What are the main contents of the Beijing Treaty?

Sino-British Beijing Treaty

1. The Qing government signed a treaty with Britain on 18601October 24th, with Erkin as the representative of Britain. The English page of the contract is *** 10, and the main contents of the terms are as follows:

1, the Qing Dynasty confirmed the validity of the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty;

2. The Qing Dynasty ceded the Kowloon Peninsula in Xin 'an County, Guangdong Province (now south of Hong Kong Boundary Street) to Britain;

3. Tianjin was opened for trade in Qing Dynasty;

4. Raise the compensation of Sino-British Tianjin Treaty to 8 million taels;

5. Allow Western missionaries to rent and buy land and build churches in China;

6. Allow foreign businessmen to recruit Han Chinese to work as cheap labor (coolies) abroad;

According to the Sino-British Joint Declaration 1985, the British government returned Hong Kong (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula and New Territories) to the people of China and the government of China on July 0, 1997, and the China government resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong on the same day.

Second, the Sino-French Beijing Treaty.

The Qing government signed a treaty with France on1October 25th, 1860+65438, with Baron Gro as the representative of France. The contract has 27 pages in French, and its main contents are as follows:

1. The Qing Dynasty ratified the Sino-French Tianjin Treaty, and the compensation was raised to 8 million taels.

2. Return the previously confiscated Catholic property;

3. Paragraph 7 of the China Treaty clearly stipulates that French missionaries rent and buy fields in various provinces and build their own houses, but there is no such provision in the French text;

4. The Qing Dynasty agreed to open Dalian as a commercial port;

Three. Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty

The Qing government signed a treaty with Russia in1860114 10. The Russian side was represented by Count ignatieff. There are 43 pages in Russian in the contract.

At the end of the war between Britain and France, Russia claimed to have contributed to Britain and France in mediating the war before, forcing the Qing government to sign this treaty. At that time, Emperor Xianfeng left Jehol and was responsible for all the aftermath. Eager for peace, they signed the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty. The main contents of this regulation are:

1. The Qing Dynasty recognized the effectiveness of the Aihui Treaty of 1858, and owned about 400,000 square kilometers of land from the east of the Wusuli River to the sea (including Sakhalin Island and the ice-free port Vladivostok) which was originally regulated as "* * *" by China and Russia. Since then, China has lost its access to the Sea of Japan in the northeast.

2. Delineate the western border between China and Russia, starting from Sabindabaha, passing through Zhaishan Dele and Temurtujur (now Lake Issyk-Kul) to the vast Han boundary bounded by mountains, rivers and the land where China is now stationed in Karen;

3. Open Zhangjiakou, Cullen and Kashgar as commercial ports;

4. Russia has established consulates in Cullen and Kashgar.

These two treaties demarcate the modern eastern border between Russia and China. In addition, the treaty also stipulated the direction of the western section of the Sino-Russian border in principle, which became the boundary basis for the demarcation of the northwest border between China and Russia in later 1864. China ceded to Russia more than 440,000 square kilometers of Russian territory to the east and south of Balkhash Lake and to the north and south of Zhaishan Dele.

Extended data:

The Beijing Treaty is an unequal treaty signed with Britain, France and Russia in Beijing after the Second Opium War. The main content of the Beijing Treaty is to cede land, compensate and open commercial ports.

The Sino-British Beijing Treaty was signed by the Qing government and Britain on 1860124 October, with Erkin as the representative of the British side. The main contents are as follows: The Qing government recognized the validity of the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty, raised the compensation to 8 million taels, ceded the Kowloon Peninsula to Britain, and opened Tianjin as a commercial port.

Western missionaries are allowed to rent land to build churches in China, and foreign businessmen are allowed to recruit Han Chinese to work abroad, that is, to act as cheap labor.

The Sino-French Beijing Treaty was signed between the Qing government and France on 1860125 October, with Baron Gro as the representative of France. The main contents are as follows: the Qing government agreed to open Dalian as a commercial port, and the Qing government recognized the Sino-French Tianjin Treaty, and the compensation was increased to 8 million Liang. The Qing government had to return the confiscated Catholic property.

The Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty was signed between the Qing government and Russia in1860114 10. The Russian side was represented by Count ignatieff. The main contents are as follows: The Qing government recognized the validity of 1858 Aihui Treaty and ceded about 400,000 square kilometers of territory east of Wusuli River in Heilongjiang Province, including Sakhalin Island. Since then, the northeastern port of China has been taken away by the Sea of Japan.

The Qing government agreed to open Zhangjiakou, Cullen and Kashgar as commercial ports, and Russia set up consulates in Cullen and Kashgar.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Beijing Treaty