Who can introduce the state of Qin after Shang Yang's political reform?

The purpose and function of Shang Yang's reform

Objective: To enrich Qiang Bing.

Function: There is a bustling scene of "giving a full family". People all over the country are ashamed of fighting in private and proud of the country's military achievements. The country's combat effectiveness is constantly increasing. At the end of the Warring States period, Qin became the most powerful country. The old system was abolished, agricultural production was promoted and the combat effectiveness of the army was improved. Qin became the most prosperous vassal state at the end of the Warring States Period, which laid a solid foundation for annexing the six countries and unifying China in the future. After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin's economy developed, and the fighting capacity of the army continued to strengthen, and it developed into the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period.

The Reforms of Shang Yang

1 reason and background:

(1) Develop the feudal economy and establish the rule of the landlord class (the main reason); The desire of the country to be rich and strong.

② Warring States Period.

2 Start time: 356 BC

Three reigning monarchs: Qin Xiaogong.

4 reform content:

(1) Establish an account and strengthen punishment (conducive to strengthening centralization)

(2) Encourage the development of agriculture and reward production (conducive to the economic development of Qin)

(3) Reward the army, and cancel the system of "clearing the stone with ten rewards" (this is beneficial to the improvement of the army's combat effectiveness, but also infringes on the interests of the old slave owners and nobles)

(4) Abandoning mining areas, opening up buildings, and recognizing private ownership of land (the key to establishing the rule of the landlord class).

(5) county system.

(6) Unified measurement, unified currency, and unified vehicle and rail.

(7) Rectify the social customs of Qin State, implement the monogamous small family system, and stipulate that father and son and adult brothers are not allowed to live together in one room. If they don't spend money as adults, the household registration tax will double.

(8) Implement a 20-level system.

5 Impact:

(1) abolished the hereditary privilege of slave owners and nobles, promoted the development of feudal economy and strengthened the centralization of the emerging landlord class.

(2) It laid the foundation for Qin to unify the six countries.

(3) However, Shang Yang's severe punishment policy and cultural coercion also had a negative impact on the later Qin Dynasty.

Shang Yang's Reform: It is precisely because of its role that the history of the Qin Dynasty became so brilliant.

Shang Yang's political reform was a series of reforms carried out by Shang Yang, a famous politician in the Warring States Period, in order to safeguard the interests of the rulers of Qin State.

Measures.

In the early Warring States period, the nobles monopolized the political power, and the economy, politics and military were relatively backward, and the monarch had less power.

The national strength is weak, and the territory is often occupied by other countries.

36 1 year ago, when Qin Xiaogong ascended the throne, the young monarch was determined to change the backward state of Qin, so he carried out political reform.

A powerful imperial edict of seeking the virtuous. At this time, Shang Yang came to Qin from Wei.

Shang Yang (about 390-338 BC) was born into a noble family. As a descendant of Wei, he once took Wei as his surname.

It's called Weiyang. According to the custom at that time, the son of the monarch took "Gongsun" as his surname, so he was also called Gongsun Yang. business

The name Martingale came to him when the State of Qin was called Shang Jun.

After Shang Yang arrived in Qin State, he preached "the skill of strengthening the country" and was determined to help Qin Xiaogong carry out social reform, so he got Qin Xiao.

The trust of the public, appointed him as aunt Zuo. In 359 BC and 350 BC, Qin announced twice under the auspices of Shang Yang.

The main contents of this new law are:

(1) Abolish the Shi Qing Shilu system of the slave owners and nobles, abolish the imperial clan privilege, and redefine it according to the size of the military exploits.

The rank and treatment of official titles. Junior soldiers who heroically killed the enemy in the war can also get official titles, escape from the enemy and surrender.

The enemy will be severely punished. Anyone who fights privately should be punished according to the seriousness of the case.

(2) Abolish slavery in mining fields, and legally recognize private ownership of land and trading system. Encourage men to plow and women to weave. Where are they?

It works well, producing food and weaving is more free from corvee and tax.

(3) Implementing the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business. Those who abandon agriculture for business or become poor because of laziness are punished as official slaves with their families.

Maid.

(4) Strengthen centralization and generally implement the county system. There are 3 1 counties in China, and officials are directly appointed and removed by the central government; the same

When compiling the household registration, the method of sitting together is implemented, and it is stipulated that five households are one household and ten households are one household, and each household pickets and reports.

"Traitors", if there are bad people who don't report it, they will sit together.

(5) unified measurement is formulated and promulgated by the central government. For example, "Shang Yang Fang Sheng" was used as the standard measure at that time.

Conducive to taxation and economic exchanges.

Shang Yang's new law directly attacked the old forces of slavery and consolidated the emerging landlord class regime, which was bound to be conservative.

The hatred and stubborn resistance of the troops. Therefore, from beginning to end, the political reform was carried out in a fierce struggle.

At first, the old forces represented by Gan Long and Du Zhi openly opposed the political reform. Advocating that "there is no law in the past, and there is no evil in etiquette",

Say what "teaching people according to the original old customs can be done as easily as blowing off dust;" Governing the country according to the old system, officials

I'm familiar with it and I'm stable. Shang Yang retorted, "Institutions and laws should be formulated according to the objective environment at that time.

There has never been a unified way to govern the country, just for the convenience of the country, not necessarily to imitate the ancient times. Shang Tang and Wu Zhou,

King without antique; Xia Jie and Yinzhou perished without changing the old system. It can be seen that anti-antiquity is not necessarily.

Wrong, the gift is not necessarily right. "Finally, Qin Xiaogong said he fully agreed with Shang Yang.

Shang Yang has made a new law, which will be published soon. But how can we convince the people? After some consideration, he let

His men erected a 30-foot-long wooden pole at the south gate of the capital and offered a reward of 10 gold to anyone who could move it to the north gate.

It makes people feel strange and dare not move. But he continued to offer rewards, saying, "Whoever can move will be given fifty gold." there is a

When someone moved the wooden pole to the north gate, Shang Yang immediately rewarded fifty gold as his token. Then, the new law was published.

At this time, the struggle between the old and new forces in the imperial court became more intense. At that time, someone talked about how inconvenient the new law was to implement.

Thousands. The prince's teachers, childe Qian and Gongsunjia, instigated the prince to break the new law behind the scenes. They tried to break it in this way.

Bad reform. Shang Yang said: "The prince broke the law because the teacher didn't educate well and should be punished." So he ordered him to be taken away

One of them had his nose cut off and the other had a tattoo on his face. No one dares to talk about the new law any more. In order to ensure the smooth implementation of the new law

Well, Shang Yang also killed Huan Zhu, a nobleman, and put more than 700 criminals who violated the law and discipline on the Wei River to suppress them.

After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin took on a new look. In terms of land ownership, the well field system was basically abolished.

Feudal landlord ownership, landlord land ownership based on private ownership; Basically abolished politically.

The enfeoffment system established the county system. Qin jumped from a backward country to a powerful country, which is "stronger than military reform and afraid of princes".

There has been a situation that "the family gives people enough, the people are brave in public war, and they are not afraid of private struggle, and the villages and cities govern".

In 338 BC, Qin Xiaogong died and Huiwen Wang succeeded to the throne. The old nobles immediately counterattacked Shang Yang, Gong.

Zi Qian and others forced Shang Yang to arrest on charges of "rebellion" and put him to death by torture of "car splitting".

Although Shang Yang died, King Hui of Qin and his successors continued to implement Shang Yang's new law, so the State of Qin was able to.

Further development laid the foundation for Qin Shihuang to destroy the six countries and unify China. Economic measures

The focus of Shang Yang's economic reform is to abolish the "well field system" and implement private ownership of land. This is the only case in the Warring States period in which land ownership was changed nationwide through national politics and decrees. The main contents are as follows:

1) Abandoned minefields and buildings

Shang Yang's major economic move is to "abandon the mining field and open a building". Historical Records records that Shang Yang "worked for the field, built and sealed the border, and paid a flat tax". "The Warring States Policy" said that Shang Yang "broke the building to teach the people to plow" and abolished the principle of "no porridge in the field". The so-called "building" refers to the irrigation canals and corresponding vertical and horizontal roads in the middle of the "mine field", which is called "building" vertically and "building" horizontally. "Fengjiang" is the boundary of the mine field sealed by the slave owners and nobles. "Opening the border and sealing the border" means withdrawing and sealing the border marked with state-owned land, abolishing slavery of state-owned land and implementing private ownership of land. Legally abolished the minefield system. The law stipulates that people are allowed to open up wasteland, land can be bought and sold freely, and taxes are shared equally according to how much land each person occupies. Since then, although the Qin government still owns some state-owned land, such as ownerless wasteland, mountains and rivers, and land newly occupied by other countries, it has gradually turned into private ownership. This destroyed the relations of production of slavery and promoted the development of feudal economy.

2) Pay attention to agriculture and restrain business, and reward agriculture and weaving.

Shang Yang carried out the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business. It is stipulated that those who produce more grain and distribute more cloth can be exempted from labor and tax, with agriculture as the "industry" and commerce as the "last industry". The whole family was punished as an official slave because they abandoned their roots for the end, or idled and became poor. Shang Yang also recruited landless peasants in Qin State to open up wasteland. In order to encourage the small-scale peasant economy, it is also stipulated that every family with two sons must make a living independently after adulthood, or they will have to pay double taxes. It is forbidden for father and son (adults) to share the same room and implement the small family policy. These policies are conducive to increasing population, collecting corvee and household registration tax, and developing feudal economy.

3) Unified measurement

Before Shang Yang's political reform, there was no unified measurement in all parts of Qin. In order to ensure the state's tax revenue, Shang Yang formulated standard weights and measures. Now, the Shang Yang Quantity handed down from generation to generation is engraved with Qin Xiaogong's eighteen years, Liang Da made a martingale, and one of the sixteen (inch) five (inch) statues rose. According to Shang Yang Quantity, the standard scale of 1 specified by Shang Yang is about 0.23m today, and the standard scale of 1 is about 0.2l today. According to the measuring device and its inscription, unified measurement was very serious at that time. Shang Yang also unified the weights and measures such as bucket, bucket, weight, scale and ruler. Qin people are required to strictly implement it and must not violate it.

The Significance of unified measurement

First, there are standardized measurement standards all over the country, which provide convenient conditions for people to engage in economic and cultural exchanges.

Second, it has played a positive role in the unification of tax system and salary system;

Third, it is conducive to eliminating the influence of local separatist forces;

Fourthly, it laid the foundation for the unified measurement of Qin Shihuang later.

Political measures

The focus of Shang Yang's political reform is to completely abolish the old system of "Shi Qing Shi Lu" and establish a new feudal autocratic centralization of authority. His contribution in this respect far exceeds that of Li Kui and Wuqi. The main contents are as follows:

1) encourage soldiers to implement a 20-level rank system.

Shang Yang ordered that "whoever has meritorious military service will be honored by himself, and those who fight privately will be punished", rewarding meritorious military service and prohibiting private fighting. It is stipulated that the title is awarded according to military service, and the imperial clan may not enter the public book unless there is military service. That is, "those who make meritorious deeds show honor, and those who do not make meritorious deeds are rich but not glorious." In other words, aristocratic children who have made contributions can enjoy prosperity; No credit, although the family has money, you can't be extravagant.

The establishment of the 20-level title means that Shang Yang completely abolished the old Shi Qing Shi Lu system. In the future, knighthood will be awarded according to the size of military service, and officials will be selected from those who have military service knighthood. Twenty-level titles: the first level is called male scholar, the second level is called Shang Zao, the nineteenth level is called Guan Neihou, and the twentieth level is called Che Hou. According to "Hanshu" records: "For the sake of the law in Qin, I was given a first-class title and wanted to be an official for fifty stones." It also explains the reward method: beheading the enemy's head in the war and conferring a knight, which can be a 50-stone official; Cut off the enemy's head and give him a knighthood, which can be a hundred stone official. Titles at all levels stipulate the number of houses and handmaiden occupying farmland and the order of clothes.

The so-called private struggle does not mean ordinary people fighting, but refers to "city fighting." "Yi" refers to an ordinary town occupied by slave owners. Slave owners often fought for land and property. The purpose of the new law is to weaken the power of slave owners and strengthen feudal centralization. The way to severely punish private fighting is: those who fight privately will be punished according to the seriousness of the case.

Because of the praise of the meritorious military service, Qin Jun's combat effectiveness has been greatly enhanced. In foreign wars, Qin's national strength was further enhanced, thus reversing the long-term passive backwardness. In 355 BC, Qin Xiaogong and Wei Huiwang joined forces in Du Ping, ending the passive situation of long-term nonalignment between Qin State and Central Plains governors and improving the status of Qin State. Qin also gradually occupied Bashu area with fertile land and high agricultural development level and northwest area rich in cattle and horses by force, and social production developed rapidly, laying a material foundation for Qin's reunification.

2) In addition to the "Shi Qing Shi Lu system", imperial clan nobles were encouraged to establish a military service system.

According to Records of the Historical Records, the State of Qin stipulated that "the imperial clan must have a theory of meritorious military service, and it is not allowed to follow. In the Ming Dynasty, the official rank and rank were different, the name of Tian Zhai was different, and the clothes of male and female servants were also different. Those who make meritorious deeds show their glory, and those who have no merit are rich. " That is, the level of aristocratic status is determined by the size of military service. This rule dealt a heavy blow to the old nobles of slave owners, and thus aroused their disgust. "Historical Records" records: "Shang Jun entered Qin for ten years, and the imperial clan was rich and resentful." Any political reform in history is not only a re-selection of the general plan of governing the country, but also a re-adjustment of interest relations, which is also the real reason for the obstruction of reform.

3) Reform the household registration system and implement the deskmate method.

The capital, towns, cities and settlements of Qin are all natural settlements. In order to strengthen the feudal autocratic rule and manage the vast number of residents, Shang Yang stipulated that residents should register their household registration. Use heavy penalties for misdemeanors. Li Kui's "Law Classic" was promulgated and implemented, which increased the method of sitting together. The main contents are: residents take five as "five", ten as "ten" and ten and five as basic administrative units. According to the preparation, registration and household registration, and ordered mutual supervision. If one family is guilty, nine families will report it. If they don't report it, ten families will sit together for the same crime. Those who don't report traitors will be beheaded, those who report "traitors" will be rewarded to cut off the enemy, and those who hide traitors will be punished to surrender the enemy. This is the same as the later Baojia system. Shang Yang also stipulated that hotels should not take in people without official documents, otherwise the owners would have to sit together.

4) implement the county system

Shang Yang's major reform was to "set small cities as counties", take counties as local administrative units, and abolish the feudal system, "every 31 counties" (some history books think it is 4 1 county or 36 counties). County magistrate is in charge of county administration, county magistrate assists county magistrate, and county commandant is in charge of military affairs. The county has jurisdiction over several cities, townships, cities and towns. By setting up a county, Shang Yang brought the political privilege of the Lord to the central government. This measure effectively cooperated with the policy of "abandoning mines for construction" and ensured the private ownership of land by political means. It consolidated the centralized feudal rule and weakened the local power of the rich and nobles.

Later, Qin established a county in the newly occupied area. The scope of the county is very large, with the nature of border defense, so the chief of the county is called the county guard. Later, the situation in the county was stable and turned into civil affairs, so there were several counties under the county, forming the county system of the Qin Dynasty.

5) Establish Qin law, and "burn poems and write laws".

Shang Yang's measure is to eliminate the interference of retro ideas. The high-pressure policy of "burning poems" initiated by Shang Yang not only greatly suppressed people's thoughts, but also destroyed China's cultural classics.

The purpose and function of Shang Yang's reform

Shang Yang's reform abolished the land system of slavery in the form of law, opened up a new road and affirmed the legitimacy of feudal land ownership. It broke the privilege of hereditary nobility of slave owners, determined the feudal hierarchy, and developed and strengthened the political power of the landlord class; The implementation of centralization consolidated the rule of the landlord class over the working people; Developed the feudal economy and strengthened the economic strength of the landlord class; Facilitate taxation and exchange.

The Reforms of Shang Yang

Shang Yang's political reform was carried out twice. The first time began in 359 BC and the second time in 350 BC.

The struggle between Shang Yang and the old aristocratic forces

Shang Yang's political reform violated the interests of the nobles and was strongly opposed by them. Prince Fu's son Qian and Prince Gong also instigated the prince to openly oppose it. With the support of filial piety, Shang Yang strengthened his ideological rule and the new law was implemented. However, in the first 338 years, Xiao Gong died, and the Shang Prince was succeeded by Qin Hui Wang. Gongzi Qian and others took the opportunity to launch a counterattack, framed Shang Yang for "rebellion", arrested him and chopped his car. Although Shang Yang died, King Hui of Qin and his descendants continued to implement Shang Yang's new law, so the national strength of Qin continued to develop, which laid the foundation for Qin to destroy the six countries and unify China.

Reasons for the success of Shang Yang's political reform

First of all, Shang Yang's political reform conformed to the trend of historical development. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, slavery collapsed and the feudal system was established. Shang Yang's political reform conformed to the requirements of the times and the trend of historical development, which was the fundamental reason for the success of the political reform.

Second, Shang Yang's political reform was supported by the rulers.

Thirdly, Shang Yang established the correct guiding ideology of "governing the world with differences and governing the country with the ancient ways", and he was firm in his attitude towards reform and won the trust of the people.