that there was no way out, so he wrote a resignation report to the emperor saying that I quit. Harry thought they would keep him, but Gao Gong, the recorder at that time, got the resignation report and approved it, so he went back to Hainan. When he got the imperial edict's approval to let him go back, he swore, "There are women all over the court", that is, there are bad people all over the court, and there are no gentlemen. He is extreme, but extreme people are generally appreciated, because extreme people dare to say anything.

At this time, the official department minister found Zhang, who said that Harry got a high recommendation. What position have you arranged for this person? Zhang thought for a moment and said, this person can't be used. The official department minister leng said that you should pay attention to the records of adults. He is the weather vane of officialdom. So many people recommend him, you don't need him. Others will say that you choose an artist is deceptive. Zhang said he was an old saint and a good man. This man is honest and not greedy. These are all good. However, a good man is not necessarily a good official. The standard of a good man is to be decent, sincere to others, not greedy or unwilling. This is a good man. The standard of a good official is to reassure the emperor's court in class and benefit the people in class. This is a good official. We are replacing good people with good officials now, and we can't just talk about one end-the emperor is at ease, and the people are not at ease; People can't rest assured, and neither can the emperor. Harry used it twice, and he didn't reassure people, so don't use him.

Zhang's way of employing people is to reuse honest officials and use honesty with caution. Cleanliness is about principles, but you can't do things. It's no use. It's a good cat who is an official. No matter whether a white cat or a black cat catches a mouse, it's better to get things done. There is also a reuse, that is, the person who used the county yamen once, named Huang Qing, is a disabled person. Because he doesn't have a diploma, he can't be a big official, but this person knows the operation, hidden rules and rules of officialdom very thoroughly. Do things well in whatever way you should. He has a way. He thinks Zhang can be reused. What should he do after reuse? There was a problem in Huaibei at that time. At that time, the wealth, grain and materials in the southeast had to pass through this north-south artery-the canal, and 4 million tons of grain had to be transported to Beijing every year. However, this problem can't be solved for decades, because the canal area often overflows and bursts its banks. Governor River, it is always difficult for several governments to coordinate for personal interests. Zhang said, let it go, so a clerk was promoted to Yangzhou magistrate, and then he did a good job in Yangzhou. It took him a year to solve a problem that could not be solved for decades. In two years, the transportation capacity of the entire canal has increased from 4 million tons in the past to 6 million tons, saving one person and one river, the artery of the empire. However, the officialdom regards this person as a scourge, saying that sven sweeps the floor, making a lame man such a big official, and taking us who have fame seriously. One day he will report to the top leader, and the people below will be bad. Because there is a springboard when crossing the river, they want to step on it and get on board. They deliberately sprayed water on the springboard to freeze, and Huang Qing, the lame man, got on the boat, slipped and fell into the water and drowned.

Zhang was very sad when he heard about it in Beijing. He knows that it is difficult to choose people, and people who do things are hated. So, I personally wrote a eulogy for Zhang, eliminating all worries at home for him, so as to be nice to the officialdom. No matter what attitude you have towards him, I will attach great importance to such people. Therefore, the people who have been in power for ten years are all talents praised by our descendants. Qi Jiguang is his lieutenant, Wang Guoguang is his lieutenant, and Wang Guoguang wrote the first accounting law in China. He used such a group of people who catch mice as good cats, regardless of white cats and black cats. Therefore, the whole situation has completely changed. In this way, the day when the imperial edict goes is the day when the world is implemented, the central authority is established, and the imperial edict is well implemented everywhere.

Why can his reform achieve such great achievements in ten years? It is because the imperial court, which is what we call the authority of the central policy, has been completely established. Once the emperor issued the imperial edict, it was over. Today is different. There are three books. For example, the imperial edict was1leave the Forbidden City on the morning of October 20th 1 1: 30, and the leader of the General Political Department signed the document at 1 1: 40. If you want to implement it in Guangzhou, you can't wait for it. Four days later, your boss here wrote1when will it be received on October 24th 165438+ on this piece of paper, and then the central supervisor will see how long it will take to complete this matter. Every edict of the emperor is recorded in detail in every place. Three books are put together and checked once every three years. If the cadre is found to have carried out the instructions of the central authorities within three years, he will be reused if he does well, and he will be dismissed and returned home if he does not do well within three years. That's a good move. It's called "Examining Chen Fa". You have a lot of ideas about Beijing's reform, but the following people can't. How do you reform?

So I think the most important thing in his reform is the reform of the employment system, which is the key. To ensure the healthy and rapid development of the reform, the first thing is that the team implementing the reform should be healthy and full of vitality. In the face of the decline of the late Qing Dynasty, Gong Zizhen of the Qing Dynasty wrote a poem "I urge God to regain his glory and drop talents in an eclectic way". I feel funny after reading it. I think Gong Zizhen is still a scholar after all. In fact, what matters is not "healthy" talents, but "using" talents in an eclectic way. Zhang's genius lies in employing people. He said, "there are extraordinary people, and then you can do extraordinary things." You are mediocre, ordinary people can only do mediocre things, and extraordinary people must be people with obvious advantages and disadvantages. This is the first sentence he said. The second sentence is "Don't complain". Don't say that the Tang Dynasty did so well because there was Wei Zhi in the Tang Dynasty and a great poet Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty, but not in our time. You are always complaining that there are no talents in your time, but there are talents in other times. This is a mistake. Zhang said, "A natural talent can last a lifetime.". Talent is around you, just see if you can find it. "A thousand miles, there are not many Bole." Therefore, the key lies in how you use these talents, rather than God's healthy talents to let you reform and govern the country.

When he was employing people, such as Yin Zhengmao, he was sued when he was the governor of Jiangxi. At that time, he said that this man was corrupt. At that time, the rebellion in Guangxi, which cost the imperial court millions, did not subside, saying that people used it wrongly and could not find anyone who could suppress the rebellion. Later, Yin Zhengmao was replaced. Yin Zhengmao applied for military expenditure of 6,543,800 yuan, and Zhang approved it of 6,543,800 yuan. Others don't understand. Zhang said you said Yin Zhengmao was greedy for money. This 200 thousand is for him to be greedy, so as not to say that the military expenditure is insufficient and he can't win. Zhang Duo gave 200,000 yuan, which was actually a bonus, not greed. As a result, Yin Zhengmao put down the rebellion six months later, and the control cost of state management saved millions. What is 200,000? So this is "using talents in an eclectic way". Because the management cost of a country is organized by everything, the cost of everything and every link can't be controlled, so the cost of the country is high and the wealth remains unchanged. The country spends more money, but the wealth comes less. The natural country is not strong, and the people are miserable. Therefore, Zhang Zai's first reform is employing people.

After Zhang perfected the management of cadres, the second step of reform was economic. He did a great thing, that is, he measured all the land in the country and attributed the origin of wealth to the "one whip" method. After decades of turmoil, the imperial court was out of control, which led to the annexation of a lot of land by large families. They have access to land. For example, I have three acres of land, but my family is heavily in debt, so I will sell it to you. Your land has not been declared, and the country has no tax. A large number of powerful people and people who collude with the government own a lot of land without paying taxes. Zhang spent three years surveying the land, and the national land increased by 4 million hectares. The increased tax revenue alone is enough for national defense expenditure.

I used to talk about the country. This "country" is my home, and China is my home. Everything at home is for my use. China said to change this thing, the country is the country, and the home is the home. Therefore, the emperor's expenditure must have a budget, how much a year, the extraction of wealth, the expenditure of the public library of the Forbidden City, and the money from the national treasury come from the people. What should we do for the people? Building water conservancy, strengthening the army, disaster relief, making officials and establishing schools. The money was spent by the state treasury, and the emperor could not use the expenditure of the state treasury. Which piece of wealth in the world was cut to the emperor? Even the income from mines and some specialty stores is cut for the emperor, and that's how you spend your money every year. China's expenditure comes from the national treasury. That's why later people want to mess with him. He raised the salary of officials, and the emperor said, if you raise it, I will lower it. How come... At that time, the salaries of Ming officials were very low. There was one in the Tang Dynasty and one in the Ming Dynasty. They are also prime ministers, with a salary difference of 200 times. Therefore, the salary of officials in the Ming Dynasty was very low. A county master earned one or two silvers a month, and one or two silvers bought 100 chickens. Moreover, the salary of the Ming dynasty is divided into three parts, that is, one stone grain is given to you every month, and a batch of cloth is given to you. Together with money, two-thirds is copper and one-third is silver. He used silver to pay the salary of officials, which was equivalent to doubling, and the copper plate actually depreciated.

In the past, every family had to pay taxes to the state, which was the administrative tax collection in every place. How much labor do you give to the country every year, such as building rivers. The reform implemented in Zhang is that you don't have to work now. You pay five coppers, and ten people in your family have fifty coppers. You don't have to pay for meals, and it's not fixed. This county is responsible for delivering food to 84 places. The nearest may be ten miles, and the farthest may be 1 thousand miles. I used to send it myself, and the people were miserable. After he became a silver coin, he suddenly opened up employment opportunities for the labor force. All walks of life in society suddenly prospered, and the embryonic form of the city came out. This is how the private banks in Shanxi were formed, and this is how the germination of capitalism began in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. At that time, the world's silver flow was 72 million taels, half of which was in China, so the city scale increased. Why? Because of the opening of financial space and the opening of circulation field, many new occupations and jobs have emerged. How many new jobs have we created since the reform 30 years ago? The reason is the same.

Zhang's ten-year political reform and his death at the age of 58 was a real break from constant overwork and made great contributions to the whole Ming Dynasty. He can be said to be a famous minister of ZTE in the Ming Dynasty. Before him, there was chaos. If his reform achievements can be inherited and carried forward by Emperor Wanli, Nurhachi will have no chance to perish Daming.

Note: The above is the enlightenment of Mr. Xiong to Zhang's reform.