Excuse me, who knows the loss rate of fastener raw material production in what range?

This question is difficult to answer, and it has something to do with technology, master level (rejection rate), materials, molds and equipment. But generally speaking, if the cold heading process is adopted, there will be almost no loss of the general bolt, of course, there will be a head, and there will be little waste when grinding the teeth. There will be waste when drilling and tapping nuts, and there will also be waste chips when repairing bolts, such as external hexagonal bolts, but they are generally less. Generally speaking, the material loss of cold heading fasteners is below 10%, and some even have no loss.