Who dedicated it to Kangxi and China?

Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty also paid great attention to geography. Tracing back to the source, it may still be influenced by Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest and others. Shortly after ferdinand verbiest entered the palace, he co-wrote Essentials of the West with another missionary, and drew a map of the world, The Whole Map of Kunyu, to introduce the knowledge of western geography to Michelle Ye, which aroused his interest. Later, while studying traditional geography books such as Zhu Xi, Luoyang Ji and Xu Xiake's Travels, he also looked for every possible opportunity to make a field trip. The activities of a feudal emperor were very limited, so it was difficult to leave the palace at will, and Michelle Ye was no exception. In this way, patrol and exploration have become a good opportunity for Michelle Ye to explore geography. Every time he goes out of Beijing, he takes Qin officials and measuring instruments with him. When he arrives at the station, he will inspect the local astronomy and geography. Michelle Ye sent people to investigate several famous rivers in China, such as Yangtze River, Yellow River, Heilongjiang, Jinsha River and Lancang River. In addition to planning and inspecting the Yellow River regulation project during his many southern tours, he also took advantage of the opportunity of galdan's personal expedition to Ningxia to take a boat down the Yellow River at Hengchengkou and experience the turbulent agitation of the Yellow River. In the 43rd year of Kangxi, Michelle Ye sent guards such as Laxi to inspect the source of the Yellow River. He instructed: "Although the source of the Yellow River is called Gulban Solomo, it has never been to the place where it originated. You must go straight to the source and understand where the river flows. It is advisable to read its flow direction in detail. " (Kangxi) On April 4th, La Shifeng and his party left Beijing for the west and arrived in Qinghai on May 13th. Accompanied by local officials, they inspected the size and formation of Xinghai Lake, Zhaling Lake and Ering Lake, the birthplace of the Yellow River, and the route of the Yellow River flowing out of Ering Lake, and drew a map. From the reports of Rush and Michelle Ye, it can be seen that the results of this investigation are basically consistent with the investigation of the geographical environment of the source region of the Yellow River by modern geologists. The exploration at the source of the Yellow River organized by Michelle Ye nearly 300 years ago is a great feat in the history of geography in China. Later, Michelle Ye wrote a short article Xinghai to describe the source of the Yellow River.

Soon, Michelle Ye organized an unprecedented large-scale national map survey. Michelle Ye is a military strategist. From the twelfth year to the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi, he deployed a war to quell the San Francisco rebellion, resist the invasion of Russia and stop the separatist activities of Mongolian nobles in Rutte, and personally went to the front to direct some important battles. The war made him feel the need for an accurate map. After the signing of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu in the 28th year of Kangxi, the French missionary Zhang Cheng gave Michelle Ye a map of Europe and Asia without a map of China. Inspired by this map, Michelle Ye intends to draw lessons from the western mapping technology of Zhang Cheng and others, and organize manpower to draw a national map. China has a vast territory, complex terrain and inconvenient transportation. At that time, it was difficult to draw a map of the whole country by scientific methods, and only a few missionaries could not win the task. Michelle Ye made a long-term plan for this: while continuing to recruit missionaries with scientific and technological talents, he ordered Zhang Cheng and others to train China students, sent missionaries to Guangzhou and Macau, and even returned to China to recruit personnel and buy equipment. After nearly ten years of preparation, such as training talents, purchasing instruments, measuring latitudes of various places and drawing local maps, the work of drawing national maps began. In the forty-seventh year of Kangxi, Michelle Ye "instructed missionaries to visit the mountains and rivers and walls in the ministries of Inner Mongolia and the provinces of China, and to draw maps with western methods. He also told ministers to appoint officials to take care of them. Zagreb, together with provincial governors and generals, will provide all local officials with all their needs "("Orthodox Church is Praised "). From the forty-seventh year of Kangxi to the fifty-sixth year, this surveying and mapping team traveled all over the provinces of Northeast China, North China, East China, Central China and Southwest China, and drew maps of the provinces. In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi, the whole picture was completed. Michelle Ye named it "Panorama of the Forbidden City". This drawing adopts the method of latitude and longitude map and trapezoidal projection, and the scale is 1: 1400000. It is the first map drawn by scientific method after large-scale measurement in China. Although there are still inaccuracies, it is "the best map in Asia at that time." . And better and more accurate than all the maps of Europe at that time "(Needham). In the process of drawing this map, people found that the length of the meridian of the earth varies with latitude, thus confirming Newton's theory that the earth is elliptical for the first time in practice. The mapping of the "Panorama of the Forbidden City" has therefore become a major event in the history of world geography.

The development process of imperial map.

17 17 (the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi) published a woodcut version of Panorama of the Forbidden City, with a total map of 1 sheet and 28 maps of provinces and regions, but there were many gaps in the westernmost part of Tibet and Mongolia.

The copper map was published in 17 19 (58th year of Kangxi), with a latitude difference of 8 degrees of 1 line, divided into 8 lines and 4 1 piece. This method of framing by latitude and longitude is the first time in China. In terms of writing notes, mainland provinces note Chinese characters, while Northeast China, Mongolia and Tibet note Chinese characters. Therefore, later generations are also known as "the secret map of Manchu-Han unification in Qing Dynasty", which is widely circulated.

The westernmost points of Tibet and Mongolia have been mapped in detail, and the number of provincial maps has increased to 32, ranging from Sakhalin Island in the northeast to Taiwan Province Province in the southeast, Lake Baikal in the north, Hainan Island in the south, Ili River in the northwest and Liecheng in the southwest. On the border of Tibet, Alin (Mount Everest) is marked. On the map, the longitude line passing through Beijing is the middle longitude line, and the latitude and longitude network adopts trapezoidal projection method.

172 1 year (the 60th year of Kangxi) was printed again, and its geographical scope was similar to that of 17 19.

Later, in order to meet the needs of administrative management, a woodcut leaflet was published, with 227 pages, divided by province and government. Do not draw longitude and latitude lines, including only mainland provinces.