Development direction and employment situation of computer science and technology specialty

Since 2002, the initial employment rate of computer major in colleges and universities has been declining year after year, which has become a hot spot in the employment market for college students and aroused widespread concern from all walks of life. Is there a shortage or surplus of computer professionals? Are computer graduates "unemployed" or "unemployed"? This paper briefly analyzes the supply and demand situation and employment situation of computer specialty.

First, there is a shortage of IT talents.

(1) There is a shortage of global IT talents, and the demand is adjusted reasonably.

After the bursting of the "Internet bubble" in 2000, the global demand for IT talents has shrunk, which is a normal adjustment in industrial development. Although some IT companies have laid off employees substantially, the shortage of IT talents is still a worldwide phenomenon, and the talent gap in many developed countries has reached 20%. Since the beginning of 2002, the demand for IT talents in the United States has steadily picked up. In 2003, the number of employees increased by 4.2% compared with 2002, and the shortage of computer professionals will reach 670,000 in 2006. In 2005, the gap of IT professionals in Europe will reach 654.38+700,000. There is a shortage of computer professionals in developed countries, so they need to be recruited from China, Indian and other countries.

(2) The total number of IT talents in China is seriously insufficient.

In 2007, the total value of IT market in China will reach 51900 million USD, and the proportion of total output value to GDP will increase to 8%. World information industry production bases and R&D centers of multinational companies are being set up in China, and a new round of global industrial transfer is pushing China to change from a big information technology country to a powerful one. According to estimates, China needs at least 1 10,000 talents every year to develop the information industry, including more than 400,000 professionals, while China can only train about 200,000 talents every year, which is a big gap. IT is reported that in 2005, the IT talent gap in China was 425,000.

(3) There is a serious shortage of talents in integrated circuits, network storage, e-commerce, information security and game technology.

In 2008, the demand for IC engineers in China will reach 250,000, and there are only 4,000 at present, so there is a serious shortage of IC talents. In 2002, the storage system market in China reached 5.6 billion yuan, with an annual growth rate of 10% ~ 20%. In 2004, the demand for talents in China storage market was more than 30,000, while there were less than 500 technicians with storage engineer qualification in China, and there was a shortage of network storage talents. In 2006, the global e-commerce transaction volume can reach 1.2 trillion US dollars, and the number of Internet users in China is increasing at an annual rate of 1.000%, and about 2 million e-commerce professionals will be needed in the next decade. There are more than 4,000 information security professionals in China, which is far from meeting the needs of society. In 2004, the number of online game users in China was as high as 26.33 million, with a market income of 2.47 billion yuan, while the number of game technology developers in China was less than 3,000. By 2006, the online game market in China will exceed 5 billion yuan, and the average annual demand for talents will exceed 20,000.

(4) In the hierarchy of software talents, there are few senior system analysts and project planners with industry background, and there is also a lack of blue-collar software workers.

The annual sales volume and export volume of China software industry will maintain a growth rate of about 35%, and the sales volume will reach 250 billion yuan and the export volume will reach 5 billion US dollars in 2005. In 2002, among the unreasonable talent structure of olive software in China, there were 43,000 doctors and masters, accounting for 7%; Undergraduate students196,000, accounting for 33%; 99,000 college students, accounting for17%; There are 294,000 other personnel, accounting for 43%. According to the reasonable proportion of pyramid software talents, China needs 60,000 senior software talents, 280,000 intermediate software talents and 460,000 junior software talents by 2005.

Second, the market demand is strong.

(1) The industry demand changes steadily.

The total demand for computer talents in society is growing steadily, the employment distribution and post level of graduates are broader, and the demand subject is also changing quietly. The increasing demand of the communication industry is concentrated in the related majors of post and telecommunications colleges, and the ability to absorb graduates from comprehensive universities has obviously declined. Banking, securities, insurance and other financial industries are in constant demand, but the competition is fierce. Computer and communication technology are widely used in railway, highway, aviation and other transportation industries, and the demand for talents is growing steadily, but the demand level is obviously improved. The total demand for computer professionals in water conservancy, energy, construction, medical care, news, publishing, advertising, tourism and other industries has not changed significantly. The pace of informatization in machinery, chemical industry, metallurgy, petroleum, electric power, shipbuilding, light industry, textile, automobile, pharmacy, logistics and other industries has accelerated, and the demand for computer specialty has continued to grow. The urgent demand for computer talents by the modernization of the army and the national defense science and technology industry has gradually become a new hot spot for college students' employment. According to statistics, there are less than 4% computer professionals in taxation, industry and commerce, finance, public security, customs, foreign trade and other systems. In the next three to five years, the talent gap in e-government and e-finance in China will reach 300,000. There is a serious shortage of computer teachers in universities. In terms of academic structure, doctors and masters account for 2% and 22% respectively, which is far below the overall academic level of university teachers. College teachers urgently need to enrich their ranks and improve their knowledge level. At the end of 20 10, China plans to realize the "school-to-school communication" of primary and secondary school networks, and all modern information technology courses will be offered. In 2002, there were about 70 thousand full-time and part-time computer teachers in China, and primary and secondary education was informationized. It is estimated that 200,000 new teachers are needed. In 2004, the overall scale of IT certification market in China reached 3.35 billion yuan, increasing at a rate of 30% every year. Training institutions urgently need to supplement a large number of high-quality teachers.

(2) the formation of enterprise demand pattern

China adheres to the policy of "promoting industrialization through informationization" and promotes traditional industries and key enterprises to actively apply information technology in structural adjustment and product upgrading. Only 3.7% of the 3,000 large enterprises in China have entered the mature stage of information construction, and state-owned enterprises have great potential to attract graduates. According to statistics, the demand gap for network engineers in China's enterprise informatization is as high as 600,000. High-tech enterprises, with the characteristics of annual output growth of more than 20%, rapid development and high quality of employees, have become the main enterprise units to attract computer majors. In economically developed areas, the demand of non-public units has exceeded the demand of public units. It is no longer the main obstacle for graduates to work in any ownership unit. With China's entry into WTO and the influx of foreign companies, it is necessary to recruit a large number of high-quality computer professionals, and the employment choice and talent flow of graduates will be more biased towards foreign-funded enterprises.

(3) Regional demand is significantly different.

The investment of Beijing North Microelectronics Industry Base spans 15 years, with an investment of 30 billion US dollars. Shanghai will build a "microelectronics industry base", and the tenth five-year plan will introduce an investment of 654.38+0 billion US dollars. Shenzhen is also known as one of the "five most ideal base areas for global new economic companies". China has established software industry bases in Dalian, Jinan, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Zhuhai, Changsha, Chengdu and Xi 'an, and the software industry has developed rapidly. Developed coastal areas and regional central cities have vigorously developed high and new technologies with information industry as the main body, providing a broad employment market for computer majors. The relatively backward development of information industry in the central and western regions restricts the employment of computer major in local universities to some extent.

Third, the employment competition is fierce.

(1) A buyer's market has been formed.

From 2002 to 2004, the annual growth rate of IT industry in China was 1 1%, 15% and 14% respectively, which was far lower than the average annual growth rate of 32% in 1990s. Many IT companies constantly adjust themselves to adapt to the development and change of the industry, and the requirements for the quality of employees are also constantly improving. Employment has changed from a seller's market to a buyer's market. Faced with the influx of job-seeking college students, employers generally raise the threshold and lower the starting salary. Some employers overemphasize English certificates and IT certificates, and "choose the best among the best"; Some employers blindly require candidates to have a bachelor's degree or above and more than three years of industry work experience; Some employers unilaterally extend the employment probation period for graduates. The starting salary in the IT market has dropped sharply: in 2003, the average starting salary of graduate students and undergraduates in the IT industry was 3,738 yuan and 2,943 yuan respectively, which was more than 1 1,000 yuan lower than that in 2006.

(2) The employment pattern has gradually become clear.

In 2003 and 2004, the number of undergraduates majoring in computer science in China was 65,000 and 95,000 respectively, and the social demand was increasingly concentrated in famous universities. The primary employment rate of computer majors in key universities is over 90%, and the employment rate of computer majors in local universities is 60% ~ 80%. The employment situation of junior college students is increasingly severe, and the one-time employment rate is less than 50%.

(3) The job competition is becoming more and more fierce.

In 2002, the national electronic information discipline enrolled 443,000 students. With the sharp increase in the number of graduates, the phenomenon of computer and communication engineering, automation, electronic technology and other similar majors crowding out jobs is more prominent. There is a great demand for graduates majoring in network security, e-commerce, microelectronics, software design and testing. In 2005, there were more than 7,000 master graduates and 36 15 undergraduate graduates from National Model Software Institute, which was favored by IT enterprises in the job market. In recent years, computer, electronics and informatics rank in the top ten in China's professional rankings for studying abroad, and a large number of returnees flock to foreign companies. When scientific research institutions and institutions of higher learning recruit highly educated talents, the job crowding-out effect between levels becomes stronger. Due to the continuous emergence of computer application talents at all levels independently trained by all walks of life, the professional advantages of graduates in the field of information application gradually disappear.

(4) The influence of employment is more and more extensive.

Colleges and universities should reasonably adjust the enrollment scale according to the employment situation. In 2003 and 2004, the number of undergraduates was stable at 6,543,800+0,800. It is difficult for graduates to find jobs, and the number of applicants for graduate students has increased greatly. In 2004, the number of postgraduate students majoring in computer science ranked first in all disciplines. The traditional form of employment is fading, and there are a lot of "hidden employment phenomena" among computer graduates, but schools are not good at statistics.

Fourth, the employment work lags behind.

(1) dredge employment channels

The marketization of talent and labor allocation in China is low, and there is also a lack of convenient and efficient supply and demand mechanism between universities and employers. Because the employment market of graduates is not standardized and the restraint mechanism is not perfect, unfair competition, false recruitment and arbitrary breach of contract are widespread. Beijing, Shanghai and other cities have set various policy restrictions on the settlement of foreign college students, which has caused many computer graduates to become "temporary workers", seriously hurting the interests of students. The state should break down policy barriers and regional barriers to form a graduate employment market with smooth information and fair competition.

(2) Strengthen employment guidance.

The shortage of computer professionals for many years has caused many graduates' employment expectations to be divorced from the needs of society and the possibility of reality, which has artificially set obstacles for their job hunting. There are more than 8 million small and medium-sized enterprises in China, accounting for 99% of the total number of enterprises in the country, providing about 75% employment opportunities, and increasingly becoming the main body of college students' employment. However, 80% of graduates choose foreign capital and large state-owned enterprises as their first choice for employment, and their goals are too concentrated. In recent years, 90% of new IT employees in China are engaged in related work in non-IT enterprises, while graduates are keen on software companies and network companies, and their job hunting intention is too single. The focus of the global IT industry is turning to services. By 2007, the total value of China's software and services market will increase from $2.2 billion and $4.9 billion in 2002 to $6.9 billion and $654.38+04.4 billion. The huge service market will become a vast world for graduates to find jobs, but the service industry is not favored by college students. In an employment survey, Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen are the first choice for graduates, accounting for more than 72% of the students interviewed. The development of the western region, the revitalization of the northeast and the rise of the central region have brought historical opportunities for college students' employment, but graduates flock to developed coastal areas and large and medium-sized cities, resulting in a serious shortage of computer talents in the central and western regions and rural areas.

(3) Improve students' quality

The rapid development of IT industry requires students majoring in computer science to change their old ideas of working in a certain industry or field, constantly learn new knowledge and technology, and have extensive and multi-level adaptability. English is a language tool for learning to use computer technology, and it is also the main obstacle for computer talents in China to participate in international competition. At the same time, if the software industry in China is to become an export-oriented industry, the standardization and internationalization of programming and software development also require computer talents to improve their foreign language level. Under the impact of the tide of market economy, some students only pay attention to the postgraduate courses or skills learning at the operational level, ignoring the systematic theoretical knowledge learning, the cultivation of thinking foundation, the cultivation of innovation ability and the improvement of comprehensive quality, which seriously weakens the adaptability to employment and the stamina for development, and makes it difficult for them to find employment and survive in the IT industry whose life is innovation.

Fifth, personnel training is out of touch.

There are 1023 colleges and universities offering computer majors in China. By the end of 2003, there were 738,000 computer students in universities and software colleges nationwide. In the training of IT talents in academic education, all kinds of schools should reflect the hierarchy and cross-cutting, run their own characteristics and train talents suitable for social and economic development.

(1) The training of computer talents for graduate students is mainly engineering.

High-level computer talents in China lack systematic research and practice in developing software. For a long time, China's graduate education has laid stress on theory to a certain extent, ignoring the cultivation of engineering consciousness and engineering practice training. The main way to train graduate students is in school, lacking the accumulation of project topics, so IT is difficult to be a general in IT enterprises.

(2) The cultivation of undergraduate computer talents focuses on characteristics.

The cultivation of computer professionals in colleges and universities should embody a broad-caliber and hierarchical model, and cultivate research-oriented, compound and applied talents that meet the market demand. Research-oriented computer talents should have good mathematical literacy, high foreign language level, solid professional foundation and innovative ability, so as to engage in scientific research and technological development in the future. The development trend of computer science is more and more obvious. Students majoring in computer science should take courses such as electromechanical, management, finance, journalism, etc., which will not only help students broaden their employment channels, but also deliver much-needed compound talents to the society.

(3) The training of computer talents in junior college focuses on practice.

The fundamental reason why junior college students are difficult to find employment is that the training of junior college students and their knowledge, ability and quality structure lack certain characteristics, especially the relatively strong operational and practical ability that junior college students should have, and they have no competitive advantage in the talent market. The participation of industries and enterprises in running schools is the same law in the training of IT application talents in the world. Vocational and technical colleges should learn from foreign experience, directly introduce the internationally popular IT software training scheme into the teaching process, or directly integrate the qualification certification of famous IT enterprises into teaching, and cultivate international applied engineering talents in industries and enterprises that integrate discipline, technology and industrial thinking.

In the employment market of college students, the supply and demand of computer talents are booming, and the buyer's market is gradually forming. The essence of college students' "oversupply" and "employment difficulty" is not a surplus of talents, but a structural imbalance between supply and demand. The training of computer professionals in colleges and universities should adjust the mode and highlight the characteristics in view of the changes in the IT talent market. Facing the increasingly severe employment situation, college students should also change their employment concept, "employment first, then choosing a job".