The development and characteristics of modern China history before the Revolution of 1911.

From 65438 to the 1990s, many people began to advocate violent revolution, in order to completely overthrow the imperial dynasty and monarchy established by the Manchu Dynasty and establish republics similar to France and the United States. Most of the earliest advocates of revolution were overseas, mostly overseas students and overseas Chinese youths. The earliest revolutionary organizations were also established overseas, among which Fu Jen Literature Society with Yang as the backbone was established in Hong Kong around 1890. Sun Yat-sen also organized the first Zhong Xing Club in Honolulu on June 24th, 1894, 165438 to raise money for the revolution. The two later merged in Hong Kong 1895 and 1, and continued to be called Xingzhonghui. In the same year 1 October 26th,1,an armed uprising was launched in Guangzhou for the first time, but it failed. Sun and Yang were therefore wanted by the Hong Kong authorities and banned from entering the country. The following year, Sun Yat-sen was kidnapped by the Qing court in London. This incident became international news, and Sun became famous internationally. Yang was assassinated by an honest official in Hong Kong in 190 1.

1900, the Boxer Rebellion broke out in northern China. The clumsy behavior of the Qing royal family in the incident greatly reduced its prestige. 190 1 After the signing of the Treaty of Xin Chou, domestic intellectuals felt that China was facing an unprecedented crisis. Since the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the number of people sent by China to study abroad has greatly increased, with the largest number in Japan, reaching more than 20,000 in 1904, and many of them went abroad on business. Revolutionary ideas are widely spread among international students, and students who advocate revolution set up various groups, publish publications and advocate democratic revolution. Among them, Zhang, Zou Rong and Chen Tianhua are very active in Japan. Later, many foreign students returned to China and became the backbone of domestic revolutionary organizations.

1903, Japan and Russia went to war in northeast China, and the Manchu government set aside part of the territory for the two countries to fight, and claimed to remain neutral; Some people in the royal family even said that the land of the Great Qing Dynasty "would rather be given to friends than slaves", which made the call for revolution to save the country even louder. At this time, various revolutionary groups appeared in China. Among them, the most important ones are the Huaxinghui led by Huang Xing (1904 was established in Changsha, with members including Huang Xing, Liu and Song, mainly young people from Hunan) and the Guangfu Association led by Tao and Cai Yuanpei (1904 was established in Shanghai, with Qiu Jin and Zhang as its presidents, mainly young people from Jiangsu and Zhejiang). In addition, there are more and more small revolutionary groups, such as Inspirational Society in Jiangsu, Powerful Society in Sichuan, Wenyi Society in Fujian, Handu Society in Jiangxi, Yizhi Society in Jiangxi, Wangyue Society in Anhui and Qunzhi Society in Guangzhou. These revolutionary groups are not necessarily affiliated with each other, and most of them have local colors. But on the whole, they all have the same goal: to overthrow the Manchu dynasty and restore the original mountains and rivers of the Han people; Establish a Republican country similar to the United States. Among them, the appeal of overthrowing Manchu emphasized the distinction between Manchu and Han; Only 18 provinces dominated by the Han nationality are required to be restored, and the three northeastern provinces, Xinjiang, Tibet and Inner Mongolia are excluded. The attitude of being full of people conforms to the anti-Qing tradition of underground gangs in China. Therefore, many revolutionary organizations use the power of secret societies to carry out revolution. For example, Huaxing Society has a close relationship with green gang, Guangfu Society has a close relationship with green gang, and Zhong Xing Society has a close relationship with the underworld. Sun Yat-sen is also a member of Hong Men Zhigong College.

1In the summer of 905, Dr. Sun Yat-sen successfully joined Japanese revolutionary groups such as the Huaxing Association, the Huaxing Association and the Guangfu Association, and established the China League Association in Tokyo on August 20, putting forward the program of "expelling the Tatars, restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and equalizing land rights", which was published in People's Daily, the organ newspaper of the Huaxing Association and the League (20th century) The alliance will actively publicize their ideas and vigorously promote the awakening of the masses. The People's Daily, edited by Zhang and Tao and written by Hu and Wang Jingwei, had a heated debate with Xinmin Cong Bao, written by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao who advocated royalism, and became an important position of revolutionary thought. Although 1907, the League split again (Sun Yat-sen withdrew from the Guangfu Association without public discussion because he received funding from the Japanese government). Sun Yat-sen, Wang Jingwei and Hu Ping have another headquarters in Nanyang. Huang Xing continued to support Sun Yat-sen, but he still played an extremely important role in the revolution.

1February, 906, the inaugural meeting of the trip to the west was held, presided over by Liu Jing 'an, and attended by more than 100 people including Sun Wu, He Jida and Feng Mumin. The predecessor of Daily Bulletin is a newspaper reading room under Wuchang Episcopal Church, which mainly instills new knowledge and revolutionary ideas into students, new armies and social parties. In the future, it will notify the organs that have become the Hubei branch of the Youth League.

From 1906, Chen Qubing and others organized literary groups such as Huangshe, Shinto and Kuangshe in Jiangnan, and 1909 organized Nanshe to spread new ideas through literary creation.

1in July, 907, some members of Tokyo advocated launching a revolution in the Yangtze River basin. Liu, Jiao Dafeng, Sun Wu and others set up the Progressive Party in Tokyo. The nature and program of the Progressive Association are almost the same as those of the League, but they are not directly affiliated with the League. The Progressive Association is one of the leading organizations of Wuchang Uprising.

191165438+1October 30th, Zhenwu Society changed its name to Literature Society, and elected Jiang Yiwu as president, Zhan Dabei as literature secretary and Liu Fuji as evaluation minister. Literary Society is an organization of young soldiers of the New Army, aiming at mastering the armed forces by infiltrating into the New Army. Literary Society is another leading organization leading Wuchang Uprising.

Some people say that the Revolution of 1911 was a success; Some people say that the Revolution of 1911 failed. However, I think the Revolution of 1911 was both successful and unsuccessful. It is the success of 1/2 and the failure of 1/2.

First of all, the Revolution of 1911 was a successful revolution. The Revolution of 1911 was a more thorough democratic revolution led by China national bourgeoisie represented by Sun Yat-sen, and the people of China started this more thorough revolution "in order to establish an independent democratic society".

Due to the organization and leadership of the bourgeoisie and the alliance, a relatively complete revolutionary program was put forward. In the revolutionary anger expressed by the broad masses of workers and peasants and other working people in various ways, they drove away the dog emperor and overthrew the autocratic rule of the Qing Dynasty for more than 260 years, thus ending the feudal monarchy of more than 2,000 years, establishing the bourgeois republic and producing the provisional constitution of the Republic of China, which is the first document of bourgeois constitutional nature in China history. Although this document was soon abandoned by Beiyang warlords, after this revolution, the concept of democratic republic has been deeply rooted in people's hearts, which has dealt a political blow to feudal forces, and the democratic trend of thought has become unstoppable. Because of this, after the Revolution of 1911, Yuan Shikai's Hongxian monarchy and Zhang Xun's restoration monarchy were all short-lived and ended in failure. The Revolution of 1911 also made ideological preparations for the transition from democratic revolution to new-democratic revolution.

The Revolution of 1911 also dealt a heavy blow to imperialism. Although the bourgeoisie did not explicitly put forward an anti-imperialist political program, as Mao Zedong said, "The Revolution of 1911 is the life of imperialism, and the people of China want to change the life of the Qing Dynasty, because the Qing Dynasty is the running dog of imperialism". So Lenin regarded the Revolution of 1911 as "the awakening of Asia", but imperialism used the reactionary Qing government to smash the dreams of China people. After the collapse of the Qing government, imperialism tried to foster new lackeys, but these "new lackeys" were short-lived and were overthrown by the people of China, which weakened the oppression of the Chinese and foreign reactionary forces on the people of China to some extent.

In a deeper sense, the Revolution of 1911 actually promoted the development of productive forces. Although the revolution failed, it promoted the development of national capitalism to some extent. After the founding of the Republic of China, domestic industrial groups were established one after another, and setting up factories and banks became a trend. The economic strength of state capitalism has been significantly enhanced in just a few years, and the ranks of the proletariat have also grown day by day.

The Revolution of 1911 also laid the first crown in Asia, which is of international significance. The Revolution of 1911 dealt a heavy blow to imperialism and overthrew the feudal monarchy for more than 2,000 years, which was a great encouragement to the national liberation movement of people all over the world, especially those in the East. Under the influence of the China Revolution, colonies such as Dutch Java in 19 13 carried out extensive democratic revolutionary movements. China people's revolution will bring liberation to Asia and destroy the bourgeois rule in Europe.

In a word, the great achievements of the Revolution of 1911 paved a golden road for the development trend of China.

However, the Revolution of 1911 was a hasty success, but it was an incomplete victory.

Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles have only completed the first item-nationalism, and other civil rights and people's livelihood have long been in arrears. Moreover, as far as nationalism is concerned, all that has been accomplished is "expelling the Tatars", and all imperialist forces have been preserved intact. After Yuan Shikai came to power, China was under the reactionary rule of the Northern Warlords, and the Three People's Principles became an armchair strategist. They sell dog meat by hanging sheep's heads. Although they have the name of the Republic of China, they have no reality of the Republic of China. From this point of view, although the success of the Revolution of 1911 is of great historical significance, it is a pot of raw rice.

The achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were finally stolen by Yuan Shikai, and China's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal task was not completed, so it failed again.

The League of Bourgeois Political Parties leading this revolution lacks a clear anti-imperialist program and concrete actions. Due to the limitations of bourgeois history, the bourgeois revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen have a vague understanding of the essence of imperialism. From the Allied League to the Nanjing Provisional Government, they all have illusions about imperialism. They think that the west will be in favor of establishing a bourgeois country. Sun Yat-sen not only failed to distinguish the so-called "neutrality" of imperialism, but maintained friendly relations with imperialism at the expense of recognizing all its rights and interests in China. With such a compromise by the bourgeoisie, it is really difficult for the revolution to continue.

The bourgeoisie limited its revolutionary goal to opposing the Qing emperor. They believe that "the abdication of the Qing emperor" means that autocracy has been eliminated and the revolution has been completed. Because of this, it just gives opportunist constitutionalists and old bureaucrats an opportunity. Later, Yuan Shikai stole political power in exchange for the abdication of the Qing emperor and destroyed the revolution. The revolutionaries not only failed to see through Yuan Shikai's counter-revolutionary tactics, but regarded Yuan Shikai as an ally, which shows that the revolutionary party.

The leaders of the Revolution of 1911 failed to mobilize the broad masses of the people, especially the peasants, to participate in the struggle. Although the slogan of "equal land rights" was put forward in the program of the League, it was not actually accepted by all revolutionaries, and no measures were found to solve the land problem, so "equal land rights" could not be implemented, thus losing the role of mobilizing farmers. As the Revolutionary Party lost the support of farmers, it turned its attention to the New Army and the Peace Party. It is precisely because we are divorced from the people that the revolutionary forces are weak. Mao Zedong once pointed out: "The national revolution needs a big rural reform, and the reason why the Revolution of 1911 failed was because there was no such reform. Therefore, under the collusion of imperialism and feudal forces, the failure of the revolution is inevitable.

The revolutionaries did not establish and master the organized revolutionary armed forces, but the League launched a new army and held an uprising in communist party. After all, these two armed forces were not established by revolutionaries themselves. In addition, the members of the new army and communist party are complicated, and most of them have accepted the constitutionalists and the old bureaucrats. Therefore, they are often incited by the old forces to become forces that undermine the revolution, and revolutionaries lack strong armed forces, making it difficult to cope with the counter-attacks of reactionary forces.

China League has not established a correct organizational line, so it is not consolidated organizationally. The alliance is complicated, with inconsistent political beliefs and serious ideological differences, so it has never formed a unified leadership core, such a political party with lack of ideological beliefs, scattered organization and internal contradictions.

In a word, many problems appeared in the revolution, which fully exposed the weakness and compromise of the bourgeoisie. Of course, there were also many inevitable problems in the objective environment at that time, such as the joint destruction of the feudal class and foreign forces, which forced the revolutionaries to hand over the national government to Yuan Shikai; At that time, farmers were deeply influenced by feudal remnants and could not accept revolutionary ideas quickly; It is difficult for the revolutionary party to establish and master the economic, political and mass basis of an army.

Revolution also keeps pace with the times. The greatest achievement of the Revolution of 1911 should be its influence on later revolutions, and its success is also the cause of failure, which has always been used for reference by later revolutionaries. Boldly speaking, the Revolution of 1911 opened a historical precedent, which led to the establishment of new China and the victory of the democratic revolution.

Therefore, it is half success and half failure. However, judging from its guidance and influence on the later China Revolution, it is worthy of our praise, and it is not a failure or success as many people say. So I believe that the Revolution of 1911 is the cornerstone of China's modern revolution, which shows that as long as the revolution continues, victory will come one day!

The Revolution of 1911 was a great bourgeois-democratic revolution in China's modern history, with far-reaching historical significance.

First of all, the Revolution of 1911 dealt a fatal blow to the feudal autocracy. It overthrew the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China for more than 260 years, ended the feudal autocratic monarchy system in China for more than 2,000 years, established a bourgeois republic, and promoted historical progress. The Revolution of 1911 enabled the people to gain some rights of democratic republic, and since then, the concept of democratic republic has been deeply rooted in people's hearts. In the later historical process, no matter who wants to be an emperor and who wants to restore the monarchy, it will quickly collapse under the opposition of the people.

Secondly, the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the "foreign court" and dealt a heavy blow to the imperialist forces of aggression. After the Revolution of 1911, the imperialists had to change their agents in China again and again, but they could not find any ruling tools that could control the overall situation, nor could they establish a relatively stable ruling order in China.

Third, the Revolution of 1911 created favorable conditions for the development of national capitalism. After the founding of the Republic of China, domestic industrial groups were established one after another, and it became a trend to set up factories and banks. The economic power of state capitalism has been greatly enhanced in a few short years, and the ranks of the proletariat have also grown rapidly.

Fourthly, the Revolution of 1911 had a wide influence on the liberation movement of oppressed peoples in modern Asian countries, especially on the struggle against colonialism in Vietnam, Indonesia and other countries. During this period, there was a climax of the national liberation movement in Asia.

It is hard to say that there is a complete and thorough bourgeois revolution or bourgeois democratic revolution. The so-called thoroughness can only be said to be basically thorough. The successful result of the self-sinking class revolution is enough to make the capitalist system replace the feudal system, that is, the new exploitation system replaces the old exploitation system, and the replacement of the exploitation system does not require a complete break between the old and the new, but can compromise, integrate and coexist in many aspects. Many developed capitalist countries still retain monarchies and titles of nobility, which is an obvious example of incomplete revolution.

As a bourgeois democratic revolution in China, the Revolution of 1911 did not accomplish the fundamental task of anti-imperialism and feudalism, and its achievements were far less than those of the bourgeois revolutions in Western Europe and North America, but it was far better than those of European countries including France in eradicating feudal monarchy. A cannon shot of the Revolution of 1911 not only drove away the Qing emperors, but also made China's feudal monarchy, which lasted for more than two thousand years, disappear forever. From the Yuan Dynasty to the Sixth National People's Congress, although Yuan Shikai ruled zhang xun restoration by himself, it was only two short-lived farce, which did not interrupt the Republic of China, nor did it have the twists and turns of two empires and three republics like France. Therefore, the Revolution of 1911 was successful to some extent.