Metal gallium recruitment

exploit

Gangue discharge

The solid waste with the largest discharge in coal mine production is also the solid waste with the largest output and accumulation in China's industrial solid waste, and the output is generally about 10% of the coal output. The annual discharge of coal gangue in China is about 65438+500 million ~ 200 million tons. By the end of 2002, the national coal gangue storage was about 3.4 billion tons, covering an area of 26,000 hectares, which was the largest solid waste in China. In 2004, the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue in China was 654.38+35 million tons, and the utilization rate was 54%.

Mine water discharge

In the process of coal mine construction and production, various types of source water will enter the roadway and working face through different ways. In order to ensure mining safety and prevention,

coal

When water is cut off, the mine water gushing must be discharged. According to incomplete statistics, in the process of coal mining, the national coal mine water inflow in 2004 was about 3 billion m? The average water inflow per ton of coal is about 2m? . The utilization rate of resources only accounts for about 22%.

Gas drainage and mine ventilation

Gas drainage before and during coal mining is an important measure to ensure coal mine safety. However, the emission of gas into the atmosphere will have a strong greenhouse effect, and the greenhouse effect of methane contained in gas is 20 times greater than that of carbon dioxide. In addition, in the process of coal mine production, underground tunnels need hundreds of thousands or even millions of cubic meters of air per second, mainly by mine ventilation, which also contains gas and a lot of dust. According to the relevant evaluation and estimation in recent years, China's coalbed methane resources are 3× 106 Mm? . In 2002, the output of coalbed methane in national key coal mines was 9773.37Mm? , in which the fuel consumption is 5 17.49 Mm? , the utilization rate is around 5%.

Ecological damage caused by coal mining

Traditional coal mining ignores the mining, processing and utilization of other symbiotic and associated minerals, resulting in a waste of resources. There are more than 20 kinds of minerals associated with coal measures in China, but most of them are not used at present. In addition, the random storage and discarding of minerals will also cause environmental pollution and destroy the ecological environment.

Coal mining destroyed the original mechanical equilibrium of the earth's crust. Lead to surface subsidence, the original ecosystem was destroyed. This kind of destruction reduces or loses the original land income, and also causes the destruction of surface water conservancy facilities and the deterioration of ecological environment. The surface subsidence area caused by mining reaches 400,000 hm2 every year, with an average annual growth rate of 6.5438+500,000 hm2.

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function

Coal has a wide range of uses, which can be classified into two main uses: (1) power coal and (2) coking coal.

The main uses of thermal coal in China are:

Thermal coal

1) coal for power generation: about 1/3 coal is used for power generation in China. At present, the average coal consumption for power generation is 370g/(kW? H) around. Power plants use the calorific value of coal to convert thermal energy into electric energy.

2) Coal for steam locomotives: accounting for about 2% of power coal, and the average coal consumption index of steam locomotive boilers is 100kg/ (ten thousand tons? Km)。

3) Coal for building materials: accounting for more than 65,438+00% of thermal coal, with cement coal being the most, followed by glass and brick.

4) Coal for general industrial boilers: In addition to thermal power plants and large-scale heating boilers, there are many types of industrial boilers for general enterprises and heating, and the coal consumption accounts for about 30% of thermal coal.

5) Domestic coal: The amount of domestic coal is relatively large, accounting for about 20% of fuel coal.

6) Metallurgical power coal: The metallurgical power coal is mainly anthracite for sintering and blast furnace injection, and the consumption is less than 65,438+0% of the power coal.

coking coal

Although China is rich in coal resources, coking coal resources are relatively few, accounting for only 27.65% of China's total coal reserves.

Coking coal includes gas coal (accounting for 13.75%), fat coal (accounting for 3.53%), main coking coal (accounting for 5.8 1%), lean coal (accounting for 4.0 1%), and others are unclassified coal (accounting for 0.55%). Non-coking coal includes anthracite (accounting for 10.93%), lean coal (accounting for 5.55%), weak alkali coal (accounting for 1.74%), anthracite (accounting for 13.8%) and long flame coal (accounting for12.

The main purpose of coking coal is to smelt coke, which is made of coking coal or blended coal at high temperature. Generally 1.3 tons of coking coal can smelt one ton of coke. Coke, which is mostly used in steelmaking, is the main raw material in steel and other industries at present and is known as the "basic food" in the steel industry.

China is a major producer of coke and a major exporter in the world coke market. In 2003, the global coke output was 390 million tons, and that of China reached 654.38+78 million tons, accounting for about 46% of the global total. On the export side, in 2003, China exported coking coal14.75 million tons, of which 4.58 million tons were exported to the EU, accounting for about13. In 2004, China exported coke14.72 million tons, accounting for 56% of the global coke trade. The international coke market is still in short supply. In 2008, the total output of coke in China was about 327 million tons, and in 2009, it was 65438+252768700 tons10-September.

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classify

There are lignite, bituminous coal, anthracite and semi-anthracite etc.

brown coal

Most of them are blocky, dark brown, with dark luster and loose texture; It contains about 40% volatile matter, has a low ignition point, is easy to catch fire, gets angry quickly when burning, has a big flame and emits black smoke; The carbon content and calorific value are low (the calorific value varies greatly due to different coal quality in the producing area), and the combustion time is short, so it is necessary to add coal frequently.

bituminous coal

Generally, it is granular and small powder, mostly black and shiny, with fine texture, containing more than 30% volatile matter, low ignition point and easy ignition; High carbon content and calorific value, fast ignition, long flame, more black smoke and long combustion time; Most bituminous coals are sticky and easy to slag when burning.

anthracite coal

There are two kinds of powder and small pieces, black, metallic and shiny. Less impurities, dense texture and high fixed carbon content, which can reach more than 80%; Low volatile content, below 10%, high ignition point, not easy to catch fire; However, it has high calorific value, slow initial ignition, strong firepower, short flame, less smoke, long combustion time, weak cohesiveness and difficult slagging during combustion. Appropriate amount of coal and soil are mixed and burned to reduce the firepower intensity.

1989 10, the national bureau of standards issued the national standard for coal classification in China (GB575 1-86). According to dry ash-free volatile matter Vdaf, adhesion index G, maximum thickness Y of colloidal layer, Oya expansion B, light transmittance P of coal sample, ash-free higher calorific value Qgr and maf of coal under constant humidity, etc. Namely lignite, long flame coal, non-caking coal, weakly caking coal, 1/2 caking coal, gas coal, gas fat coal, 1/3 coking coal, fat coal, coking coal, lean coal, lean coal and anthracite.

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Organic elements

The main elements that make up coal organic matter are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, and there are also very few elements such as phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine and arsenic.

Distribution map of coal resources in China

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are the main organic matter in coal, accounting for more than 95%; The deeper the coalification, the higher the carbon content and the lower the hydrogen and oxygen content. Carbon and hydrogen are the elements that generate heat when coal is burned, and oxygen is the combustion-supporting element. When coal is burned, nitrogen does not generate heat, but is converted into nitrogen oxides and ammonia at high temperature and precipitated in a free state. Sulfur, phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine and arsenic are harmful components in coal, of which sulfur is the most important. When coal is burned, most of the sulfur is oxidized into sulfur dioxide (SO2), which is discharged with flue gas, polluting the atmosphere, endangering the growth of animals and plants and human health, and corroding metal equipment; When high sulfur coal is used in metallurgical coking, it will also affect the quality of coke and steel. Therefore, the content of "sulfur" is one of the important indexes to evaluate coal quality.

The combustible gas produced by the decomposition of organic matter in coal under certain temperature and conditions is called "volatile matter", which is a mixed gas composed of various hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and other compounds. Volatile is also the main coal quality index, which plays an important reference role in determining the processing and utilization mode and technological conditions of coal. Coal with low coalification degree has more volatile matter. If the combustion conditions are not suitable, the coal with high volatile content will easily produce unburned carbon particles when burning, commonly known as "black smoke"; And produce more pollutants such as carbon monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes, and the thermal efficiency is reduced. Therefore, suitable combustion conditions and equipment should be selected according to the volatile matter of coal.

There are few inorganic substances in coal, mainly water and minerals, and their existence reduces the quality and utilization value of coal. Minerals are the main impurities in coal, such as sulfide, sulfate and carbonate, most of which are harmful components.

Moisture has a great influence on the processing and utilization of coal. When water becomes steam during combustion, it absorbs heat, thus reducing the calorific value of coal. The moisture in coal can be divided into external moisture and internal moisture, and internal moisture is generally used as an index to evaluate coal quality. The lower the degree of coalification, the greater the internal surface area of coal and the higher the moisture content.

"Ash" is the solid residue left after coal is completely burned, and it is an important coal quality index. Ash mainly comes from incombustible minerals in coal. When mineral is burned, it absorbs heat, and a large amount of slag will take away heat, so the higher the ash content, the lower the thermal efficiency of coal combustion; The more ash, the more ash produced by burning coal, and the more fly ash discharged. Generally, the ash content of high quality coal and clean coal is relatively low.

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reserves

Coal is the most abundant and widely distributed fossil fuel on the earth. According to the evaluation of the World Energy Committee, the global coal recoverable resources amount to 484× 104 billion tons of standard coal, accounting for 66.8% of the global fossil fuel recoverable resources. According to 1997 World Energy Statistical Review, by the end of 1996, the proven recoverable reserves of coal in the world were1.031.61.004 billion tons, with a reserve-production ratio of 224 years, among which the seven countries with the largest reserves were in turn.

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Place of production

Coal is distributed on all continents and marine islands, but the distribution of coal in the world is very uneven, and the coal reserves in different countries are also very different. China, the United States, Russia and Germany are rich in coal reserves, and they are also major coal producers in the world, among which China has the highest coal output in the world. China ranks first in the world in coal resources, second only to the United States and Russia.

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in China

Overview of resources

China is rich in coal resources, which are distributed in all provinces except Shanghai, but the distribution is extremely uneven. The area between Daxing 'anling, Taihang Mountain and Helan Mountain in northern China includes all or most of the six provinces of Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and Henan, and the coal resources are concentrated, accounting for about 50% of the national coal resources and more than 55% of the northern coal resources. In southern China, coal resources are mainly concentrated in Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, with a total coal resource of 352.574 billion tons, accounting for 965.438+0.47% of the total coal resources in southern China. The proven reserves also account for more than 90% of the proven reserves in southern China.

In 2007, the newly proven reserves of energy minerals in China increased significantly, with 62 large-scale deposits 17 major minerals added, including 4 large-scale deposits in coal, including 4 extra-large deposits 14 with resource reserves exceeding 10 billion tons, with a net increase of 44.8 billion tons. The proven coal reserves in China are 7241.1.60 billion tons, of which the proven reserves in production and construction are 1.86822 billion tons and the unexplored reserves are 453.896 billion tons.

During February 2006 1-65438+, the total industrial output value of China coal mining and washing industry reached 6,988,2961.9 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 23.45%. Accumulated product sales revenue was 709,234.867 million yuan, up 23.72% year-on-year, and accumulated profit was 67,726.662 million yuan, up 25.34% year-on-year.

From June 5438 to February 65438, 2007, the total industrial output value of China coal mining and washing industry reached 916447509,000 yuan, up by 28.06% year-on-year. During 2008 1- 1, the total industrial output value of coal mining and washing industry in China reached 1,155383579,000 yuan, up 57.8 1% year-on-year.

The 11th Five-Year Plan period is the best period for structural adjustment and industrial transformation of the coal industry. Coal is the basic energy in China, accounting for about 70% of primary energy. The 11th Five-Year Plan proposal has further established the basic strategy of "focusing on coal and diversified development", laying a foundation for the prosperity and development of China's coal industry. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, the scale of new coal mines was about 300 million tons, of which 200 million tons were put into production, and the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" was 654.38 billion tons. China's coal industry will continue to develop vigorously, and the development prospect of China's coal industry will be very broad for a long time to come.

Basic situation

China, with its vast territory and rich products, is an important material foundation for the Chinese nation to thrive, develop and grow, and stand among the nations of the world. Among the discovered 142 minerals, coal occupies a particularly important position, with abundant resources and wide distribution. The coalfield covers an area of about 550,000 square kilometers, ranking among the top coal-producing countries in the world.

The geological age of coal-accumulating period in China is as follows: Early Paleozoic and Early Cambrian: Late Paleozoic and Early Carboniferous, Late Carboniferous-Early Permian and Late Permian; Late Triassic of Mesozoic, Early and Middle Jurassic, Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous and Tertiary of Cenozoic. Among them, the late Carboniferous-early Permian, late Permian, early middle Jurassic and late Jurassic-early Cretaceous have the strongest coal accumulation. China's coal-bearing strata are all over the country, including Proterozoic, Early Paleozoic, Late Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, and all provinces (regions) have coalfields with different sizes and economic values.

The coal-accumulating period and coal-bearing strata in China are distributed in six coal-accumulating areas in North China, South China, Northwest China, Southwest China (Yunnan, Tibet), Northeast China and Taiwan Province Province.

Distribution of coal reserves

The province (region) predicts the resource amount of lignite, low metamorphic bituminous coal, gas coal, fat coal, coking coal, lean coal and anthracite.

Beijing 86.72-86.72

Tianjin 44.52-44.52-

Hebei 601.39 9.98 7.24 508.44 30.19-45.54

Shanxi 3899.1812.68 53.85 70.42 343.90 508.02 305438+0.89 589.7838+08.63.40888888886

Inner Mongolia12250.41753.40 9004.001079.451.02364.18 0.23 23.968./kloc-8.

Liaoning 59.27 6.04 25.35 7.521.051.63-2.1515.53.

Jilin 30.037.4611.063.680.480.71.1.881.962.80.

Heilongjiang176.13 44.49 8.53 83.33-37.65 0.551.58-

Shanghai-

Jiangsu 50.49-34.71.1.57 6.90 2.022 3.451.84

Zhejiang 0.44-0.44-

Anhui 611.59-0.66 370.42 35.00154.37 33.69 3.56 438+03.89.

Fujian 25.57-0.09-25.48

Jiangxi 40.84-0.381.60 0.83 6.09 2.35 5.52 24.07

Shandong 405.13 24.67 3.23 220.68 76.50 5.64-27.66 46.75

Taiwan Province Province-

Henan 919.718.823.7586.16.5438+09.20163.7787.945438+009.29 440.83.

Hubei 2.04-0.49 1.55

Hunan 45.350.151.27 2.28 2.061.31.6536.63

Guangdong 9.11.41-0.06 0.07-0.74 7.83

Guangxi17.641.691.44-0.44 5.46 8.61

Hainan 0.0 1

Sichuan 303.7914.30-4.90 5.7175.46538+04.78133.26

Guizhou1896.90-5.2241.40319.57133.5665366

Yunnan 437.8719.1.67 6.223.58124.0031.17125.48/kloc-.

Tibet 8.09-0.08 0.08 0.200.130.140.037.43

Shaanxi 2031.10-523.79 800.1515.8911.49 64.4594594594

Gansu1428.87-242.49172.991.63-5.724.831.21.

Ningxia1721.1-1264.83120.50000.000000000005

Qinghai 380.42-143.6051.867.8533.0030.3481.1832.59.

Xinjiang18037.3-12920.0 4754.50312.60 24.80 25.40-

Nationwide 45521.01903.062421.939392.381032.6438+0.65435+0957.298888886

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Development suggestion

Adjust the structure of railway transportation capacity

Due to the influence of transportation bottleneck and unbalanced allocation of transportation capacity, for a long time, the coal in China's main coal producing areas is mainly supplied to the relatively narrow coastal areas of East China and South China, while the supply of coal, especially electric coal, has been relatively tight in Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces in the middle, most provinces and regions in the southwest and parts of the west due to the distribution of railway transportation capacity. Therefore, in areas with tight coal supply and capacity shortage, efforts should be made to adjust the structure of railway capacity and increase investment in railway construction.

Accelerate the construction of large coal enterprises and coal bases.

The concentration of China's coal industry is still low, coal mining enterprises are too scattered, and there are a large number of individual mining cases. On the one hand, it is more difficult for the central and local governments to manage coal enterprises, and the safety problem is a headache; On the other hand, it intensifies the uncertainty of coal supply and increases the volatility of the market. As a decreasing non-renewable resource, the state should implement unified management and planning for its development and utilization, rather than letting itself drift. There is no doubt that large coal production enterprises have advantages in technology, safety and controllability, and it is necessary to effectively integrate existing coal resources. On the one hand, enterprises that do not have safe and scientific mining conditions will be resolutely closed. On the other hand, under the leadership of the government, a large number of scattered coal mining enterprises will be formed into large coal groups and bases in the form of joint-stock system according to the market operation mode, and unified mining, unified management and unified sales will be implemented. In view of this elite talent, which is also the most scarce talent in China at present, there is a coal talent network, which is a professional website for talent recruitment and job hunting in the coal industry.

Actively explore new modes and new ways of coal-electricity joint venture.

Coal and electricity are closely connected upstream and downstream industries, and the coal consumption of power enterprises accounts for more than half of the national coal consumption, and the coal-electricity joint venture model has been widely recognized. Coal is the main energy source in China. For a long time, coal from west to east, coal from north to south. Because the layout of resources cannot be changed, we must use market mechanism to solve the contradiction between coal and electricity, promote the integration of coal and electricity, and promote industrial integration. There are various modes of coal-electricity joint venture, such as establishing a pit power plant in the coal mine location, changing "coal transportation" into "power transmission", accelerating the development of UHV power transmission, increasing the proportion of coal-electricity conversion in situ, and reducing the pressure of coal transportation. Secondly, coal-fired power enterprises can also sign long-term coal supply and demand agreements and carry out strategic cooperation between coal-fired power enterprises. Thirdly, large coal enterprises and power generation enterprises can form coal-electricity integrated enterprises through mutual equity participation. Finally, coal-fired power enterprises can promote the strategic cooperation of coal-fired power enterprises through asset restructuring, joint listing and mergers and acquisitions.

Accelerate the adjustment of industrial structure and the transformation of economic growth mode

The rapid development of many industries in China is based on low electricity price, low coal price and high energy consumption. The increase in coal market price reflects the excessive energy consumption of these industries. We should make up our minds to control the excessive growth of energy-intensive industries, improve industrial policies, speed up the adjustment of industrial structure, curb unreasonable energy demand, and effectively change the mode of economic development. On the one hand, it is necessary to tighten the threshold for high-energy-consuming industries and overheated industries in terms of project license, land, environmental protection and credit supply. On the other hand, reform the formation mechanism of resource prices as soon as possible, so that resource prices can fully reflect the scarcity of resources and environmental costs, and make improving energy utilization efficiency a conscious behavior of enterprises.

Accelerate the reform of resource taxes and fees, and promote the saving of coal resources.

Reforming China's resource tax system, from quantitative collection to ad valorem collection, and implementing the paid use of resources based on reserves and linked with recovery rate, on the one hand, it increases the difficulty of obtaining coal resources, increases the early investment and financial cost of coal production, and makes it impossible for coal mines to blindly expand production scale; On the other hand, it will make coal production enterprises cherish resources more, save resources, allocate and mine more scientifically and reasonably, and to some extent curb the behavior of "concentrating fat and thin" and blindly increasing production.

Accelerate the construction and development of the coal market system

Northeast Asia Coal Trading Center was established in July 2009, dedicated to promoting the construction and development of the coal market system, and establishing a highly information-based, standardized and open coal electronic trading platform and coal supply chain service platform.

With the profound changes in the coal industry environment and the acceleration of the marketization process, Northeast Asia Coal Trading Center has put forward the vision of "becoming the world's leading coal industry integrator", and clearly put forward the strategic positioning of "building the service standard of coal trading and coal supply chain, optimizing the resource allocation of coal industry, promoting the efficient coordination of industrial value chain, and promoting the construction and development of coal market system" as its mission.

Relying on the world's major coal producing areas such as China, Mongolia, North Korea, Russian Far East, Viet Nam, Indonesia and Australia, and radiating the major coal consumption markets in Northeast Asia, we will provide an open, efficient and credible coal spot trading service platform through intensive trading platforms and electronic trading systems. At the same time, through the introduction and integration of professional service providers such as finance and logistics, it provides services such as information, warehouse receipt pledge supervision, prepayment, settlement, inventory management, agent procurement and settlement.

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relevant knowledge

Adjoint/association element

Refers to the elements enriched in coal seam and its surrounding rock in organic or inorganic form. Some elements are highly enriched in coal, which can form industrial deposits, such as germanium-rich coal, uranium-rich coal, vanadium-rich stone coal, etc., and their value is much higher than that of coal itself.

According to the properties and uses of associated elements in coal, it can be divided into three types: beneficial elements, harmful elements and indicator elements. Beneficial elements mainly contains germanium, gallium, uranium and vanadium, which can be used. The harmful elements are mainly sulfur, phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine, arsenic, beryllium, lead, boron, cadmium, mercury, selenium and chromium. Sulfur is a common harmful component in coal, and the content of other harmful elements in coal is generally not high, but it is extremely harmful. For example, arsenic is a toxic element. In the process of coal combustion, sulfur is the main source of urban environmental pollution. Of course, if harmful elements are collected and handled properly, they can also become useful wealth for people. Associated elements in coal have their own geochemical properties and are formed in different sedimentary environments. Therefore, the sedimentary facies and sedimentary environment can be judged according to the relative content of elements, the symbiotic combination relationship of elements and the ratio of elements.

Liquefaction of coal

Coal liquefaction is a technology that converts solid coal into liquid products (liquid hydrocarbon fuels, such as gasoline, diesel and other products or chemical raw materials) through chemical processing. Coal liquefaction can remove harmful elements such as sulfur and ash and obtain clean secondary energy, which has important strategic significance for optimizing the terminal energy structure, solving the oil shortage and reducing environmental pollution.

The liquefaction methods of coal are mainly divided into two categories: direct liquefaction and indirect liquefaction of coal.

(1) Direct coal liquefaction The process of converting coal into liquid fuel by hydrocracking under the action of hydrogen and catalyst is called direct coal liquefaction. Cracking is a reaction process that splits hydrocarbon molecules into several smaller molecules. Because the direct liquefaction process of coal mainly adopts hydrogenation means, it is also called hydrogenation liquefaction of coal.

(2) Indirect Liquefaction of coal Indirect liquefaction is a process in which coal is gasified to produce synthesis gas, and then the synthesis gas is converted into hydrocarbon fuel, alcohol fuel and chemicals by the action of catalyst.

Coal to oil

There are usually two ways to convert coal into oil: direct liquefaction and indirect liquefaction. Direct liquefaction, also known as "hydro-liquefaction", mainly refers to the process of direct catalytic hydrocracking of coal under the action of catalyst at high temperature and high pressure to degrade and hydrogenate it to produce liquid oil; Indirect liquefaction of coal is the process of producing raw gas from coal gasification, then purifying it and synthesizing it to produce oil. Direct coal liquefaction is to hydrogenate coal molecules by chemical methods to improve its hydrogen-carbon ratio. In the process of direct coal liquefaction, catalyst is the key to reduce the production cost and the severity of reaction conditions.

According to the processing methods and quality specifications of coal, it can be divided into five categories: raw coal, clean coal, granular coal, cleaned coal and low-quality coal.

raw coal

Refers to the coal after coarse coal dug from underground or underground is screened and processed to remove gangue and pyrite. Raw coal produced in coal mines without washing and processing is also called raw coal. Including natural coke and inferior coal, excluding low calorific value coal.

clean coal

Refers to the products that have been carefully selected (dry or wet) to meet the quality requirements.

Fractionated coal

Refers to the coal produced by screening or selection, the lower limit of particle size is greater than 6mm, and the ash content is less than or equal to 40%. According to different particle sizes, it can be divided into washing medium block, washing medium block, washing mixed medium block, washing mixed block and mixed block, washing large block and large block, washing extra large block and extra large block, washing small block and small block, washing granular coal and granular coal.

coal washing

Refers to the raw coal that has been washed and screened, and the impurities such as gangue and sulfur contained in the raw coal have been removed or reduced. It is divided into several varieties and grades according to the difference of coal type, ash content, calorific value and particle size. Its particle size classification is below 50mm, 258mm, 20mm, 13mm and 6 mm. Coal washing can be divided into raw coal washing, mixed coal washing, mixed coal washing, pulverized coal washing and so on. Except that the ash content of blended coal is required to be less than or equal to 32%, the rest are required to be less than or equal to 40%.

inferior coal

Refers to various coal products with high ash content. Using inferior coal in boiler combustion not only has poor economy, but also causes serious wear and tear of combustion auxiliary system and convection heating surface, which increases maintenance cost. Because inferior coal has high ash content, poor economy and high ash content, it has serious erosion and wear on heating surface.

Conversion between coal quality analysis and test benchmark

The coal quality analysis is serious, and some benchmarks do not actually exist, so they are converted as needed; Some benchmarks actually exist, just for convenience, and sometimes they are not tested, but converted according to the analysis and test results of known benchmarks, which is much simpler.

The coal samples used for coal quality analysis and testing in the laboratory are analytical coal samples. The analysis of coal samples is obtained by crushing and shrinking again and again, and its state is air-drying. Therefore, when analyzing and testing coal samples in the laboratory, the benchmark is the analysis base (also called air drying base).

The analysis results of coal samples are directly measured in the laboratory, which is the most basic test results and the basis for converting other benchmark analysis results.

Conversion formula between various benchmarks:

Dry basis conversion: xd =100xad/(100-mad)%

Where: xad-test result of analytical base; Mad- analysis of basic water; Xd—— Test results converted into dry basis.

Coal quality

Coal quality refers to the physical and chemical characteristics and applicability of coal, and the main indicators are ash, moisture, sulfur, calorific value, volatile matter, limit rate of lump coal, gangue content, coking and caking.

Correct use of microcomputer calorimeter, lifting microcomputer automatic calorimeter, microcomputer ash melting point tester, automatic hydrogen tester, industrial analyzer, rapid ashing furnace, microcomputer adhesion index tester, Aoya expansion tester, coal ignition point tester, coal slagging tester and activated carbon tester.

Global coal resources distribution map

Carbon testing equipment can test different indexes of coal to determine the quality of coal.

1, product quality. Product quality is the foundation of enterprise's survival and development and the comprehensive reflection of enterprise's work. Producing marketable high-quality products is an important task of socialist production enterprises and an objective requirement of socialist production purposes.

Product quality refers to the sum of characteristics or features of products, processes or services that meet specified or potential requirements (or demands). Quality can be divided into narrow sense quality and broad sense quality. In a narrow sense, quality refers to product quality and related work quality; Quality in a broad sense not only refers to product quality and related work quality, but also includes product formation process quality and service quality. It puts product quality, process quality and service quality in the same important position, which further embodies people's great attention to product quality, and quality plays a decisive role in the competition under the condition of market economy.

As can be seen from the definition of product quality, it contains two meanings: one refers to the characteristics and characteristics of the product itself, that is, the objective attributes of the product; On the other hand, it refers to the degree of satisfaction of the product to the user's needs during use, that is, the applicability of the product. When the two are organically combined, they can give full play to the characteristics of products and fully meet the needs of users; The production purpose of society can be realized. If anthracite lump coal is used in synthetic ammonia production, the characteristics and applicability of coal will be well combined. However, if anthracite lump coal is used as common boiler fuel, it will lose its applicability. It can be seen that the evaluation of product quality is determined by the different needs of users.