Little knowledge about Wu Opera

1. Knowledge of Wu Opera

Wu Opera, commonly known as "Jinhua Opera", is one of the local operas in Zhejiang Province.

It is centered in Jinhua area and is popular in Jinhua, Lishui, Linhai, Jiande, Quzhou, Chun'an and Yushan, Shangrao, Guixi, Poyang, Jingdezhen and other places in northeastern Jiangxi. It is a combination of six tunes: Gaoqiang, Kunqiang, Luantan, Huixi, Tanhuang and Shidiao.

Because Jinhua was called Wuzhou in ancient times, it was renamed in 1949. [Edit this paragraph] History of Wu Opera Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Jinhua area has been a commercial and trading area where salt, silk and lacquer were imported into Jiangxi and porcelain was imported into Zhejiang. In addition, it is rich in products, so it has always been a place for various operas to compete for success.

The Yiwu accent that was popular in the mid-Ming Dynasty was formed in Jinhua Prefecture (now Jinhua, Zhejiang), which belongs to Yiwu County. Gaoqiang and Kunqiang in the late Ming Dynasty, Luantanqiang in the early Qing Dynasty, and Hui opera in the middle Qing Dynasty were all popular in Jinhua.

Gaoqiang can be divided into Houyang, Xiwu, Xi'an and Songyang. Houyang Gaoqiang is popular in Dongyang and Yiwu areas. Some people think that it may be derived from Yiwu tune and is good at performing martial arts.

Xiwu Gaoqiang got its name from the opening of a class in Xiwu Village, Beixiang, Jinhua. Its singing style is more euphemistic and simple than Xi'an Gaoqiang, and it uses more rolling singing. It is related to the elegant tunes of Huichi. Xi'an Gaoqiang is popular in the Quzhou area, and Quzhou was called "Xi'an" in ancient times, hence the name.

According to legend, it is closely related to Yiyang tune, and some people think it may be a legacy of Xiping tune. Its tunes have many words but few accents, and have the characteristics of being able to be heard all at once.

For the above three types of singing, one person starts the singing, and everyone helps to sing, and the gongs and drums help the rhythm, and the tunes fall into the tune according to the heart. The characteristic of most high-pitched tunes is that gongs and drums support the rhythm, regardless of the strings, one person speaks, everyone harmonizes, and the tone is high and exciting.

However, Xiwu Gaoqiang and Songyang Gaoqiang are accompanied by a band, which is a unique form among various Gaoqiang in my country. There are many high-pitched tunes, and different repertoires have prescribed "sets".

Use long and short sentence patterns for the first time. The repertoire is rich, such as "The Story of Huaiyin", "The Story of Hezhu", "The Story of White Rabbit", etc.

Kun Opera, commonly known as "Cao Kun" and "Jin Kun", is a branch of Kun Opera spread in Jinhua. Because it has been performed on grass terraces and temple fairs in rural areas for a long time, with farmers as the main audience, the language is relatively popular, the plot is tortuous, and the singing style is not limited to the four-tone pattern. It mainly performs martial arts, workmanship, and grand operas.

After the Ming Dynasty, it has been regarded as the authentic tune of Wu Opera. In fact, it is a tributary of Kun Opera in Quzhou (today's Quxian area) and Jinhua. The language and tunes are simplified or changed based on local habits, so it is called "Cao Kun".

Nowadays, its repertoire is rarely performed, and some tunes are absorbed by the Luantan tune. For example, the Luantan tunes contain fragments such as "Kuntou", "Xiao Taohong", "Xinshuiling" and "Xiashanhu". Luantan is also called "Pujiang Luantan" because most of the "Luantan classes" that specialize in Luantan are from Pujiang County.

The main singing tunes are Erfan, Sanwuqi and Luhua. In addition to Jinhua, Quzhou, and Yanzhou (now Jiande, Zhejiang), its popular areas are also often performed in Changhua and Tonglu.

Erfan has the characteristics of northern opera singing. Some people believe that it originated from the West Qin Opera, while others believe that it originated from Anhui's blowing tune and Siping Tune. Sanwuqi has the characteristics of southern opera singing and is an early blowing tune.

Some people believe that its formation is related to the Huizhou, Siping and Taiping tunes in southern Anhui. Luhua is derived from blowing tunes and is a legacy of Hui opera.

According to the "Dictionary of Chinese Opera and Folk Arts": Luantan in Wu opera refers to the singing of four tunes: "San Wu Qi", "Lu Hua Diao", "Er Fan" and "Ba Zi". "Sanwuqi" and "Luhua tune" evolved from Anhui's "Shibei tune". The flute is used as the main player. The tune is gorgeous, smooth and stretching. The singing tune has fewer words and more tunes. Later it developed into "Laipan" with more words and fewer tunes. .

"Erfan" is a tune that evolved after Qin Opera spread to the south. In Wu Opera, it developed into four different attributes: "Chizi", "Xiaogong", "Zhenggong" and "Fanzi". The tunes each have different forms such as "inverted board", "original board", "flowing water", "tight skin" and "stacked board", etc., which respectively have emotional characteristics such as exciting, high-pitched, tragic and melancholy. "Bazi" also has board styles such as "reverse board", "huilong" and "original board".

According to the nature of setting the tone, "Erfan" is generally associated with "Sanwuqi", and "Luhua" is associated with "Bazi". There are many repertoires, such as "Reed Blossoms", "Gui Zhi's Writing", "Snow Plum", "Pearl Shirt", etc.

Hui opera was introduced from southern Anhui.

Since the late Qing Dynasty, a large number of Anhui people have moved to the Jinhua area, most of them doing business, and Anhui opera has flowed in along the trade routes. There are more than 30 local Anhui classes in Jinhua and Quzhou, and more than ten local courses were opened around 1918 alone.

Wu Hui opera troupe has its own unique style, mainly focusing on old Hui tunes such as Bazi, Luhua, and blowing tunes. He sings Xipi and Erhuang, and performs rough, brash, simple and healthy performances. His repertoire includes "Second Entering the Palace", "Famen Temple", "Qinglong Hui", etc.

Among them, the performance styles of "Burning the City" and "Capturing Pound" are rare in modern dramas. Tanhuang, according to legend, originated from Tanhuang in Suzhou.

During the Qianlong and Jiaqing years (1936-1820), Jinhua had a folk singing troupe. Some people believe that Tanhuang was introduced by the performers of the boat girls who traveled between Quzhou and Lanjiang. It first became an amateur singing troupe, and later developed into opera by Wu opera artists and became one of the tunes of Wu opera.

There are "Pujiang Beach Spring", "Lanxi Beach Spring" and "Dongyang Beach Spring". The repertoire includes "Meeting of Monks and Nuns", "Broken Bridge", "Peony Duo", etc.

The traditional plays "Monks and Nuns" and "Broken Bridge" compiled after liberation have new creations in scripts and performances. Shidiao is the collective name for fashionable folk operas since the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

There are folk songs from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, some from Nanluo, some from Youtan, and some from local minor tunes. Evolved from local folk songs, songs and dances, it is a style of singing rural life dramas. The repertoire includes "Walking in Guangdong", "Selling Cotton Yarn", "Wang Po Scolding Chicken", etc.

The above six tunes are not mixed in one play in Wu Opera, but each tune has a number of specialized repertoires. Initially, Gao Qiang, Kun Qiang, Luantan, etc. formed independent classes, and later developed into combined classes with different combinations.

The opera troupe that sings Gao, Kun and Luan is commonly known as the "three-in-one troupe". Later, Hui opera was introduced to the Jinhua area. Some Sanhe troupes abandoned the high tune and also sang Hui opera, while some Hui troupes also sang Luantan.

Later, Tanhuang and Shidiao were absorbed. [Edit this paragraph] Overview of Wu Opera The traditional repertoire of Wu Opera is very rich. The more influential repertoires include: "Golden Seal", "Sun Bin and Pang Juan", "Three Invitations to Pear Blossoms", "Broken Bridge", "Xishi's Tears" and the modern drama " "Peach Storm" and so on.

The performances of Wu Opera are exaggerated, vivid, vivid, and strong. They pay attention to the perfection of martial arts and literary and martial arts. As the saying goes: "take your time in martial arts and break the stage in literary operas." Since the costumes in the past did not have sleeves, most of the performance involved efforts on the fingers and wrists. The appearance and postures were similar to the postures of the characters in Dunhuang murals, which was unique.

Quite.

2. What does Wu Opera teach us?

Wu Opera, commonly known as "Jinhua Opera", is one of the traditional local operas in Zhejiang Province, China.

It is centered in Jinhua area and is popular in Jinhua, Lishui, Linhai, Jiande, Quzhou, Chun'an and other places. It is a combination of six tunes: Gaoqiang, Kunqiang, Luantan, Huixi, Tanhuang and Shidiao.

Because Jinhua was called Wuzhou in ancient times, it was renamed Jinhua in the 20th year of Yuan Zhizheng (1360). On June 7, 2008, Wu Opera was approved by the State Council to be included in the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists.

Wu Opera is a combination of six tunes: Gaoqiang, Kunqiang, Luantan, Huixi, Tanhuang and Shidiao. It is commonly known as "Jinhua Opera". After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Jinhua was renamed Wuju because it was called Wuzhou in ancient times.

Due to the long-term performance in rural grass terraces, the singing style of Wu Opera has been redone for light singing. Its singing style is no longer as rigorous as Su Kun's. It focuses on the rendering of emotion and atmosphere, rather than paying too much attention to the art of articulation and singing. The lyrics of some tunes have become "tangzhongqu" and can be freely used in various plays. Some tunes, such as those in which military commanders appear, and those in which dancers walk on stage, only perform a part of the music and do not sing at all.

Some people think that the Kun Opera of Wu Opera has a certain relationship with the Yiyang Wushu Troupe. Its performances and gongs and drums are different from those of Su Kun, and closer to the high tune; (rarely use nasal cavity), the melody of its tune is slightly different from that of Su Kun, and there are fewer decorations. The singing styles of Wu Opera mainly fall into two categories: Erfan and San5qi.

Erfan uses small suona or flute (qudi) and banhu as the main accompaniment instruments, and is accompanied by a "corbel-legged qin" (also known as a "golden leg", shaped like a willow-leaf qin). When singing, the knots of jujube wood (two pieces of six- or seven-inch-long wooden sticks) and sandalwood are used to hit the knots, and the singing speed is often doubled.

Erfan has plate types such as straight plate, flowing water, and tight skin (loose plate).

According to the palace tune, Zhengban is divided into two types: Chizi Erfan (1=C) and Zhenggong Erfan (1=G). Chizi Erfan is also divided into Liuzi, Chizi, and Chizi according to the different falling sounds of the first clause. There are four styles of Wu characters and Shi characters.

Generally speaking, Erfan in the character "Chi" is passionate and bold, while Erfan in the main palace is majestic and tragic. Sanwuqi uses dizi (qudi) and banhu as the main accompaniment instruments, and can be divided into fast, medium, slow and high-pitched.

It is a singing tune that transitions from Qupai style to Banqiang style. The melody is smooth, soft and melodious. Luantan Opera is highly lyrical, singing three, five, and seven when it is happy, and singing Erfan when it is exciting and angry. The two tunes are used together in one opera.

3. Knowledge about opera

Original publisher: Li Fengqin

Little knowledge about opera

1. Introduction to the main types of opera< /p>

1. Kun Opera

Kun Opera, also known as "Kun Opera" and "Kun Opera", is an ancient type of opera. It originated from Kunshan, Jiangsu Province and became popular after the mid-Ming Dynasty. At that time, most of the legendary plays were sung with Kun opera. In addition to Nan Kun Opera, which maintains the characteristics of early Kun Opera, many branches have also formed across the country, such as Kun Yi, Xiang Kun, Sichuan Kun, etc. in the north. Kun Opera's style is clear, soft, delicate and lyrical, with singing and dancing performances and rigorous routines. It is a representative of Chinese classical opera.

2. Gaoqiang

Gaoqiang is a general term for a system of opera tunes. It was originally called "Yiyang Tune" or "Yi Tune" because it originated in Yiyang, Jiangxi. It is characterized by simple performances, popular lyrics, high-pitched and exciting singing, one person singing while others are singing along, and only golden drums are used to beat the music without orchestral accompaniment. Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it began to spread from Jiangxi to all parts of the country, and different styles of Gaoqiang were formed in various places, such as Sichuan Opera Gaoqiang, Hunan Opera Gaoqiang, Gan Opera Gaoqiang, etc.

3. Bangzi tune

Bangzi tune is a general term for a system of opera tunes. It originated from the "Shanshan Bangzi" at the junction of Shanxi and Shaanxi. It is characterized by high-pitched and exciting singing and wooden bangs used to beat the knots. Then, it developed eastward and southward, forming different forms of Bangzi tune in different regions, such as Shanxi Bangzi, Hebei Bangzi, Henan Bangzi, Shandong Bangzi, etc.

4. Peking Opera

Peking Opera, also known as "Pihuang", consists of two basic tones of "Xipi" and "Erhuang" as its musical material. It also sings some local operas. Tunes (such as Liuzi tune, blowing tune, etc.) and Kunqu opera tunes. It was formed in Beijing around 1840, became popular in the 1930s and 1940s, and was sometimes known as "national drama". It is still a major opera with national influence. With its comprehensive range of skills, mature performances and magnificent momentum, it is a representative of modern Chinese opera. 7. Jin Opera 13. Sichuan Opera

4. Little knowledge about drama

Introduction Drama (drama) [drama; play] In the old days, it specifically refers to opera, and later it is used as opera, drama, opera, and dance drama. , a general term for poetry, drama, etc.

Greek drama Drama refers to the general term for stage performing arts that achieve narrative purposes through language, movement, dance, music, puppets, etc. The literary concept of drama refers to the script created for dramatic performance, that is, the script.

There are many forms of drama performances, including dramas, operas, dance dramas, musicals, puppet shows, etc. The specific meaning is a kind of comprehensive art.

It has two meanings: in the narrow sense, it specifically refers to the stage performance form that started with ancient Greek tragedy and comedy, first developed in European countries and then became widely popular in the world. It is called drama in English and drama in China. In a broad sense, it also includes the traditional stage performance forms of some Eastern countries and nations, such as Chinese opera, Japanese kabuki, Indian classical drama, Korean opera, etc.

The essence of drama In the 4th century BC, Aristotle had expressed his understanding of the essence of drama in "Poetics". He believes that all art is imitation, and drama is an imitation of human actions.

Two centuries later, India's first drama theory work "Dance Theory" also pointed out: "Drama is imitation." After the 19th century, there were divergent opinions on the nature of drama, mainly as follows: Audience theory, conflict theory, radical theory, situation, laboratory theory, etc.

Audience said: Identifying the audience is a necessary condition for drama and the essence of drama. French theater theorist F.

Sasay is a representative of this concept. He asserted: No matter what kind of dramatic work it is, it is for the audience.

"Without an audience, there is no drama." Therefore, all organs of the drama must be adapted to the audience's appreciation.

Conflict theory: represented by the French drama theorist Bruntel. At the end of the 19th century, Bruntel pointed out: The stage is a place where people's conscious will is exerted. The characters' conscious will will inevitably encounter obstacles. In order to overcome the obstacles, the subject must fight against them. This constitutes a "conflict of wills." This is the essence of drama.

American drama theorist J. H.

Lawson attributes the essence of drama to "social conflicts in which conscious will plays a role." He believes that since drama deals with social relations, and people's conscious will must be restricted by social inevitability, the real dramatic conflict must be a social conflict.

This concept can be expressed in one sentence: "Without conflict, there is no drama." Catastrophic theory: British drama theorist W.

Archer denied Bruntel's "conflict" theory. He compared novels with dramas and believed that novels are the art of "gradual change" while dramas are "crisis" (crisis, also translated as crisis). ) art, drama deals with a radical change in human destiny and environment. This is the essence of drama. Situation and laboratory theory: As early as the 18th century, the French philosopher D.

Diderot once regarded "situation" as the basis of dramatic works. When Hegel talked about the characteristics of drama, he also linked "situation" with "conflict" and emphasized the ontological significance of situation.

Existentialist philosopher and playwright J. -P.

Sartre called his plays "situation dramas" and said that the object of drama is people's choice behavior in situations. B.

Brecht regarded drama as a scientific method and believed that theater is a laboratory for testing human behavior in specific situations. This concept also defines the nature of drama from a specific perspective.

The origin of drama 1. The theory of song and dance. This theory can be analyzed into two types: (1) The theory of court music and dance. Nalan Xingde's "Lushui Pavilion Miscellaneous Knowledge" of the Qing Dynasty said: "Liang Shi Dayun said "The music is about an old man narrating the transformation of the gods in the Western Regions, and actors really started here." In "Original Opera", Liu Shipei believed that "operators are also derived from ancient music and dancers" based on the fact that ancient music and dance often have costumed characters. ...It is indeed similar to the operas of later generations.

"In "Primitive Music, Dance and Drama in China", Chang Renxia systematically examined the dramatic factors of primitive music and dance and believed that "primitive society. The simple music and dance in it are the precursor to the perfect drama later." Zhou Yibai's "A Long History of Chinese Drama" traces the earliest source of Chinese drama to "the music and dance of Zhou and Qin".

(2) On the theory of ancient songs and dances, the first sentence of the "General History of Chinese Opera" edited by Zhang Geng and Guo Hancheng reads: "The origin of Chinese opera can be traced back to the songs and dances of the primitive era." We know that all art originated from Labor, Chinese singing and dancing are no exception.

"Book of Books." "Shun Canon" says: "I hit the stone and attached it, and the hundreds of beasts led the dance."

The so-called "hundred beasts lead the dance" is not as mystical as later Confucianism. All the beasts came to worship and dance. This kind of dance was performed by hitting stones with each other or with hands to create knots. There were no drums at that time, so it was very primitive. Only later did drums appear, and the so-called "dance of drums" goes a step further.

This kind of dance may be a primitive religious ceremony before going out for hunting, or it may be a celebration ceremony after returning from hunting, "Lu Shi Chun Qiu". It is said in the chapter "Ancient Music": "When Emperor Yao was established, his destiny was to make music. The quality was to imitate the sounds of mountains, forests and valleys, and to sing. This is a legend about ancient music and dance during the Warring States Period. Through the description of this song and dance, we can see a scene of primitive hunters hunting in the mountains and forests: "While whistling and beating, the sounds of various pottery and stone tools were used to scare the wild beasts, so the wild beasts ran away at a gallop. And finally caught, this primitive era artist "Zhi" (actually not a person, but all the people at that time) created the hunting dance based on the reality of life. At this time, the so-called "beasts" were actually human beings. The scene of "dancing" while wearing animal skins is nothing more than a happy and exciting memory of hunting life.

Of course, the scenes at this time have been artistic, and the music and dance have been rhythmic. This kind of dance has a strong ritualistic nature. It is the patron saint or ancestor of the Hibiki clan. Praying to pray for a good harvest when going out for hunting, or to reward the gods after returning from hunting. But no matter what kind of ritual it is, and no matter how thick the cloak of primitive religion is, its actual meaning is a kind of exercise and training of labor. This not only exercises the proficiency of hunters, but also cultivates Young Hunter, Book of Books.

There is a record in "Shun Dian" that Ming Kui "taught Zhouzi with Dian Yue".

5. Opera knowledge

The lowest price is 0.27 yuan to become a library member and view the full content> Original publisher: Li Fengqin Little knowledge of opera 1. Introduction to the main types of opera 1. Kunqu Opera, also known as "Kun Opera" and "Kun Opera" are an ancient type of opera.

It originated from Kunshan, Jiangsu Province and became popular after the mid-Ming Dynasty. At that time, most of the legendary plays were sung with Kun opera. In addition to Nankun Opera, which maintains the characteristics of early Kun Opera, many branches have also formed across the country, such as Kunyi, Xiangkun, Sichuan and Kun in the north.

Kun Opera’s style is clear, soft, delicate and lyrical, with singing and dancing performances and rigorous routines. It is a representative of Chinese classical opera. 2. Gaoqiang Gaoqiang is a general term for an opera vocal system.

It was originally called "Yiyang Tune" or "Yi Tune" because it originated in Yiyang, Jiangxi. It is characterized by simple performance, popular lyrics, high-pitched and exciting singing, one person sings while others sing along, and only golden drums are used to beat the music without orchestral accompaniment.

Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it began to spread from Jiangxi to all parts of the country, and different styles of Gaoqiang were formed in various places, such as Sichuan Opera Gaoqiang, Hunan Opera Gaoqiang, Gan Opera Gaoqiang, etc. 3. Bangzi Qiang Bangzi Qiang is a general term for a system of opera tunes.

It originated from the "Shanshan Bangzi" at the junction of Shanxi and Shaanxi. It is characterized by high-pitched and exciting singing and wooden bangs. Then, it developed eastward and southward, forming different forms of Bangzi tune in different regions, such as Shanxi Bangzi, Hebei Bangzi, Henan Bangzi, Shandong Bangzi, etc.

4. Peking Opera Peking Opera, also known as "Pihuang", consists of two basic tunes of "Xipi" and "Erhuang" as its musical material. It also sings some local tunes (such as Liuzi tune, Chui tune) Qiang, etc.) and Kunqu Qupai. It was formed in Beijing around 1840, became popular in the 1930s and 1940s, and was sometimes known as "national drama".

It is still a major drama with national influence. With its comprehensive range of skills, mature performances and magnificent momentum, it is a representative of modern Chinese opera.

7. Jin Opera 13. Sichuan Opera.

6. Understand the general knowledge of Chinese opera

Chinese opera originated from primitive singing and dancing.

In the Han Dynasty, "Jiaodong Opera" with performance elements appeared among the people, especially "Huang Gong of the East China Sea". During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, "singing and dancing dramas" that combined singing, dancing and performance appeared among the people, with more intense performance elements, such as "Pull the Head", "Dai Mian", "Waking Girl" and so on.

In the Tang Dynasty, the "Joining the Army Opera" featuring comic performances developed from the performances of actors in the Pre-Qin Dynasty appeared; folk song and dance dramas entered the court and achieved greater development; and folk opera appeared again Popular rap forms such as "common talk" and "bianwen". In the Song Dynasty, the urban commodity economy developed rapidly, and many public entertainment venues - "Washe" and "Goulan" - appeared; folk singing, dancing, rap, and comedy showed a comprehensive trend, and "Song Zaju" appeared.

In the Jin Dynasty, based on the Zaju of the Song Dynasty, the "Jin Yuan Edition" appeared in the north and the "Nan Opera" appeared in the south. In the Yuan Dynasty, "Northern Zaju" was formed in the north, and Southern Opera in the south further developed and matured, and opera was formed.

Chinese opera is a comprehensive stage art style. Its characteristic is that many art forms are brought together under one standard to reflect their respective personalities in the same nature.

These forms mainly include: poetry, music, and dance. Poetry refers to its literature, music refers to its musical accompaniment, and dance refers to its performance.

In addition, it also includes stage art, costumes, makeup, etc. These artistic factors in opera all serve one purpose, that is, to tell a story; they all follow one principle, that is, beauty.

The characteristics of Chinese opera can be summed up in one word: "it uses songs and dances to tell stories" (Wang Guowei, a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty).

Opera and drama are both types of drama, in which actors play characters and use dialogue and actions to express a storyline of a certain length.

The difference is that opera uses musical dialogue and dance-like movements to express real life, that is, singing and dancing. It is also known as "singing, chanting, doing and playing".

7. Ask a few simple common sense questions

Hunan: Hunan Opera, Qi Opera, Huagu Opera, Chenhe Opera, etc.

Guangdong: Cantonese opera, Teochew opera, etc. Anhui: The most famous one is of course Huangmei Opera. There is also Lu Opera, formerly known as "Dai Qi Opera". Some people around Hefei also call it "Xiao Dao Opera". It is one of the main local opera types in Anhui Province.

Fengyang Flower Drum Opera. Hui opera was originally one of the important local operas in Anhui, but after the Hui opera came to Beijing, it was upgraded to Beijing opera.

Zhejiang: In addition to the most famous Yue Opera, there are also Shao Opera, Hangzhou Opera, Wu Opera, etc. Hubei: Chu Opera, Han Opera, and Jingzhou Flower Drum Opera are the three main opera types. Of course, Peking Opera is also one of the favorite opera types of Hubei people, but it is not counted as Hubei local opera.

Representatives from other provinces include Shandong’s Lu Opera, Gansu’s Long Opera, Shaanxi’s Qin Opera, etc., forming a cultural market where a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought flourish.