Urgent! ! ! Research on the Present Situation and Significance of "Accounting Information and Enterprise Resource Allocation"

The market is a place for the effective development and rational allocation of economic resources. Accounting market is a place or field that is conducive to the development, flow and exchange of accounting resources, and enables them to realize rational allocation. The accounting service market is a bridge for paid and voluntary service exchange between accounting firms and customers. From the perspective of economics, the accounting service market is composed of specific subjects and objects, which reflects the sum of the exchange relations between accounting services and other accounting resources.

The analysis of the development motives of accounting service markets in various countries is nothing more than the following points:

The first is the promotion of market mechanism. From the enterprise's point of view, management consulting and other services provided by accounting firms are important external resources of enterprises. When the cost of purchasing foreign resources is lower than the cost of setting up institutions or personnel, enterprises will tend to buy from outside. The services provided by accounting firms, such as product audit and management consulting, can not only meet the effective needs of customers, but also save the cost of enterprises. Because the core business of accounting firms is auditing, they are very familiar with the financial situation and operating results of enterprises when conducting auditing business. If you are entrusted by an enterprise to provide management consulting and other services, it will inevitably save working hours, thus saving the cost of the enterprise. Suppose an enterprise needs auditing and management consulting services and wants to save as little as possible, just find the same accounting firm. Therefore, this kind of service expansion is most beneficial to customers. To put it bluntly, enterprises will get the best service by coordinating all the skills of accounting firms with the market demand and taking certain measures to maintain the independence of certified public accountants. Judging from the current practices in various countries and regions, they all change from adopting legislation to letting the market mechanism allocate other service resources, and the buyers make their own choices and decisions. Because the CPA industry has brand advantages, then this advantage can be transformed into market value.

The second is the competition in the CPA industry. The professional competition of certified public accountants leads accounting firms to look for new service areas. For a long time, providing financial statement audit services has been an important business of accounting firms in various countries. Faced with such a mature and stable audit service market, it is difficult for accounting firms to expand their scale and increase their business income through audit services, so they have to find another way to develop non-audit services. Non-audit service is an area where certified public accountants and non-certified public accountants compete fiercely. Competition has stimulated the vitality of the CPA industry itself. In recent years, large accounting companies have increasingly become the largest providers of non-audit services. For example, KPMG American Accounting Company recently announced that its revenue in the fiscal year ended June 30 1999 reached US$ 4.7 billion, of which tax service revenue increased by 23% to US$ 0.00 billion, and consulting service increased by 4 1% over the previous year to nearly US$ 2 billion. In recent 10 years, the American Institute of Certified Accountants established two qualifications: enterprise appraiser (ABV) and personal financial expert (ABV), and formulated personal financial planning standard (Financ is planning standard) and Business evaluation Standard. The identification of the two qualifications did not lead to the division of CPA business, because the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants was established for its members. After obtaining the qualification, certified public accountants can only increase their good reputation and make people more confident of their professional ability. In fact, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants has achieved its goal, and the two qualifications enjoy a high reputation among the public. Recently, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants realized that with the increasingly diversified services provided by accounting firms, it may no longer be appropriate to continue to use the name of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

The third is the intensification of economic globalization. Economic globalization has promoted the economic integration of all countries in the world, and also brought rare opportunities for the development of accounting service markets in all countries. The strong demand of investors for global capital market information makes the service field of accounting firms expand continuously. Accounting firms promote the flow of capital between countries by providing information that meets the decision-making needs of investors, which also promotes the transnational development of CPA profession. However, it should also be noted that economic globalization has put forward higher requirements for the service quality and variety of accounting firms. In the global capital market where huge capital transfer occurs every day, investors expect accounting firms to provide high-quality and diversified services to reduce the cost and risk level of capital transfer caused by insufficient or unreliable information. At the same time, after an enterprise becomes a multinational company, it is inevitable that the accounting firm that serves it should be transnational. During the period of 1999, the birth of the single European currency euro triggered a wave of cross-border mergers and acquisitions. The global M&A transaction volume has reached 1 trillion dollars, exceeding the record of 1998 dollars, and this trend is still growing. While multinational corporations bring investment, technology, talents and management methods, they also bring accounting service markets and international accounting companies, which leads to fierce competition in accounting service markets in various countries.

Fourthly, the influence of WTO on the accounting service market. The General Agreement on Trade in Services under the framework of WTO is a comprehensive document to regulate the internationalization of service industry. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) has solved the obstacles for countries to control international trade and foreign investment in services by formulating rules including transnational accounting practices. These rules are aimed at: (1) ensuring that service providers, companies and professionals abroad or allied with foreign countries enjoy the same rights as their counterparts or competitors in the host country (J2), and eliminating discriminatory obstacles to foreign employees, especially the obstacles to qualification recognition; (3) Provide transparent qualification accreditation management rules for all service providers. During the period of 1994, the Working Group on Professional Services (WPPS) established by WTO strongly promoted the transnational development of the accounting industry. According to the ministerial decision on professional services, the Working Group on Services gives priority to improving the multilateral binding mechanism of the accounting profession, and takes measures in the field of accounting professional services, so that relevant qualification requirements and procedures, technical standards and licensing requirements will not become trade barriers. In addition, the Working Group on Services requires participating countries to mainly use international standards and guidelines when recognizing professional qualifications.

Second, the development trend of accounting service market

(1) Challenges faced by audit services. The first challenge faced by audit service is that the growth rate of audit service income is gradually slowing down, and the fierce price competition in the industry leads to a decline in profits. According to a statistic of the United States 1995, the real gross national product of country H has increased by 28% in the past six years, but after excluding the influence of inflation, the audit service income of the 60 largest accounting firms has stagnated. Although there is a great demand for audit services in society, there are a large number of accounting firms with fierce competition. It is difficult to gain more profits and expand its own scale through audit services. Therefore, accounting firms urgently need to make full use of their independent, objective and fair professional image and actively explore new service varieties. For example, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants has set up a SPECID Service Assurance Committee chaired by RobenK Elliott, a former partner of KPMG, to study the potential of certified public accountants to develop new service varieties and make a strategic plan for certified public accountants to further enter this field. The so-called service of improving information credibility refers to the service of modifying or reporting the information quality provided by information providers by independent third parties. When providing this service, certified public accountants can provide certification for the reliability of information, and more importantly, improve the decision-making relevance of information. The Committee also recommended six services to improve the credibility of information: (1) to provide certification for the reliability and security of e-commerce; (two) to certify the service quality or service results provided by medical institutions; (three) to verify the quality of information related to the possibility and consequences of adverse events faced by enterprises; (four) the reliability of the information system, such as the soundness and effectiveness of internal control; (5) Verifying the relevance and reliability of enterprise performance indicators; (6) Verify the service quality provided by nursing homes.

The second challenge faced by audit service is that e-commerce has changed the traditional audit method. As transactions are conducted online, written documents gradually disappear, but exist or are stored electronically, certified public accountants must begin to improve their auditing methods, otherwise their role as social notaries will deteriorate. At the same time, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants believes that with the company putting financial information on the website, the disclosure of financial information will definitely move towards continuity. Therefore, certified public accountants should provide continuous audit services. However, continuous auditing cannot be achieved. At present, both Web trust and Sys trust are feasible. Certified public accountants use their credibility to authenticate electronic stores and trading systems.

(2) Management consulting services are booming. Due to the different business scale and nature, enterprises have different service requirements for accounting firms. Many clients hope that accounting firms can provide other services as well as audit services, such as management consulting services. Since 1950s, the income of management consulting service in CPA industry has started to increase and maintained a strong growth momentum. The main reasons for the rapid growth of management consulting services are as follows: First, management consulting is a value-added service. Audit services often focus on historical financial information, while management consulting services are market-oriented and can provide value-added services to customers, so they are well received by customers. Secondly, the reorganization of the internal structure of enterprises has brought infinite business opportunities to the management consulting services of accounting firms. At present, it is very popular in foreign countries to rent external resources (outsourcing does not serve, that is, enterprises focus on developing core business and outsource other business to professional companies. Many enterprises and even government departments entrust internal audit, human resource management and financial work to accounting firms. For example, the Australian Ministry of Finance and Management signed a human resources entrustment contract with PricewaterhouseCoopers. According to the terms of the contract, PricewaterhouseCoopers will provide strategic human resources advice and employee recruitment services. Another example is that Andersen Accounting Company handles 85 billion dollars of economic transactions for General Motors every year, including accounting activities such as invoicing, collection, accounts receivable and accounts payable.

With the coming of knowledge economy, the scope of accounting service market will change greatly. It is predicted that accounting firms should provide five core services in the future: (1) increasing information credibility services; Management consulting and performance management services; (3) Technical services; (4) Financial planning services; (5) International services. Looking forward to the future, the accounting service market is facing both rare development opportunities and severe challenges. 2 1 century, although audit service is essential, the key to the survival of accounting firms lies in whether they can continuously introduce new service varieties and provide value-added services to customers without violating industry rules.