Evolution and function of production management mode in mining and metallurgy industry

At the same time, or successively, the mining and metallurgy industry has adopted three modes of production and operation: labor service system, recruitment system and contract system. Among them, the Reform Movement had a very important impact on the development of mining and metallurgy. This chapter discusses the characteristics and evolution of the above three modes of operation. 1. Weakening of labor system production and prosperity of employment system production from the early Northern Song Dynasty to Song Shenzong. The typical feature of labor system production is that the feudal state or the landlord class enslaved laborers by super-economic coercive means and directly occupied the surplus labor fruits of laborers without compensation. This form of production prevailed in the early feudal society and gradually weakened after the tax law reform in the middle Tang Dynasty. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, although it was no longer the practice of directly engaging in unpaid labor, some forms of labor still occupied a certain position, mainly in the following three aspects: first, the feudal state had strong personal control over mining and metallurgy households, and it was free to assign or send people to engage in mining and metallurgy production; Second, higher-level households send people to serve as chief officials and chief officials, stipulating that chief officials and chief officials should pay a fixed number of classes. Third, enslave Fan Bing and other criminals. This section only describes the phenomena in the first two aspects, and the third aspect will be discussed later. Let's look at the first aspect: after Song Taizong ascended the throne, he wanted to increase the money for casting copper, but suffered from the shortage of copper, so he entrusted a forwarder to treat and develop copper mines, and knew the copper production in Rao, Xin and Chu valleys like the back of his hand, that is, he sent people to Dingfu mine in various counties to mine. In the fifth year of Chunhua, due to the prosperity of copper goods in Xinzhou, the court set up Baofeng County, occupied the government and the people, and concentrated on mining minerals. In areas where there are few or no mines, some families have to pay fees to the state every year, which brings a heavy burden to hard-working families. For example, there is no place, no pit and no well in Shao gold field. However, the government has more than 1 100 deputy craftsmen who want to buy more than 600 taels of gold, which leads to people's inability to pay and even suicide. Due to lack of fees, many workers in mining areas are often forced to sell their property or detained and imprisoned. In Song Zhenzong, hundreds of silver miners in Jiangle County, Nanjian County were detained by the government because they lost their payment. During the Jian 'an period of Renzong, Laiwu supervised the smelting of iron, paid for American cars to transport iron, while the National People's Congress worked hard. There are eighteen iron smelting households in Dengzhou, and the poor can't start smelting iron. In the past year, they only sold their land and goods to buy iron officials, begging to stop paying He Qiao, an adjunct professor of iron law mpa. To this end, I made a special investigation and reported the situation to the court: during the visit, I heard that the old county produced the most iron, and relatives and friends begged for smelting first, and then met their families, so the production and sales decreased, and there was no prosperity of iron. It is inevitable for future generations that officials do not recognize poverty and, on the one hand, make a fortune, resulting in the destruction of their own wealth. He pointed out: the result of this is not conducive to mineral exploitation. Not only poor households can't start smelting, but even rich households are afraid of future troubles and unwilling to start a new business, resulting in less iron goods and prolonged decline. The above examples prove that in the early Northern Song Dynasty, the Song government still adopted the way of direct slavery to miners and smelters, and the phenomenon of slavery and exploitation was more serious. In addition to personal constraints and exploitation of mining and metallurgy outdoor areas directly engaged in production, the government also stipulates that advantageous households with strong economic strength serve as officials and are responsible for paying a fixed amount of mineral resources to the state. Although as a big official and a first-class Xu,

Raozhou is an important gold-producing area. In the third year of Song Renzong's prosperity, Liu Hong, the foreign minister of the government, mentioned in his last speech that the court bought land in Raozhou. Although gold is tired, it has too many disadvantages. Luxury businessmen exercise their rights and the poor are trapped by it. Although the poor people in front of my official house want money to buy in bulk, they are exhausted every time they serve food. The phenomenon of military iron smelting service in Xiangli City is more serious. During the reign of Emperor Zhenzong, the army and iron smelting industry in Licheng flourished, and the government paid 150,000 Jin of iron when they were two years old. Since then, the forest has been cut down, and the cost of soaking is unacceptable. Although the top six in Licheng have increased, some are unemployed. Therefore, there are 30 exiles in six counties of this state, which is even more unpopular and the people are miserable. It was not until Injong and Crane Year asked Han Qi when he knew Xiangzhou that he didn't want to play this civil servant. From the above two aspects, it can be seen that from the early Song Dynasty to the period of Injong, the feudal state used the people's super-economic power to dominate the people, whether it was to enslave the working people in mining and smelting or to send them to the yamen to pay the quota instructions, and the form of the labor system was quite serious. Due to this mode of production and operation in many mining areas, the wealth of miners and smelters is exhausted, and the labor productivity is destroyed. People can either not mine or flee from the war, resulting in the decrease of mineral resources year by year and the abandonment of mines. Obviously, this super-economic compulsion hinders the development of mining and metallurgy industry, and its disadvantages are more and more fully exposed. While the labor service system is increasingly hindering the development of mining and metallurgy industry, another management mode-recruitment system is booming. The recruitment system in Song Dynasty refers to recruiting workers in government mines and private mines. They are not arbitrarily dispatched by the government, but have the freedom to choose to work and move, and get paid according to the amount of labor they pay or the number of products they sell. According to records, during the Song Taizong period, the copper mine in Lead Mountain County of Xinzhou adopted the recruitment system. At that time, copper mining and production were very prosperous, and copper production was not counted. More than 100,000 people used to dig copper. Later, due to the oversupply of copper production, some companies discussed lowering the price of copper, so the leaders who dug mountains looked for other ways to make a living. Until the government set up a money casting supervisor in Chizhou and other places, the copper needed for casting 400,000 US dollars every year was given by Lead Mountain Copper, which increased the demand for copper, adjusted the contradiction between supply and demand, and made copper no longer stagnate, so the price rose. In addition to Xinzhou Lead Mountain Copper Mine, another large-scale official copper mine, Shaozhou Censhuichang, later appeared a similar phenomenon: during the Song Renzong period, the mining of Shaozhou Censhuichang copper mine developed rapidly, and Censhui copper industry made huge profits, and the people in the official city only gave blank checks and accumulated huge funds. The payee paid the copper, but he didn't. They can't make a living because they can't get paid. Therefore, great events were cast privately, and people gathered during treacherous trips. Facing the fierce resistance of workers, the court appointed Favor Cai as the transshipment ambassador of Guangnan East Road, and it was very strict to catch thieves, but Favor Cai thought this countermeasure was not desirable. The government buys copper, which is official, but it is not direct or private. You can buy food and clothing with money. Only in this way can they be punished. Bandits are criminals. As a result, Favor Cai adopted measures such as careful calculation, refusing to spend more money, and paying back the money immediately, thus restoring people's poverty and the abandonment of private investment. Judging from the above two incidents, the copper mine in lead mountain county of Xinzhou and the water field in Shaozhou Cen were both produced by bidding and recording. Between workers and employers, the sale of products has always been the embodiment of their economic relationship. Coal miners didn't.