What do you mean by attributive postposition and adverbial postposition?

The subject is the object of predicate statement or explanation, indicating "who" or "what".

the subject is usually used in front of the predicate to indicate what is known and exact, for example,

the teacher is not local.

1. Relationship between subject and predicate

The relationship between subject and predicate is the relationship between statement and being stated, the subject is the object of statement or explanation of predicate, and the predicate is the statement or explanation of subject.

In a sentence, the relationship between the subject and the predicate is relatively loose, and there can often be a pause after the subject, or corresponding modal particles can be added.

For example,

The snow-capped Himalayas stand tall on the south side of Tibet.

At that time, students liked to recite Xu Zhimo's poems.

2, the composition of the subject

According to the grammatical nature of the words that make up the subject, the subject can be divided into:

I-style part-of-speech subject

Style part-of-speech subject is the subject acted by the part-of-speech words.

Nouns, pronouns, numerals, attributive phrases, combined phrases of body parts of speech, the word "de", the word "suo", compound reference phrases, quantifier phrases, etc.

Nouns as the subject:

The paper cost me a lot of effort.

the sun shines on the snow-white earth, reflecting dazzling light.

It's six o'clock sharp in Beijing time. (time noun as subject)

There stands a statue in it.

pronoun as subject:

She feels that the mind of the earth is extremely broad, and it can accommodate all the pains in the world.

this is the fruit of our hard work for several years.

Numbers as the subject:

Ten is twice as much as five.

the first day is the third day of the solar calendar.

Take the definite phrase as the subject:

The busy and complicated earth suddenly fell silent.

The grass with small purple flowers is very small.

The combined phrase of aspect and part of speech as the subject:

The sound of wind and rain is getting louder and louder.

the gurgling sound of running water is mixed with the roar of mountain torrents.

The word "de" as the subject:

There was a circle of spectators.

The light yellow one is chrysanthemum, and the white one is daffodil.

The word "suo" as the subject:

The reference is only some latest foreign research methods.

this is the only standard that can be achieved.

compound reference phrase as subject:

All of us are well aware of the seriousness of the development.

Lu Xun's novel Diary of a Madman is the first vernacular novel in the history of modern literature in China.

quantifier phrase as subject:

The watermelon was not cut open after two knives.

that day is a day that she will never forget.

Ⅱ Predicate Subject

Predicate words in Chinese can act as subjects directly without any morphological changes, which is a remarkable feature that distinguishes Chinese from English, Russian and other Indo-European languages.

A sentence with a predicate word as the subject is called a predicate main sentence.

① Verb as the subject:

Verb as the subject is subject to similar restrictions as subject-predicate phrase. The verb in the predicate is mainly:

Yes is not equal to proof, indicating that

embodiment may change and cause

For example,

beating ‖ is painful and scolding ‖ is love.

swimming is a very beneficial physical activity.

plastic surgery may fail.

② Adjective as the subject:

Is intelligence born?

neatness is better than untidiness.

③ Predicative phrase as the subject:

Verbal phrase:

Doing that will cause many problems.

flying at low altitude requires superb driving skills.

Predicative joint phrase:

Listening, speaking, reading and writing is the only way to learn a foreign language well.

it's up to you to go or not.

Predicate-object phrase:

Repairing household appliances is his specialty.

it only takes more than four hours to go to Beijing now.

Subject-predicate phrase:

Here, if you can't ski and fly up the mountain, you will fall into the sea alone.

the village party secretary took us to interview ‖ it might be smoother.

Part-time phrase:

It is most appropriate to call him "Wang Daming Bai".

Ask the famous Weiqi players to explain the game on the spot, which is welcomed by chess fans.

3. Semantic type of the subject

The semantic type of the subject refers to the semantic relationship between the people and things represented by the subject and the actions represented by the predicate.

the semantic relationship between subject and predicate is complex and diverse. Subjects can be the sender or the receiver of actions, and some subjects have no obvious relationship with actions.

from the perspective of semantic types, subjects can be divided into

① agent subject

the agent subject is the sender of the action or behavior indicated by the predicate, and the relationship between subject and predicate is the relationship between agent and action behavior.

For example,

At that time, students liked to recite Xu Zhimo's poems.

The audience applauded the ballet dancer's superb skills.

His father is squatting barefoot on the kang smoking a cigarette.

hearing the abnormal noise outside the door, everyone ran out to look around.

The "agent" in grammar includes both the real sender of actions and behaviors, and the "agent" in a broad sense, that is, things that cannot send out actions and behaviors.

A sentence whose subject is an agent is called an agent sentence. The agent-subject sentence is one of the most commonly used sentence patterns in Chinese.

if the verb in the agent-subject sentence is a transitive verb, it is generally required to bring an object, otherwise it will be semantically self-sufficient and unable to form a sentence.

For example,

Our debating team defeated the opponent by a big margin → * Our debating team defeated by a big margin.

② patient subject

The patient subject is the receiver of the action or behavior indicated by the predicate. The relationship between subject and predicate is the relationship between patient and action. For example,

the dishes have been washed.

the film should have been developed yesterday.

the problem was completely solved in a few days.

his knees, elbows and chin are all broken.

"patient" in grammar is a broad sense, and its meaning is also broad, including the receiver, result or object of action.

A sentence whose subject is the patient is called the patient's sentence. The patient sentence includes the commonly used "Bei" sentence.

If the verb in the victim's sentence is a transitive verb, the object dominated by the verb generally does not appear, but there are exceptions, such as:

His knees, elbows and chin are all skinned.

the flowers are watered a lot.

③ and subject

and subject refer to subjects that have no obvious relationship with the action or behavior indicated by the predicate.

the subject with the event indicates the person or thing who is not the agent or the patient, and can also indicate the meaning of time, place, tool, object, place and quantity.

For example,

We ran away and lost a cat.

this pen can only be written in small letters.

these potatoes ‖ roast beef.

Tomorrow is National Day.

there is a national flag floating on the roof.

The snow-capped Himalayas stand proudly on the south side of Tibet.

(2) Predicate

Predicate is a statement or explanation of the subject, indicating "what to do", "what to do" or "how to do it".

For example,

The audience applauded the ballet dancer's superb skills.

too fast industrial development will lead to imbalance of national economic development.

According to the grammatical nature of the words that make up the predicate, the predicate can be divided into:

I Predicate predicate

Predicate is usually acted by predicate words.

Predicative words used as predicates include verbs, adjectives, predicate-object phrases, predicate-complement phrases, adverbial phrases, predicate joint phrases, concurrent phrases, conjunction phrases, subject-predicate phrases, etc.

① verbs and adjectives as predicates

When verbs and adjectives are predicates, it is generally necessary to add modal particles, dynamic auxiliary words and other components.

that old house that was in disrepair collapsed.

he has published this article.

the apples in the roadside orchard are ripe.

the rice is sour.

When verbs and adjectives are used as predicates alone, they often have the meaning of comparison or comparison, and often appear in complex sentences.

you don't understand, but I do.

I ‖ start, you ‖ break.

the style is novel and the price is moderate.

the north is dry and the south is wet.

Verbs and adjectives are often used as predicates alone in conversations.

listen (look/see/say/come/sit)!

q: who will be on duty tomorrow? A: I am on duty.

q: is it near Beijing or Shanghai? Q: Beijing is near.

The overlapping forms of verbs can be used as predicates alone.

let's talk.

think about it (see/smell/listen/walk)!

② Predicate phrases

Predicate phrases are often used as predicates in sentences.

Predicate phrases as predicates include predicate-object phrases, predicate-complement phrases, adverbial phrases, predicate joint phrases, part-time phrases, conjunction phrases, subject-predicate phrases and so on.

violent thunder roared one after another.

Lao Zhang will leave tomorrow.

The recruitment standards of employees in that company have been lowered. (predicate-object phrase)

Several stowaways attempted to cross the border. (predicate-object phrase)

She is walking on the tree-lined road on campus. (complement phrase)

The eyes ‖ become dark.

Lao Wang comes to work by bike.

He struggled to work in the fields.

People call him a "tank". (prison phrase)

The superior ‖ informs all units to attend the meeting. (part-time phrase)

Her eyes were red with boiling. (subject-predicate phrase)

At the age of seventeen, he is outstanding in writing. (subject-predicate phrase)

Subject-predicate phrase as predicate is an important feature of Chinese grammar. Sentences with subject-predicate phrases as predicates are called "subject-predicate sentences".

part-of-speech predicate

Chinese part-of-speech words can also be used as predicates, but they are often restricted by some conditions. The main parts-of-speech words that can be used as predicates are nouns, neutral phrases, part-of-speech joint phrases, de phrases and quantifier phrases.

① Nouns are used as predicates alone

It is rare for nouns to be used as predicates alone, and they are often used to explain weather, time, festivals, solar terms, names, ages, places of origin, professional titles, directions, places, looks and other meanings. For example:

Tomorrow ‖ beginning of autumn. (solar terms)

Today is Saturday. (Time)

May 1st ‖ Labor Day. (Festival)

Xiao Wang ‖ Southerner. (native place)

I, ‖ Li Ming. (name)

Lao Wang ‖ seventy. (Age)

She, Associate Professor. (Title)

The Forbidden City on the north side of Chang 'an Avenue. (place)

Nominal predicates can generally be converted into predicate predicates by adding the judgment verb "yes", which can often be modified by adverbs in front and modal particles in the back. For example,

Xiao Wang is from the south.

it's only Friday.

I went to beginning of autumn yesterday.

② Part-of-speech phrases, as predicates in sentences, are also often used to express the characteristics of the subject in terms of time, quantity, appearance, location and so on.

quantifier phrase:

She has studied Japanese for three years.

three yuan for apples and five yuan for bananas.

neutral phrase:

There is a high wall behind the house.

Xiao Li has just turned 25.

combination phrase:

Is this company a sole proprietorship or a joint venture?

he has a high nose and a wide face.

the word "de" phrase:

Xiao Wang is an English learner.

the apple ‖ just picked.

(3) Object

The composition of object

According to the grammatical nature of the words that act as objects, objects can be divided into body parts of speech objects and predicate objects.

① Part-of-speech object

Part-of-speech object is an object acted by part-of-speech words. Nouns, numerals, quantifiers, pronouns, combined phrases, attributive phrases, "de" phrases, quantifier phrases, locative phrases, and multi-reference phrases can all be used as the object of body parts of speech.

For example,

The conference is now soliciting opinions from delegates. (noun)

He is only a three-year-old child, so you have to forgive him. (pronoun)

One plus one equals two. (Numerals)

My bundles of cabbages are about the same weight. (quantifier)

Success equals genius plus diligence. (joint phrase)

This is a telegram from the county party committee.

Her pocket is full of apples, and there are two in her hand. (quantifier phrase)

The bag you just bought has a good style, but it's a pity that it's made of artificial leather.

Beijingers like to use the pronoun "you". It didn't take them long to climb to the top of the mountain. (locative phrase)

The aspect part-of-speech object and predicate are closely related in meaning and structure, and there is generally no phonetic pause in the middle.

② Predicate object

Predicate object is the object acted by predicate words.

Predicative words such as verbs, adjectives, predicative joint phrases, adverbial phrases, predicate-object phrases, conjunctional phrases and subject-predicate phrases can all act as predicate objects. For example,

We all like running. (verb)

Everyone is used to it, but he is surprised. (adjective)

We like to discuss together.

The village looks more peaceful and lonely after the rain. (joint phrase)

Many old people like to beat Tai Ji Chuan. (predicate-object phrase)

He fell to the ground and pretended to faint.

He immediately decided to report to the county magistrate. (conjunction phrase)

The organization decided to appoint him as the secretary of the Youth League Committee of the district.

I feel tears in my eyes. (subject-predicate phrase)

Compared with the close relationship between the part-of-speech object and the predicate, the relationship between the predicate object and the predicate is relatively loose, and there may be a phonetic pause in the middle.

there is a close relationship between the object and the verb that acts as a predicate. According to the nature of the object, verbs can be divided into body-object verbs, predicate-object verbs and name-predicate-object verbs.

the object verb is a verb that can only take a part-of-speech object. For example:

Buy, sit, read, climb, eat, improve repair, write, remember, visit, rectify and communicate

Exchange, build, repair, proofread, exchange, verify, remember and recite, and issue victory

Predicate-object verbs are verbs that can only take predicate objects. For example,

advocate giving advice, suggesting that permission is allowed and forbidden for fear of

preventing people who want to feel willing, have the heart to try, and may be brave enough to make plans

noun-predicate-object verbs can take both objects.