Wang Mang's Life

In 22 BC, Wang Mang entered the Central Committee at the age of 24 and began to be an official. He works hard and has more respect for people. His uncle Wang wrote to Emperor Han Cheng that he was willing to give part of his fief to Wang Mang, a prestigious minister in the DPRK, and also recommended Wang Mang in the above table. Follwed was extremely obedient to his uncle Wang Feng, and Wang Feng's position at that time was Fu. Wang Feng asked the king to take care of follwed. Wang Mang was appointed as Huangmenlang in the 11th year of Emperor Han Chengdi's founding (22 BC), and later he was promoted to a captain of the Society. Later, his uncle Wang Shang wrote that he was willing to give part of his fief to Wang Mang. At that time, many famous people in the DPRK put in a good word for Wang Mang, and Emperor Han Chengdi also thought that Wang Mang was very talented. In the first year of eternity (BC 16), when Wang Mang was thirty years old, he was named as Xinduhou (now Xinye, Henan Province), riding a captain, and Dr. Guanglu (a close confidant of the emperor's bodyguard) served as him. Wang Mang's uncles, Wang Feng, Wang Shang and Wang Gen, successively served as assistants. During the reign of Emperor Gaozu, Wang was the nine princes and five lords. Wang Mang is in a high position, but he never respects himself. He is always polite, honest and frugal. He often gives his salary to the public and civilians, and even sells his carriage to help the poor. He is deeply loved by the people. Celebrities in the ruling and opposition circles are full of praise for Wang Mang, and his reputation even exceeds that of his powerful uncles.

Wang Mang's cousin, the nephew of the Empress Dowager Chun Yuchang, made his fortune first and surpassed Wang Mang. In addition, he is also good at flattery, and once helped Emperor Hancheng to make Zhao Yanfei the queen. Deeply trusted by Emperor Hancheng, he was quickly promoted to Wei Wei, who was in charge of the imperial palace and became one of the nine dynasties in the Qing Dynasty. At that time, Alfred Wang Gen was ready to retire. Many people think that Chun Yuchang should inherit Fu. In order to win over political opponents, Wang Mang secretly collected evidence of Chun Yuchang. Then follwed took the opportunity of visiting the prison to tell Wang Gen that Chunyuchang had secretly prepared to take over as Fu, and he had made a wish that many people would be officials. At the same time, he tells the story of a love affair between Chun Yuchang and the deposed queen Xu. Wang Gen was furious and asked him to report to the Queen Mother. The queen mother wants to become an emperor to get rid of Chun Yuchang, find out his crime and kill him in prison.

In 8 BC, Wang Gen was seriously ill, so he recommended Wang Mang to replace Fu. After the death of Chun Yuchang, Wang Mang became Fu after his uncle, at the age of 38. After Wang Mang came to power, he forbeared and accepted wise men, and all the rewards and money he received were used to entertain celebrities, but his life was more frugal. Once, a hundred officials or bureaucrats came to visit his mother. When they saw that Wang Mang's wife was poorly dressed, they thought she was a servant of his family. In 7 BC, Emperor Cheng of Han died and Emperor Ai of Han succeeded to the throne. His consorts-his grandmother Ding Tao, Empress Fu and the family of Empress Ding came to power. Wang Mang had to quit his job and live in seclusion in the new capital Guo Feng (fief), so he kept the door closed and kept his place quiet. During this period, his second son, Wang, was killed as a domestic slave. Wang Mang treated him hell to pay and forced him to commit suicide, which was well received by the world. During Wang Mang's seclusion in the new capital, many officials and people complained that Wang Mang was dismissed and asked him to come back. Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty had to recruit Wang Mang to serve the Queen Mother in Beijing again, but he did not resume his official position. In the second year of Yuanshou (BC 1), he loved the emperor and died childless. On the second day after the emperor died, the Queen Mother Wang drove to Weiyang Palace and retrieved the imperial seal. The queen mother then wrote a letter asking the DPRK officials to recommend candidates for Fu, and the ministers understood it, so they recommended Wang Mang one after another. Only former general He Wu and left general Gong objected. The two men then chose each other to show their dissatisfaction with the exclusive rights of the king's consorts. Soon after, the queen mother named Wang Mang Fu, who recorded history and was in charge of military orders and the imperial army. Later, Han Ping, a nine-year-old emperor, was appointed emperor, and Wang Mang acted as an agent for government affairs, which won the support of the ruling and opposition parties. Since then, Wang Mang's political ambition has been gradually exposed. He began to exclude dissidents. First, he forced Wang to drive away his uncle Wang Li, and then he promoted those who obeyed him and eliminated those who violated and hated him. Wang Mang knew that if he wanted to keep his position, he must strengthen his power in the DPRK, so he took the initiative to curry favor with the famous Confucian Great Situ Kong Guang at that time. Kong Guang, a veteran of the Three Dynasties, was deeply respected by the Empress Dowager and the ruling and opposition parties, but he was timid and too cautious. Follwed approached and wooed him actively, introduced his son-in-law Han Zhen as a servant and a captain in the car, forced Kong Guang to promote himself in the name of the Queen Mother, and used Kong Guang's influence as a tool to repel dissidents. As a result, He Wuhe Palace was impeached and dismissed. Later, on various charges, more than 2,000 stone officials, such as Zhong Taifu Shili, Nanjun Taishou Wu, Taishan Taishou Ding Xuan and Hanoi Taishou Zhao Chang, were successively dismissed, and Gao Changhou and Shanhaiguan were deprived of their titles. At the same time, follwed gradually cultivated his cronies, with his cousins Wang Shun and Wang Yi as the center and his cronies Zhen Feng and Han Zhen as the overseers, picketing impeachment and managing machine affairs. Follwed usually looks serious. When he wants to get some benefits, he only needs a slight hint and his followers will play according to his meaning. Then Wang Mang will kowtow and cry bitterly, and resolutely refuse, thus confusing the Queen Mother and covering up his ambition for the common people.

In the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1 year), ministers proposed to the Empress Dowager that Wang Mang's contribution to the Dingce Ancestral Hall was the same as that of Huo Guang, and he should enjoy the same reward as that of Huo Guang. Follwed after learning, wrote that he had with Kong Guang, Wang Shun, Zhen Feng, Han Zhen * * *, hoping to reward only the four of them, and then consider his future whereabouts, regardless of the queen mother's repeated imperial edicts, resolutely refused. Ministers constantly hinted to the Queen Mother that Wang Mang accepted the title of "Han Angong" after pretending to refuse repeatedly, but he refused to accept the salary of 28,000 food cities for him. In addition, Wang Mang and his three cronies were promoted to "four assistants": Wang Mang was a teacher and was in charge of the four assistants; Kong Guang is a Taishi, Wang Shun is a Taibao, and Feng Zhen is a master, ranking among the three. The "four assistants" monopolize power. Except for the title, all other political affairs are decided by the four assistants.

In order to continue to win the hearts of the people, Wang Mang suggested that the descendants of princes and heroes should be rewarded first, and then the serving officials should be rewarded, so as to increase the rites and music of the ancestral temple, benefit the people and few people, and implement the policy of benefiting the people, thus winning the favor of the ruling and opposition parties again. Secondly, the Queen Mother took the lead in living a simple life and contributed millions of dollars and 30 hectares of land to help the people, and hundreds of officials followed suit. Whenever there are floods and droughts, Wang Mang only eats vegetarian dishes, does not drink or eat meat. In the second year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 2), there was a national drought, accompanied by locust plague, and the people in Qingzhou, who suffered the most, went into exile in succession. Under the leadership of Wang Mang, 230 officials and people donated land and houses to help the victims. Rent and tax cuts were generally reduced in the affected areas, and the victims received full pensions. The royal family's nursing home in Anding County was revoked and replaced by Anmin County to resettle the victims. Even in Chang 'an, 1000 houses were built for the victims. In order to promote Wang Mang, Chen Chong, the director of Da Situ, praised Wang Mang's achievements, saying that he could be compared with ancient saints. Wang Mang was worried that Ping Di's consort, Wei Shi, would carve up his power, so he sealed Ping Di's mother, Wei Shi, and her family to Zhongshan State and prohibited them from returning to Beijing. Wang Yu, Wang Mang's eldest son, was afraid that Pingdi would resent and retaliate in the future and strongly opposed the matter, but Wang Mang did not listen to the advice. After consulting with his teacher Zhang Wu, Wang Yu wanted to make Wang Mang change his mind by superstitious methods, so he ordered his wife and brother Lu Kuan to sprinkle blood wine on Wang Mang's door, and then tried to persuade Wang Mang to hand over power to Wei Shi. But it was found in the implementation process. In a rage, Wang Mang caught his son Wang Yu and poisoned him. Then I took this opportunity to frame charges, kill Wei's consorts, implicate local strongmen who opposed me, and forcibly kill Princess, Liu Li and other North Korean political enemies. Hundreds of people were killed in this incident, and the sea shook. In order to eliminate the negative impact, Wang Mang also publicized this incident as a feat of Wang Mang's "putting righteousness above family interests and disregarding personal interests", and even wrote a eulogy, which was distributed throughout the country, so that officials and ordinary people could recite these articles, and then registered them in the official files as "filial piety classics" to teach the world.

In the third year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 3), Wang Mang was forty-eight, and made the long queen Di as the queen, Han Ping Emperor (that is, Empress Xiaoping, later renamed Huang's royal family); Wang Yu, the eldest son, was forced to commit suicide by Wang Mang because of the Lu Kuan case, involving hundreds of people. Wang Mang's companions wrote that the public values righteousness, the family interests and the private interests, and books such as the Eight Commandments and the Classic of Filial Piety are used as the bibliography for the country to select talents.

In the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 4), Wang Mang Jia Jia became a vassal above Heng. Wang Mang invited the establishment of Tang Ming, Biyong, Lingtai and other ceremonial buildings, as well as the city (city) and Man Cang (national warehouse), to build 10,000 houses for scholars, attract scholars from all over the world and thousands of people with special skills to Chang 'an, and vigorously promote the education of rites and music, which won the support of Confucian scholars. First, more than 480,000 people, as well as princes, princes and royalty, demanded to reward the Duke of Han An, Wang Mang, and then 900 ministers or ministers demanded to add nine tin to Wang Mang. So the court gave Wang Mang nine life jars as a symbol of supreme courtesy. Then, in order to create a scene of peace and prosperity, Wang Mang first sent eight "custom messengers" to inspect various places. After returning to North Korea, he praised the world for peace and showed Wang Mang's contribution to education. Secondly, through the policy of luring with heavy money, the Huns and other foreigners sent envoys to submit to the pilgrimage, and Wang Mang became a moral saint in people's hearts, governing the country and leveling the world.

In the fifth year of Emperor Ping of Han Dynasty (AD 5), Emperor Ping fell ill, and Wang Mang prayed to heaven for his death. In AD 6, Emperor Han Ping died of illness. In order to prevent the old and new emperors from ascending to the throne, Wang Mang made an obedient baby (that is, Liu Ying) the Crown Prince, who was only two years old at that time. According to the ministers, the empress dowager is called the emperor of Wang Mang's generation, and he is called the fake emperor. His subjects called Wang Mang the emperor, and Wang Mang called himself "giving". Change the title of "Regent"

At this time, Wang Mang was 5 1 year old, worth 6 AD, and the country name was the first year of Jushe. The following year, Zhaiyi, the magistrate of Dong Jun, and Zhao Ming and Huo Hong, the bad guys of Li, rose up against follwed with great fanfare. Wang Mang then sent Wang Yi to rest and proclaimed himself emperor. At this time, Chen Wei's theory of abdication prevailed, and Wang Mang made great use of many books, such as Asking the Sage to Resign, Declining the Han Dynasty, Making the Emperor of Heaven Tell the Giver to Seal the Hou, and the Ming Dynasty. People who have devoted their lives have been richly rewarded, and people who are famous for their mourning chapters even presented books to the temple of Emperor Gaozu. Over the past eight years, from Han Angong-Jae Heng-Fake Emperor-Real Emperor, successive dynasties in China have set up another model of usurpation besides the aristocratic revolution and the civilian revolution.

Wang Mang's power in North Korea was in full swing, almost equal to that of the emperor, which aroused strong opposition from the opposition, mainly Liu Zongshi. First, An Zhong Hou Liu Chong was attacked. In the first year of Jushe (AD 6), Liu Chong led hundreds of people to attack Wancheng, and Liancheng Gate also failed. In September of the following year, Zhai Yi, the satrap of the East County, rose up, made Liu Xin, the Hou of Yan Township, emperor, and announced that Zhao Ming, the "thief" of the 23rd county west of Chang 'an, also rose up. Wang Mang was too scared to eat any food. He prayed in the ancestral temple day and night, and wrote an article imitating Dabao, explaining that his position is temporary and he must return the throne to the obedient baby in the future. At the same time, follwed constantly mobilized troops to suppress and destroy Zhai Yi's army.

When Wang Mang removed these obstacles, various lucky one followed, and people constantly persuaded Wang Mang in various names. In December of the first year (AD 8), Wang Mang forced the king to hand over the imperial seal. After accepting the resignation of his obedient children, he called himself the emperor, that is, the new ancestor, and changed his country name to "Xin" and Chang 'an to Chang 'an, calling it "the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China". With the broad support of the ruling and opposition parties, Wang Mang ascended to the highest position of power, which was the first time in China's history that he abdicated as emperor. Since the end of the Han Dynasty, political corruption, extravagance of the imperial court, local exploitation and exploitation, coupled with a large number of land annexation by powerful landlords, have led to people's displacement, poverty, economic depression, floating people's hearts and intensified political crisis. Since Wang Mang came to power, in order to win the hearts of the people, he has adopted a series of policies to ease social contradictions, but he has never fundamentally solved the problem. Wang Mang believes in Confucianism. He believes that only when the world returns to the era of rites before Confucius declared that "rites collapse and music breaks down" can political integrity and harmony be realized. Therefore, after Wang Mang proclaimed himself emperor, he tried to realize his idea of governing the country and keeping the country safe by restoring ancient ways to the ritual system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, so he imitated the system of the Zhou Dynasty and began to implement the New Deal, which was called "Wang Mang's restructuring" in history. In the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Wang Mang announced the following policies: changing the world field to' Wang Tian' and restoring the well field system under the name of Wang Tian system; Handmaiden changed its name to' private', and Wang Tian was not allowed to buy or sell. Later, the currency system was changed many times, and the official system and official name were changed. Salt, iron, wine, coins and mountains and rivers were nationalized. However, because these policies only seek retro, many of them are contrary to the actual situation, and the means and methods are incorrect when they are implemented. After fierce opposition, they tried to enforce it through harsh laws, so that countless governors, officials and even ordinary people were severely punished for violating laws and regulations, which aggravated social unrest. The people suffer first and then benefit, and the policies are constantly changing, which makes the officials of the people at a loss, thus leading to the dissatisfaction of all the powerful people in the world.

Wang Mang also adopted a series of wrong policies towards the overseas political power of frontier ethnic minorities. He coerced the Qiang people to "donate" the land around Qinghai Lake and set up Xihai County, so as to combine with the existing Beihai County, Nanhai County and Donghai County in China to form the whole "Four Seas". In order to make this wasteland look like a county, it is necessary to force immigrants, so 50 laws have been added and thousands of criminals have been added to meet the needs of immigrants. For this Xihai county, follwed attracted initial dissatisfaction. He reduced the princes and rulers of Xiongnu, Koguryo, Western Regions and Southwest Yi who surrendered to the Han Dynasty from the original "king" to "Hou". It also recovered and destroyed "Xiongnu Khan Xi" and awarded "New Xiongnu Khan Xi"; Even Xiongnu Khan was changed to "surrender slave", and Koguryo was renamed as "Xiasentence Li"; So all ethnic groups refused to submit to the new dynasty. Wang Mang took the initiative to provoke unnecessary disputes and rashly decided to use force, which not only led to border conflicts, but also caused hundreds of thousands of troops to be trapped on the border for a long time, consuming a lot of manpower and material resources and triggering endless border wars. When Wang Mang came to power, he won the support of some people and was opposed by many people. When Wang Mang went to Beijing, he invited Kong Xiu, the new capital, to appoint him as a Buddhist, but Kong Xiu refused. Peng Xuan, Chong Wang, Guanglu doctor Gong Sheng, Taichung doctor Han Tai, etc. Begging for the bones again, Xie Baiguan, Li. Later, during the autocratic period, while sealing his cronies, up to 395 people, he deposed 32 princes of the Liu clan, and his ambition to replace the Han Dynasty was gradually exposed. Therefore, it is inevitable that the Liu family and aristocratic bureaucrats rise up in succession and rise up against each other. In the first year of Jushe (AD 6), An Chong rate 100, more than 10,000 people attacked Wan, but failed because there were few people. In September of the second year of Jushe (AD 7), Zhai Yi, the magistrate, asked for thieves for his country, and under the banner of "peace of the country", rose up more than 100,000 troops, which made more than 100,000 people in 23 counties of Liu Xin, Yanxianghou, Tianzi and Sanfu respond. After hearing the news, Wang Mang quickly sent his minions from Kanto to suppress it, causing great tension around the capital. It was not until February of the following year that the resistance of Zhai Yi and others was suppressed. In September of the third year of living in the society (AD 8), Zhang Chong and other six people conspired to rob Wang Mang and establish the King of Chu, and were killed afterwards. After the establishment of the new dynasty, the anti-mang activities have never stopped. In April of the first year of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) (AD 9), Liu Hou of Xu Xiang led thousands of troops. Liu Du and others conspired to rebel, and this matter was indeed punished. These anti-mang activities were weak at first and were suppressed one after another, but it shows that the contradiction between Liu clan and some landlords and bureaucrats and Wang Mang has begun to intensify. At the same time, the resistance activities of the lower class people are also one after another, endless.

Wang Mang's reform did not solve the problems of land annexation and refugees since the end of the Western Han Dynasty. On the contrary, because of his crusade against the Huns and the surrounding ethnic minorities, it greatly increased the tax and corvee burden of the people, and even caused thousands of deaths. For example, Wang Mang sent 200,000 officials to levy a sentence on the town. Tens of thousands of people died when they were over three years old because of the inconsistency between rations and soldiers. Man-made disasters combined with natural disasters make the land barren and the price soar. The price of rice rose from tens of dollars a stone when Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty to two thousand dollars a stone.

By the end of Wang Mang's reign, he had reached the value of every catty of gold. Natural and man-made disasters have forced people to flee to other places, and the tragic history of cannibalism is endless. Faced with this phenomenon, Wang Mang was helpless, even whimsical, and sent people to teach the hungry people living in Guanzhong to "cook firewood to make cheese". How can this miserable life make the people resist without taking risks?

In the third year after the founding of the People's Republic of China (A.D. 1 1 year), people all over the country suffered frequent conquests from the Xin Mang regime, and they abandoned the city and fled, becoming thieves, especially in the border areas such as Bingzhou (most of Shanxi, Hebei and Mongolia). In the second year of Tianfeng (AD 15), the people of Wuyuan (now northwest of Baotou City) and Dai Jun (now southwest of Yuxian County, Hebei Province) could not bear the harassment of Xiongnu soldiers in the Northern Expedition, and thousands of people rebelled. After more than a year of encirclement and suppression, the thief was put down. After the fourth year of Tianfeng (A.D. 17), the world became more and more worried, thieves started, and people everywhere rebelled. This year, Gua Tian led an uprising in Changzhou, Huiji (Suzhou, Jiangsu), which lasted for several years. In the same year, Lu Mu, a woman from Langya Haiqu (now Rizhao, Shandong Province), avenged her son who was killed unjustly by the county slayer, led her troops to attack the county seat, put the county slayer to death, claimed to be a general, and haunted the sea, and her power rapidly developed to tens of thousands. Lu Mu was the first female peasant uprising leader in China history. In the fifth year of Tianfeng (AD 18), the East China Sea (now north of Tancheng, Shandong Province) led the uprising, and the team quickly developed to tens of thousands, active in Xuzhou and other places. Wang Mang sent troops to attack it and could not be defeated. There are also dozens of insurgents in the north, among which the famous ones are Tongma Department, Duqing Department, Shangjiang Department and Chengtouzi Road Department. There are uprisings in Zhangba Nanjun (now northeast of Jiangling, Hubei), Yangmujiangxia (now Yunmeng, Hubei), Nanjun, Qin Feng and Wanglujiang (now southwest of Lujiang, Anhui) in the south. The number of these rebels ranges from thousands to tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands. Their activities often span States and counties and are active in vast areas.

There are countless small-scale uprisings in the "Sanfu" area near the capital. In the second year of Emperor Huang (AD 2 1 year), thieves from Sanfu began to emerge one after another, even Chang 'an was no exception. In desperation, Wang Mang arrested the lower-level officers of the thieves, asked law enforcers to pursue Chang 'an, built drums to attack thieves, and messengers followed.

At that time, among the uprising troops in all parts of the country, there were two largest teams, which became the mainstream of peasant uprising, namely, the green forest hero in the south and the red eyebrow army in the north. When Wang Mang carried out the New Deal, there were many disasters such as drought, locust plague, plague and diversion of the Yellow River. Because Wang Mang's system reform not only failed to alleviate social contradictions, but also caused chaos in the world, the state treasury was exhausted, it was impossible to allocate funds for disaster relief, and people's survival was unsustainable. Thus, in the fourth year of Tianfeng (A.D. 17), locust plague, drought and famine occurred all over the country, and farmers all over the country revolted in succession, forming a large-scale rebellion of red eyebrows and green forests. In the fourth year of Emperor Huang (AD 23), Wang Mang held a crying ceremony in the southern suburbs. In the same year, the outlaw hero invaded Chang 'an, and Wang Yi and other guards led Wang Mang to gradually flee to Taiwan Province. There are more than 1000 doctors, eunuchs and attendants. Wang Yi, who was guarding the city, fought day and night, causing slight casualties among his men and retreating to Taiwan Province. At this time, his son, servant Wang Mu, was trying to take off his official clothes and run for his life. Wang Yi stopped him, and the father and son locked follwed together. In the end, more than a thousand people who followed Wang Mang were all killed or killed. Wang Mang was killed by businessman Du Wu in the chaos. The captain of the school asked Du Wu where Wang Mang's body was, and Du Wu told him that it was "between the west and the north." The guest beheaded follwed and hung it in Wancheng. Dozens of soldiers rushed to kill Wang Mang and split Wang Mang's body. People heard that follwed head in Wancheng,' * * * attack or cut its tongue'.

After the demise of the new dynasty, Wang Mang's head was collected by the royal family of later generations. Until the reign of Emperor Jinhui in 295 AD, Luoyang armory was burned.