What is the drilling equipment?

Drilling equipment mainly refers to drilling rig. Modern oil drilling rig is a combined working device composed of power machine, transmission box, winch, crown block, traveling block, hook, faucet, rotary table, drilling pump and drilling fluid purification equipment, derrick, base and other structures and auxiliary equipment such as electric power, hydraulic pressure and pneumatic force. At present, the rotary drilling method is widely used in China and even in the world, and its corresponding drilling equipment is called rotary drilling rig, as shown in Figure 4- 1.

I. Composition of drilling rig

According to the different requirements of each process of drilling technology, the drilling rig must have the following systems and equipment.

(1) lifting system

The hoisting system mainly includes main winch, auxiliary winch (or cat head) and auxiliary brake (water brake and electromagnetic brake). ), traveling system (including wire rope, crown block, traveling block and hook) and derrick for hanging traveling system, etc. In addition, there are tools and equipment (rings, elevators, slips, tongs, stand shifting mechanism, etc. ) is used for tripping drilling tools. Winch is the core component of the system.

Figure 4- 1 Typical rotary drilling equipment

①—Turntable; ② —— Rotating system of BOP stack (2)

The rotary system of drilling rig is mainly composed of rotary table, faucet, Kelly, drill pipe, drill collar, matching joint and drill bit. The turntable drives Kelly, drill pipe and drill bit to break rock and drill holes, so the turntable is the core equipment of the system. In addition, cluster wells or directional wells need to be equipped with downhole power drilling tools to form a rotary drilling system.

(3) the circulation system

The equipment of drilling fluid circulation system is mainly composed of drilling pump, vibrating screen, desander, desander, centrifuge, drilling fluid tank, drilling fluid gun, drilling fluid agitator and mixing funnel. Drilling pump is the core equipment of the system.

(4) Power system

The power system provides power for the drilling rig. Different rigs are equipped with different power equipment. Mechanical drilling rig mainly uses diesel engine as power equipment, while electric drilling rig mainly uses motor as power equipment. At present, diesel engines and diesel generators are the main power sources of drilling rigs at home and abroad.

(5) Transmission system

The main task of transmission system is to transfer and distribute the mechanical energy of power equipment to winch, drilling pump, rotary table and other working machinery. The transmission system has special functions such as deceleration, combination and commutation while transmitting and distributing power. The transmission modes of oil drilling rig include mechanical transmission (including universal shaft, gearbox, clutch, chain transmission and V-belt transmission, etc. ), mechanical-turbine transmission (hydraulic transmission), electric transmission and hydraulic transmission.

(6) Control system

In order to make all systems of the drilling rig work in harmony, the drilling rig is equipped with various control devices such as pneumatic control, hydraulic control, mechanical control and electrical control, as well as centralized console and display instrument.

(7) Basic system

The rig base is an important part of the rig, including the rig floor base, the machine room base and the drilling pump base. The base of vehicle-mounted drilling rig is the chassis of automobile or tractor. The drilling rig base is mainly used to install drilling equipment, which is convenient for the transportation of drilling equipment.

(8) Auxiliary system

In addition to the above-mentioned main equipment, the whole rig must also be equipped with gas supply equipment, wellhead blowout prevention equipment, rat hole drilling equipment, auxiliary power generation equipment and lifting equipment, as well as thermal insulation equipment when drilling in cold areas to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the rig.

Second, the rig type

(a) according to the drilling depth.

(1) Shallow well drilling rig: refers to the drilling rig with a drilling depth not exceeding 2500m, mainly including geological survey well drilling rig, core drilling rig, water well drilling rig, seismic drilling rig and so on.

(2) Medium-depth drilling rig: refers to the drilling rig with the drilling depth between 2,500m and 4,500m;

(3) Deep-well drilling rig: refers to a drilling rig with a drilling depth between 4,500 meters and 6,000 meters;

(4) Ultra-deep drilling rig: refers to a drilling rig with a drilling depth of over 6,000-9,000 meters;

(5) Ultra-deep well drilling rig: refers to a drilling rig with a drilling depth exceeding 9000m.

The above-mentioned medium-deep drilling rigs, deep drilling rigs and ultra-deep drilling rigs are mainly used for drilling deep wells such as production wells, water injection wells and exploration wells.

(2) According to the type of driving equipment.

(1) Mechanically-driven drilling rig: It includes drilling rigs directly driven by diesel engine or driven by diesel engine-hydraulic force, and drilling rigs driven by main transmission pairs such as V-belts, chains and gears in a unified, grouped or independent way.

(2) Electric drilling rigs: including AC-driven drilling rigs and DC-driven drilling rigs. At present, AC-AC drive, AC-SCR -DC SCR rectifier DC drive and AC -DC- AC variable frequency electric drive are mainly used.

(3) Hydraulic drilling rig: a drilling rig driven by hydraulic power and transmission device.

Third, the drilling rig standard

Petroleum drilling rig standards mainly include drilling rig parameter standards, drilling rig maximum depth standards, drilling rig grade standards and drilling rig model standards.

(A) drilling rig parameter standard

(1) Nominal drilling depth range: the economic drilling depth range of the drilling rig when the specified drill string is used under the specified drill line.

(2) Maximum hook load: the maximum allowable load on the hook when the drilling rig operates under the specified maximum number of ropes.

(3) Number of drilling ropes: the effective number of ropes for the traveling system (belonging to the above-mentioned lifting system) used for normal drilling and tripping of drill strings.

(4) Maximum rope number of traveling system: the maximum effective rope number provided by the crown block and traveling wheel system equipped with the drilling rig.

(2) Drilling rig grade standard

China has stipulated nine grades of oil rigs, namely ZJ 10/585, ZJ 15/900, ZJ20/ 1350, ZJ40/2250, ZJ50/3 150 and ZJ70.

"ZJ" is the Chinese phonetic prefix of drilling rig; 10, 15, 20, 40, 50, 70, 90 and 120 are1100 (in m) of the maximum drilling depth; 585, 900, 1350, 2250, 3 150, 4500, 5850, 6750 and 9000 are the maximum hook load of the drilling rig (in kN).

(3) Model standard of oil drilling rig

The following example illustrates the model standard of drilling rig:

ZJ 15/900DBZ-2, representing AC frequency conversion self-propelled vehicle-mounted drilling rig, with the maximum drilling depth of 1500m and the maximum hook load of 900kN, is the third generation product;

ZJ40/2250L represents a prototype modular mechanical drilling rig with chain as the main drive, with a maximum drilling depth of 4000m and a maximum hook load of 2250kN；;

ZJ50/3 150DB- 1 stands for modular AC variable frequency electric drive drilling rig, with the maximum drilling depth of 5000m and the maximum hook load of 3 150kN, which is the second generation product.

ZJ70/4500DZ: Modular DC SCR DC-driven SCR electric drilling rig, with a maximum drilling depth of 7000m and a maximum hook load of 4500kN.

Four, drilling winch

Drilling winch is not only the lifting system equipment, but also the core component of the whole drilling rig, and it is one of the three major working machines of the drilling rig.

(1) Functions of drilling winch

According to the characteristics of drilling technology, the winch should have the following functions:

(1) enough power. It has the ability to lift the heaviest drill string and dredge it. At the lowest speed, the wire rope can generate enough tension to ensure the safety and reliability of the walking system.

(2) Each lifting part has sufficient strength and rigidity. Drum, drum shaft, bearing, mechanism and wearing parts have a long enough life.

(3) The winch drum has enough size and rope capacity to ensure that the rope is wound well and prolong the service life of the wire rope.

(4) It can adapt to the change of lifting weight, and there are enough lifting devices to improve power utilization and save lifting time.

(5) It has a sensitive and reliable braking mechanism and powerful auxiliary braking, which can accurately adjust WOB and feed drilling tools evenly, control the lowering speed at will during tripping in, and brake the heaviest drill string load in a labor-saving state.

(6) There should be one or two cat heads-a fastening cat head and a shackle cat head to meet the needs of fastening and shackle with tongs and other auxiliary lifting, and sometimes a dead cat head is required.

(7) Have a stable bracket and base; The whole winch should not be overweight, ultra-wide, ultra-long or ultra-high, so as not to bring difficulties to transportation; The transmission part should have a strict protective cover, and the wearing parts should be easy to disassemble and replace.

(8) Centralized control is adopted, and the control handle, brake handle and weight indicator are centralized on the driller's console to facilitate the driller's operation.

(2) Structure type of winch

There are many kinds of winches and many classification methods. For example, according to the number of shafts, there are single-shaft, double-shaft, three-shaft and multi-shaft winches; According to the number of drums, there are single drum and double drum winches; According to the hoisting speed, there are two-speed, three-speed, four-speed, six-speed and eight-speed winches. Three-axis winch is commonly used.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) drilling pump

Drilling pump is the key equipment in drilling fluid circulation system, commonly known as mud pump in this field. Generally, it is used to transport drilling fluid with high viscosity, high density and high sand content to the bottom hole (which is also the power fluid of bottom hole power drilling tools) under high pressure to cool the drill bit and carry cuttings.

(A) the classification of drilling pumps

There are many kinds of drilling pumps, and the three-cylinder single-acting horizontal reciprocating pump is commonly used in oil fields. The piston of the pump reciprocates in the liquid cylinder to suck or discharge the liquid once.

Domestic drilling pumps for oil and gas drilling in China have been gradually standardized, such as 3NB×××1000, 3NB×××1300, 3NB×××1600, etc. Where NB stands for "drilling pump", the number before NB indicates the number of liquid cylinders of the pump, and if there is no number, it is a double-cylinder pump; The subscript of NB indicates the design serial number, and the following data indicates the rated input power of the pump (in hp).

(2) Basic parameters of drilling pump

The working capacity of drilling pump can be expressed by its basic parameters, namely, flow, lift, power, efficiency, stroke times and pump pressure.

1. Flow

Flow refers to the amount of liquid output by the pump through the discharge pipe per unit time. Flow rate is commonly expressed by unit of volume, also known as volume flow, and its unit is liter/second or M3/ second ... The flow rate in drilling pump is divided into average flow rate and instantaneous flow rate, and the flow rate mentioned in the field generally refers to average flow rate. In oil mines, it is customarily called flow discharge.

2. Pressure head

Lift refers to the energy increased by the pumping pressure per unit mass of liquid, also known as lift.

3. Power and efficiency

Power refers to the work done by the pump per unit time. Generally, the energy transmitted by the engine to the pump shaft per unit time is called input power or spindle power. The increased energy after the liquid passes through the pump in unit time is called the effective power of the pump. The unit of power is kilowatt. Pump efficiency refers to the ratio of effective power to input power.

punching

The number of strokes of the pump refers to the number of times the piston reciprocates in unit time, and the unit is "times/minute".

5. Pump pressure

Pump pressure refers to the liquid pressure at the pump outlet, and the unit is "MPa".