What is the examination content of Shandong institutions?

Shandong institutions recruitment examination content provincial examination materials-landform and climate

Geomorphological climate

Basic features of landforms

In Shandong province, the mountains in the middle are protruding, the southwest and northwest are low-lying and flat, and the hills in the east are undulating, forming a topographic trend with mountains and hills as the skeleton and plain basins criss-crossing. Mount Tai is located in the middle, with the main peak 1545 meters above sea level, which is the highest point in the province. The Yellow River Delta is generally 2- 10 meters above sea level, which is the lowest land in the province. The landform in the territory is complex, which can be roughly divided into nine basic landform types, such as Zhongshan, low mountains, hills, platforms, basins, piedmont plains, alluvial fans of the Yellow River, Yellow River plains and Yellow River Delta. Mountains account for about 15.5% of the total area of the province, hills account for 13.2% and plains account for 55%. Rivers and lakes account for 1. 1%.

The hilly areas in south-central Shandong mainly include Linyi, Zaozhuang, Jinan and most of Tai 'an, southern Zibo and southwestern Weifang. High in the middle and low in the edge. The main peaks of Mount Tai, Lushan, Yishan and Mengshan are all above 1000 meters above sea level, which constitutes the ridge of this area. On both sides of the ridge, 500 ~ 600 meters above sea level, it belongs to the hills composed of Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata. The outer edge of the mountain is the piedmont accumulation plain, which is mainly distributed along the Ji Jiao Railway and east of Weishan Lake. It is 40 ~ 70 meters above sea level, with gentle surface slope, deep soil layer and abundant water. It has always been a high drought and flood producing area in the province. Rivers in this area originate from the surface of hills and ridges and radiate to the surrounding areas, forming many valley areas with different widths. Limestone is widely distributed in this area, and karst landforms are developed. After the water in underground fissures and caves is blocked, some springs surface, forming many spring groups, such as Baotu Spring Group in Jinan, Black Tiger Spring Group, Pearl Spring Group, Wulongtan Spring Group, Zhangqiu Mingshui Spring Group, Laiwu Guoniang Spring Group, Xintai Loude Spring Group, Mengyin Liugou Spring Group, Sishui Spring Linquan Group and Tengzhou Ant Spring Group.

The hilly area of Jiaodong is the main part of Shandong Peninsula, mainly including the areas under the jurisdiction of Yantai City, Weihai City and Qingdao City. The hills in this area are basically composed of igneous rocks, and most of them are undulating hills with an altitude of 200 ~ 300 meters except a few peaks with an altitude of more than 700 meters. The slope is gentle and wide, the soil layer is deep, surrounded by the sea on three sides, the climate is mild and humid, and the natural conditions are superior. Between the hills is a graben-type fault depression plain belt, which mainly includes Laiyang basin and Taocun basin. On the outer edge of the hills, there are scattered coastal plains with the width ranging from several kilometers to 10. Among them, Penglai, Longkou and Laizhou coastal plains have the largest area and are one of the important agricultural areas in Jiaodong.

In the north-central part of the peninsula, there are large mountain ranges such as Daze Mountain, Ai Shan Mountain, Yashan Mountain, Kunyu Mountain and Weide Mountain. From west to east, it becomes the watershed of the north-south water system of the peninsula, from which many rivers originate and flow to the north and south. There is Laoshan Mountain in the south of the peninsula, and its main peak is 1 133 meters above sea level, which is a famous scenic spot.

Jiaolai Plain is located between the hills in central Shandong and eastern Shandong. It mainly includes most parts of Weifang and northern Qingdao. It is alluvial from Weihe River, Dagu River and Jiaolai River. It is about 50 meters above sea level. The soil layer is deep and the farming is developed.

Southwest Shandong-Northwest Shandong Plain is formed by flooding and alluvial of the Yellow River, and is an integral part of North China Plain. Located in the west of the Canal Lake Belt, north of Ji Jiao Railway, and connected to Jiaolai Plain in the east, it includes all the four cities of Heze, Liaocheng, Dezhou and Binzhou, most of Jining City and part of Tai 'an City, forming a semicircle around the hilly area in central and southern Shandong. The area is about 52 100 square kilometers, accounting for 34% of the total area of the province. Most of them are below 50m above sea level and slightly inclined from southwest to northeast, with a slope of1/6000 ~110000. Due to the repeated breaches, diversions and siltation of the Yellow River, a series of river highlands and inter-river depressions with little height difference have been formed on the surface, which overlap and crisscross each other.

The modern Yellow River Delta is fan-shaped, with Ninghai below Lijin at the top, Xiaoqing River in the southeast, Tu Hai in the northwest and Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay in the front. It covers an area of more than 5000 square kilometers. In the past, the Yellow River transported about 65.438+0.2 billion tons of sediment to the estuary every year, which made the delta extend to the sea for about 2 ~ 3 kilometers every year, that is, about 50 square kilometers of new sediment was added every year. In recent years, due to the continuous extension of the cutoff time of the Yellow River, the amount of incoming sediment has decreased and the sedimentation rate has slowed down. The delta is rich in resources and has great production potential. The rational development and utilization of this area is one of the important contents of the province's economic development strategy.

Main mountain range

The main mountain ranges in Shandong are concentrated in the south-central Shandong and the hilly areas of Jiaodong. It belongs to the hilly area of central and southern Shandong, and is mainly composed of gneiss and granite gneiss. It belongs to the hilly area of Jiaodong and consists of granite. Mount Tai, Mengshan, Laoshan, Lushan, Yishan, Culai, Kunyu, Ai Shan, Yashan and osawa are over 700 meters in absolute height and cover an area of 150 square kilometers.

Mount Tai has a total area of 426 square kilometers, and its main peak is in the north of Tai 'an, with an altitude of 1545 meters, making it the first peak in the province. Mount Tai is a fault-block mountain, with strange peaks and different rocks, which is magnificent. It is famous for its beautiful scenery and many places of interest, and is pushed as the first of the "Five Mountains". From 65438 to 0987, Mount Tai was listed as a World Heritage by UNESCO.

Mengshan Mountain is located in the south of Taiyi Mountain, and the main peak of Guimengding is 1 155 meters above sea level, which is the second highest peak in the province. About 200 kilometers around Mengshan, the peak is even? Jumping is one of the famous scenic spots in the province.

Yishan is located at the junction of Yishui County and Linqu County. Yuhuangding, the main peak, is1032m above sea level, surrounded by 29 strange peaks with different shapes.

Lushan Mountain is located at the junction of Boshan District and Yiyuan County in Zibo City, with the main peak at an altitude of1108m.

Laoshan Mountain is located on the coast of the Yellow Sea in the east of Qingdao, and its main peak is 1 133 meters above sea level. Steep peaks and steep walls, valleys and valleys, the east and south of the main peak, go straight into the sea, forming many bays and headlands. It twists and turns to the west and goes deep into Qingdao, with a total area of about 400 square kilometers. Laoshan Mountain has beautiful scenery, pleasant climate and rich historical sites. It is a famous tourist summer resort and one of the famous Taoist mountains in history.

The mountains in the eastern part of the peninsula start from Penglai Cape and turn south and east. From west to east, there are Daze Mountain, Ai Shan, Ya Mountain, Kunyu Mountain and Weide Mountain in turn. Among them, Kunyu Mountain is the largest, with an area of 109 square kilometers, and the main peak is 923 meters above sea level. Due to the hard texture and well-developed joints of the granite that constitutes this mountain, most peaks are steep and zigzag.

Rivers and lakes

Shandong's water system is relatively developed, and the average density of natural rivers is above 0.7 km per square kilometer. There are more than 1500 rivers with a total length of 1500 kilometers, including more than 300 rivers entering the sea in Shandong. These rivers belong to Huaihe River Basin, Yellow River Basin, Haihe River Basin, Xiaoqing River Basin and Jiaodong River System.

The Yellow River enters from Dongming County, obliquely crosses the northwest plain of Shandong Province, and joins the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, with a total length of 6 17 km. The average annual runoff is 42.3 billion cubic meters, and the annual abundant water is more than 87 billion cubic meters. The annual average incoming sediment1.600 million tons, and the annual average siltation height of the river channel is about 0. 1 m. The riverbed is generally 6-7 meters higher than the back river, and some reach more than ten meters. It is a world-famous surface river. From 1855, the Yellow River burst in Tonghua Cave, Henan Province, and changed to the current channel. By 1946, the Yellow River flooded in Shandong Province 137 times, bringing endless disasters to people along the Yellow River. After liberation, Shandong people reclaimed and repaired the Yellow River levee 1200 kilometers, and built large-scale flood diversion and detention projects such as Dongping Lake Reservoir, flood detention projects in the south and north spreading areas, and flood detention projects in the north shed levee, and used the water and sediment resources of the Yellow River to release silt to improve soil and restore silt to strengthen the levee. It changed the face of the Millennium River.

Both Haihe River and Ma Jiahe belong to Haihe River Basin. The two rivers run in parallel, both from Shenxian county to the northeast via Dezhou, and then flow into Bohai Sea in Zhanhua county and Wudi county respectively. China Tu Hai river basin area 13296 km2, Majiahe river basin area 10638 km2. After liberation, artificial rivers such as Dehui New River and Zhangwei New River were excavated in the two river basins, forming a water conservancy system in northwest Shandong with mutual assistance, uniform size and combination of irrigation and drainage.

Yi river, the second longest river in the province, originates from the southern foot of Lushan Mountain and flows southward through Yiyuan, Yishui, Yinan, Lanshan, Hedong, Cangshan and Tancheng, and enters Jiangsu. The river course in Shandong is 287.5 kilometers long and the annual runoff is 35 1 100 million cubic meters. The Shuhe River originates at the southern foot of Yishan, flows southward through Yishui, Juxian, Junan, Hedong, Linshu and Tancheng, and enters Jiangsu. The river course in Shandong is 273 kilometers long and the annual runoff is 65.438+0.73 billion cubic meters. Yishu River is located in the center of summer rainstorm, with many tributaries, large flood volume and shallow downstream channel, which often causes floods. After liberation, the Xinyi River and the Xinshu River were excavated, the flood diversion sluice at the estuary and the Wuhe spillway were built, and the flood diversion projects of yi river and Shuhe River were completed, which turned these two historically harmful rivers into beneficial rivers.

Xiaoqing River originates from Yufu River and Jinan Spring, and flows into the sea alone to the northeast, with a total length of 233 kilometers. It is an important flood discharge and shipping channel in the province.

Lakes are concentrated in the Luxi Lake area between the hilly area in central and southern Shandong and the plain in southwest Shandong. With Jining as the center, it is divided into two great lakes, Nansi Lake in the south and Beiwu Lake in the north.

Nansi Lake includes Zhaoyang Lake, dushan lake Lake, Nanyang Lake and Weishan Lake. The four lakes are connected, with a length of 150km from north to south and a width of 5-30km from east to west, with a total area of 1375km2, making it one of the top ten freshwater lakes in China. Nansi Lake collects water from eight regions of Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan and Anhui, with more than 40 rivers flowing into the lake, with a drainage area of 310.7 million square kilometers. In addition, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal passes through the lake and has the advantages of shipping, irrigation, flood control, drainage and aquaculture. 1958 dammed the lake and divided the Nansi Lake into upper and lower levels. The dominant lakes are Nanyang Lake, dushan lake Lake and Zhaoyang Lake. When the water level is 34.5m, it can store water11400,000 cubic meters. The downstream lakes include Weishan Lake and a small part of Zhaoyang Lake. When the water level is 32.5 meters, it can store 778 million cubic meters of water.

From north to south, the five northern lakes are Dongping Lake, Mata Lake, Wangnan Lake, Shushan Lake and Machang Lake, among which Dongping Lake is the largest, with a lake surface of about 153 square kilometers in flood season and about 100 square kilometers in dry season. Generally, the water depth is 1 ~ 2m, and the deepest point is 3.5m Most of the other four lakes in the North Five Lakes are silted into shallow depressions that only accumulate water in summer, with little water storage.

Coastal and sea areas

Shandong Peninsula is surrounded by the sea on three sides, and the mainland coastline starts from Dakou Estuary in Wudi County in the north and ends at Xiuzhen Estuary in Rizhao City in the south, with a total length of 3 1, 2 1 km, accounting for one-sixth of Chinese mainland coastline, second only to Guangdong Province. The coastal beach area is about 3,000 square kilometers, and the water area within the15m isobath is about13,300 square kilometers, accounting for 10.6% of the land area of the whole province. There is great potential for the development and utilization of marine resources.

Coastal type: The area from Dahekou to Hutouya on the east coast of Laizhou Bay is a sedimentary plain, with flat beach surface, intertidal zone of 6- 10 km and beach area of more than 2 million mu, which is the concentrated distribution area of muddy beaches along the coast of Shandong. Among them, the Xiaoqing River estuary is mudflat to the north and sandy mudflat to the east. Qiziwan from Hutouya to the south of Jiaozhou Bay is a mountainous bedrock harbor coast. The coastline is tortuous, and there are many cliffs at the intersection of land and water. It is one of the famous bedrock harbors in China. There are many natural ports along the coast. From north to south, the main harbors are Longkou Bay, Zhifu Bay, Weihai Bay, Rongcheng Bay, Sanggou Bay, Shidao Bay, Zhangjiabao Bay, The Five Forts Island Bay, Rushan Bay, T-shaped Bay, Laoshan Bay and Jiaozhou Bay. Most of the important seaports and docks in the province are concentrated on this shore. From Qiziwan to Xiuzhen estuary, it is a gentle and flat coast. The coastline is straight, but there are also several harbors.

The offshore area of the province is 6,543,800+7,000 square kilometers, accounting for 37% of the total area of Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. There are 299 islands scattered in offshore waters, with a total area of 147 square kilometers. The largest of which is Nanchang Island in miaodao islands, with an area of 12 square kilometers.

Soil types and their distribution

According to the statistics of the second soil survey in Shandong Province, the total soil area of Shandong Province is 12 1 10000 hectares, accounting for 77.03% of the total land area of Shandong Province.

Brown soil area 1706200 hectares, accounting for 14.09% of the total land area in the province. Mainly distributed in Jiaodong Peninsula and hilly areas east of Shuhe River. Steep slopes are mostly used for afforestation and grazing, while gentle slopes are suitable for planting crops such as peanuts and sweet potatoes.

Cinnamon soil is mainly distributed in low hills, foothills, intermountain basins and valley plains in central and southern Shandong. Area1775,5438+00,000 hectares, accounting for 14.66% of the total land area of the province. This kind of land has low terrain, neutral or slightly alkaline, water and fertilizer conservation, good soil productivity and wide adaptability. It is the best soil type in the province, and it is also a high drought and flood producing area. It has always been an important producing area for crops such as grain, cotton, flue-cured tobacco and vegetables.

The fluvo-aquic soil is mainly distributed in the Yellow River Plain in the northwest of Shandong Province, and also sporadically distributed in the valley plains and lakeside depressions in hilly areas. It covers an area of 4,665,800 hectares, accounting for 38.53% of the total land area of the province. The fluvo-aquic soil has medium texture, shallow diving, neutral or slightly alkaline, good production performance and strong adaptability. The Yellow River Plain has a flat surface, a deep soil layer, abundant light, heat and water resources, and great potential for increasing production of fluvo-aquic soil.

The black soil in Jiang Sha is about 536,600 hectares, accounting for 4.4% of the total land area. Mainly distributed in Jiaolai plain, lakeside and low-lying areas in southern Shandong, it is soil formed after long-term water accumulation and drying up in low-lying areas, and the surface organic matter content is rich, which is suitable for planting crops such as wheat, soybean and sorghum.

Saline-alkali land is about 476,000 hectares, accounting for 3. 1% of the total land area, mainly distributed in the low-lying areas of northwest Shandong plain and coastal plain. Most of the soil salt content is above 0.4%, and the highest can reach 1.5%, which seriously affects the growth and development of crops. However, the saline-alkali land in the inland Yellow River Plain has only a high surface salt content, which can be transformed into fertile fields after treatment.

Paddy soil, the area is very small, accounting for only 1. 1% of the total land area of the province, about172,700 hectares. It is mainly distributed in Nansi Lake depression, Lincang Lake swamp plain and depression belt along the Yellow River. New paddy soil formed by replanting rice after liberation.

climate

Shandong's climate belongs to warm temperate monsoon climate type. Precipitation is concentrated, rain and heat are in the same season, spring and autumn are short, winter and summer are long. The annual average temperature 1 1 ~ 14℃ increases from the northeast coast to the southwest inland. The average annual temperature in Jiaodong Peninsula and Yellow River Delta is lower than 65438 02℃, and that in southwest Shandong is higher than 65438 04℃. The average temperature of the hottest month in Leng Yue in 65438+ 10 increased from minus 4℃ to 1℃, and the hottest month in July increased from 24℃ to around 27℃. The extreme minimum temperature is-1 1 ~ 20℃, and the extreme maximum temperature is 36 ~ 43℃.

The frost-free period of the whole year is also increasing from the northeast coast to the southwest. Generally, it is 180 days in northern Shandong and Jiaodong, and it can reach 220 days in southwestern Shandong. The accumulated temperature above 10℃ is generally between 3800℃ and 4600℃, which can meet the heat demand of crops for double cropping in one year. The average sunshine hours in the province are 2290 ~ 2890 hours, and the sunshine percentage is 52 ~ 65%, which is 300 ~ 400 hours higher than that in Jiangsu, Anhui and other provinces in the south.

The average annual precipitation is generally between 550-950 mm, decreasing from southeast to northwest. Lunan and Ludong are generally above 800 ~ 900 mm; The seasonal distribution of precipitation in northwest Shandong and the Yellow River Delta is very uneven, and 60 ~ 70% of the precipitation in the whole year is concentrated in June, July and August, which is prone to waterlogging. The precipitation in September ~ 165438+ 10 is generally100 ~ 200mm; Only15 ~ 50 mm from February to February; It is also below 100mm from March to May. Drought is prone to occur in winter, spring and late autumn.

Natural disasters often occur, among which drought, waterlogging, wind and hail have the greatest impact on agricultural production.

natural resource

Land Resources The total land area of the province is 6.5438+0.57053 million hectares, including 7.6743 million hectares of cultivated land, 6.5438+0.2859 million hectares of woodland, 45.7 million hectares of pasture land, 6.5438+0.627 million hectares of unused land and 6.5438+0.6979 million hectares of water area. Shandong has a high utilization rate of land resources. In the process of economic and social development in the future, we should pay attention to the rational arrangement of land use type structure and protect land resources.

Water resources mainly come from atmospheric precipitation. The average annual surface runoff in the province is 27.54 billion cubic meters, and the total groundwater recharge is 654.38+06.83 billion cubic meters. After deducting redundant construction, the average total natural water resources in the province is 37.95 billion cubic meters. The Yellow River is the main source of passenger water in Shandong, with an average annual inflow of 43.67 billion cubic meters. From the perspective of the whole province, Shandong's water resources are relatively poor, with only 520 cubic meters per capita, which is the national average of 2,770 cubic meters 18.8% and the world average of 3.6% 10795 cubic meters. The cultivated land in the province occupies 349 cubic meters per mu, which is 19.438+0% of the national average 1827 cubic meters. Protecting water sources and saving water are problems that cannot be ignored in Shandong's economic and social development. Under the condition of 50% guarantee rate, the current available water supply is 65.438+09.224 billion cubic meters (7.844 billion cubic meters of surface water, 5.88 billion cubic meters of groundwater and 5.5 billion cubic meters of yellow river diversion); Under the condition of 75% guarantee rate, it is1765438+38 million cubic meters (6.4 billion cubic meters of surface water, 5.2 billion cubic meters of groundwater and 5.5 billion cubic meters of yellow river diversion).

There are 450 species of terrestrial wild vertebrates in Shandong, accounting for 2 1% of the national species. Among them, there are 55 species of mammals, 362 species of birds, 8 species of amphibians and 25 species of reptiles. There are many kinds of terrestrial invertebrates, especially insects, ranking first among similar species in China.

There are 7 1 species of rare animals under national first-class and second-class protection in Shandong province. Among them, the national first-class protected animals are amphioxus, Chinese sturgeon and ox horn. , short-tailed albatross, spotted-billed pelican, brown ostrich, white stork, black stork, white? Zhu? Red-crowned crane, white-naped crane, white-tailed sea eagle, peregrine falcon, etc. 16 species.

There are more than 3 100 species of plants in Shandong, including 645 species of wild economic plants. According to their economic value and uses, they can be divided into seven categories (some of which are repeated): (1) There are about 78 kinds of starch sugar plants. They are rich in starch or sugar and can be used as raw materials for wine making, sugar making, rubber making, medicine and industry. (2) There are about 156 species of oil plants. The oil content of hazelnut, hickory, mountain pepper and sumac is 15 ~ 50%. Can be used in food or industry. (3) There are about 134 species of fibrous plants. Among them are apocynum venetum, hemp seed, Lespedeza, Celastrus orbiculatus, white flowers and so on. High hemp yield, slender fiber and strong tensile force can be used as raw materials for textiles and high-grade paper. Other plants are also high-quality raw materials for rope making, paper making or weaving. (4) There are about 65 kinds of aromatic plants, among which there are many kinds of volatile oil, such as pepper, Elsholtzia, Acorus calamus and wild mint. (5) There are about 84 kinds of tannins. Quercus acutissima, Quercus oak and Spiraea trilobata are widely distributed and have high tannin content. These plants are important raw materials of tannin extract. (6) Medicinal plants. There are more than 300 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines purchased and utilized in the province, and more than 80% of them are concentrated in mountainous and hilly areas. Famous Chinese herbal medicines include Glehnia littoralis, Melon Basket, Honeysuckle, Rhizoma Cyperi, Radix Platycodi, Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Polygoni Multiflori Radix, Radix Arnebiae, Scorpio, Venenum Bufonis, etc. (7) There are about 40 species of soil pesticide plants. There are mainly Maoeryan, Pterocarya stenoptera, Ailanthus altissima, Fraxinus mandshurica, Melia azedarach, Acorus calamus, Pinellia ternata, Kusnezoff monkshood, Euphorbia humifusa, Cao Xia, Dianthus, Pennisetum, Stemona and so on.

There are more than 200 species of fish inhabiting and migrating in Shandong coastal areas, nearly half of which are of economic value, and there are about 40 species of main economic fish. Benthic fishes mainly include small yellow croaker, hairtail, yellow croaker, white croaker, yellow croaker, red-headed fish, pomfret, flounder, snapper, ray, eel, bighead carp and shark. The pelagic fish mainly include herring, mackerel, mackerel and catfish. There are brackish barracuda and whitebait in the Yellow River estuary. There are warm-water migratory fish Pseudosciaena crocea in the South Yellow Sea. Migratory fish arrive in Shandong sea area by basically the same route every year to lay eggs, and some pass through Shandong sea area, forming many excellent fishing grounds, mainly including Qinghai, Shidao, Laizhou Bay, Wei Yan, Haizhou Bay and Lianqingshi, with a total area of 6,543,800+0.7 million square kilometers. There are more than 100 species of shellfish in shallow sea, among which there are more than 20 species with high economic value, mainly including tortoise, clam, clam, oyster, mussel, clam, clam, red snail, abalone and scallop. There are about 100 species of shrimps and crabs in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, among which there are nearly 20 species with high economic value and a certain yield, such as China shrimp, shrimp, new shrimp week, white shrimp with ridged tail, claw shrimp, China shrimp, Japanese shrimp, Portunus trituberculatus, Japanese sturgeon, beach thick-shelled crab, shrimp crab, swimming crab and so on. , the highest output. There are fixed algae 1 12 species in shallow water, and nearly 50 species with high economic value, mainly including Enteromorpha, Ulva, reef membrane and so on. Laver, agar, Gracilaria, sea radish, etc. In red algae; Seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum, Sargassum fusiforme, Sargassum, Sargassum, etc. In brown algae. Among them, kelp, Undaria pinnatifida and cauliflower are important breeding varieties. In addition, there are precious sea cucumbers, sea urchins, amphioxus and other marine animals.

Freshwater animals include more than 70 species of freshwater fish and shrimp, among which more than 20 species are mainly economic fish and shrimp, such as carp, crucian carp, mackerel, silver carp, bighead carp, grass carp, bighead carp, snakehead, Monopterus albus and whitening shrimp. There are more than a dozen snails, a considerable number. There are also more than a dozen kinds of mussels, among which the crested mussel is an economic mussel for freshwater pearl culture. There are also a considerable number of Eriocheir sinensis and Trionyx sinensis.