Why should the word temporary be added to the provisional contract law of Nanjing Provisional Government?

In the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), Wuchang Uprising broke out. The Qing court was forced to use Yuan Shikai as Governor of Huguang and later as Prime Minister of the Cabinet. Yuan Shikai took the opportunity to force the Qing emperor to abdicate, and the Nanjing Senate had to elect Yuan Shikai as the president. Later, Yuan ordered the dissolution of the National Assembly, abolished the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, accepted the "Twenty-one Articles" proposed by Japan, implemented the emperor system, and changed Yuan Hongxian.

The following is Yuan Shikai's introduction. Take a look at it when you are free.

Yuan Shikai, traitor

Yuan Shikai (1859.9.16—1916.6), also known as Weiting,No. Rong 'an. Born in Zhang Ying, Xiangcheng County, Henan Province, a big official family. Great-grandfather Yuan Yaodong is a student with four children, and Yuan Shusan is a student of Mangzhong. He used to be an inspector and teacher in Chenliu County. Yuan Jiasan is a scholar, and the official is the governor of grain transportation; Student Yuan Fengsan is an Oracle in Yuxian. Yuan Chongsan is a student. Yuan Shusan has two sons. The eldest son, Yuan Baozhong, is a tribute student. Yuan Cizi is a juren, and the official is the salt law.

Yuan Baozhong donated money to Tongzhi, but he didn't become an official and managed the land at home. She has two daughters and six sons, and Yuan Shikai is her fourth son. When Wang Junting-zhen's troops occupied Xinji, Shangdian and other places in Xiangcheng East and threatened to attack the county seat, Yuan Baozhong organized a group training confrontation, and built another Yuan Zhai in a dangerous place forty miles northeast of the city, and moved in with his family.

When Yuan moved from his home to Jinan, Shandong Province as the alternate magistrate in the fifth year of Tongzhi (1866), he adopted Yuan Shikai as his successor because he was old and childless. Seven-year-old Yuan Shikai followed Yuan Baoqing to Jinan. In the winter of seven years (1868), Yuan Baoqing was sent to Jiangsu to preach, followed by Yuan Shikai, and overseas Chinese settled in Yangzhou and moved back to Nanjing. Yuan was entrusted to supervise the bidding business in Jiangsu, and later served as a salt patrol in Jiangnan. He was closely related to Wu Changqing, the general of Huai Army stationed in Pukou. During the Xianfeng period, Wu Changqing's father, Wu Tingxiang, was besieged by Taiping rebels in Lujiang, and Wu Tingxiang sent Wu Changqing to the Yuan family for help. Yuan advocated saving, but thought that the soldiers were weak and advised them not to save. After a long delay, Lujiang was captured by Taiping Army and Wu Tingxiang was killed. From then on, I broke up with you and made a "brotherhood" with Yuan. In the 12th year of Yuan Dynasty (1873), Baoqing died of cholera in Nanking. Wu Changqing crossed the river and wept bitterly, helping to arrange Liu Mingchuan's funeral. When I met Yuan Shikai, everyone valued him very much.

After Yuan Shikai transported his coffin back to Xiangcheng, the responsibility of educating him shifted to Yuan Baoheng and Yuan. These two uncles, who are officials in Beijing, have a greater influence on him than their biological father and heir father. In the spring of 13th year (1874), Yuan Baoheng became an official, left as assistant minister of the Ministry, went back to his hometown to visit relatives, took Yuan Shikai to Beijing and hired a famous teacher to teach him. Yuan Lingbao, who is the secretary in the cabinet, thinks that Yuan Shikai's talent is not high and fluctuates abnormally, and his supervision is particularly severe.

In the autumn of the second year of Guangxu (1876), Yuan Shikai returned to Henan to take part in the provincial examination. At the end of the year, she married a 17 year old Shen Qiu. I returned to Beijing in the early spring of the following year. Yuan Baoheng has just been transferred to assistant minister of punishments, and his work is busy. Yuan Shikai helped him while reading, and he learned a lot of officialdom skills. The second uncle praised him for his "smart handling" and "excellent quality". During the drought in North China, Yuan Baoheng was ordered to come to Kaifeng to help, take Yuan Shikai with him and send him to investigate and assist everything in case there was a secret case. In four years (1878), Yuan Baoheng died of the epidemic. Yuan Shikai returned to Xiangcheng and moved to Chen Zhou. About this time, Yuan Jia analyzed his family property, and Yuan Shikai got a rich estate under Yuan's name and became the head of the family. Since then, he has become more bohemian and often pursues pleasure. He also organized two literary clubs, "Li Ze Fang Shan" and "Don't bully Fang Shan", and became the leader of the alliance. At this time, Xu Shichang, who was giving lectures in Chen Zhou, made friends with Yuan Shikai and worshipped him as Jin Lan. From then on, he became an important counselor of Yuan Shikai's life. In the fifth year of Jian 'an (1879), his uncle Zhang handled the disaster relief in Henan and entrusted Yuan Shikai to donate money. Because of the uniqueness of his collection of books, Zhang gave Yuan Shikai a false name of "the book in the Chinese library" with his donation. In the autumn of the same year, Yuan Shikai participated in the provincial examination again, ranking last.

Yuan Shikai failed again and again, and because of the accumulation of things, many people want to suffer, so they can no longer live in their hometown. Instead, he led dozens of people from the old headquarters to Shandong in April of seven years (188 1) to join his stepfather Yuan's close friends. Wu Changqing left him to study in the camp, while Yuan Shikai was modest and restrained and impassioned. He quickly won the favor of Wu Changqing and others, and was soon promoted to deputy director of the office of military affairs, and then embarked on his official career.

In June of the eighth year of Guangxu (1882), there was a mutiny in North Korea. The envoy to Japan telegraphed Zhang Shusheng, governor of Zhili, saying that Japan would send troops to invade Taiwan Province. North Korean official Kim Yun-sik also called on China to send troops to intervene. Zhang Shusheng then sent Ding, led the navy and army to the DPRK, in case the Japanese took the opportunity to make a crisis.

Wu Changqing set off in a hurry, and the military affairs were complicated. All the planning depends on Zhang Jian and his assistant Yuan Shikai. At that time, Yuan Shikai's position was "former enemy camp", responsible for the supply of military supplies and the determination of marching routes. When the ship arrived at Mashanpu in North Korea, a battalion officer said that most soldiers were seasick, so please slow down the landing speed. Wu Changqing immediately dismissed the man and ordered Yuan Shikai to act as his agent. Yuan immediately deployed and completed the landing operation within two hours, which was publicly praised by Wu. After landing, He Ding accepted Jin Yunzhi's suggestion, trapped korean king Li Yunying and escorted him to Tianjin to restore the king's rule. And sent Yuan Shikai to lead troops to suppress the uprising masses, killing dozens of people. Korean king hosted a banquet for Yuan Shikai and even set up a shrine for him. The Qing government also rewarded those who contributed to pacifying the "Renwu mutiny", and Yuan Shikai used the same knowledge to make up for it in different provinces and rewarded Hualing.

In September, korean king sent a special envoy to thank the Qing government and asked it to send teaching classes to help North Korea train a new type of army. Li Hongzhang ordered Wu Changqing to make a plan. Wu Changqing sent Yuan Shikai, Zhu Xianmin and He Zengzhu to form and train the new Korean army. Choose 1 0,000 people, divide them into two camps, and train according to Huai Army's exercise method. These weapons will be provided by China. After the inspection, korean king was extremely satisfied and praised Yuan Shikai for his good training. It was decided to select another 500 soldiers from Jiang Barracks to form the "Zhen Fu Battalion", which was still trained by Yuan Shikai.

North Korea is divided into civilized and conservative groups. The conservatives, led by Min, have a close relationship with China and are supported by Yuan Shikai. The civilized faction headed by Jin was pro-Japanese, trying to overthrow the conservative rule by relying on Japan. After the outbreak of the Sino-French War, Li Hongzhang ordered Wu Changqing to lead the 3rd Battalion of the Qing Army back to Jinzhou in the 10th year of Guangxu (1884), leaving the 3rd Battalion in Seoul, with Wu Zhaoyou and Zhang Guangqian as registered magistrates, leading the Prime Minister Yuan Shikai to run and organize the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. Yuan Shikai became an important figure in the Huai army stationed in North Korea. Today, thinking that the Sino-French war broke out, China could not take care of himself, so he looked for opportunities to assassinate the leader of the Conservative Party. The Japanese minister led more than 65,438+000 Japanese troops to support the Hua Kai faction and rushed into the Korean Palace to kill the conservatives. Together with Wu Zhaoyou, Yuan Shikai asked Li Hongzhang to send warships to the DPRK to prepare for sending troops. Jin Yunzhi, leader of the Conservative Party, and others asked for assistance from the Qing army. Yuan Shikai decided to send troops into the palace on his own, and with the support of the Korean people, he broke into the Korean palace occupied by the Japanese army, which set fire to the embassy and fled in panic. Conservatives are back in power.

After the incident, Yuan Shikai personally led the Huai Army 1 Battalion to the Palace, pretending to be the "Minister of State Supervision". He wrote a report of several thousand words to Li Hongzhang, saying that "it is now or never, and we should use this popular support to persuade China and North Korea to send officials, set up prisons, command heavy troops and govern diplomacy internally." Some people in China accused Yuan Shikai of being good at provoking border troubles, so they telegraphed Yuan Shikai not to provoke troubles with Japan, and sent Wu Dacheng and Xuchang to investigate. After Wu Dacheng arrived in North Korea, he ordered Yuan Shikai to withdraw his team and return to camp for investigation.

Yuan Shikai had underestimated Wu Changqing before he left North Korea, and climbed to Li Hongzhang through his uncle Yuan Lingbao. After Wu Changqing left North Korea, Yuan Shikai became more conceited, and "all changes were made to show his talents", which made Wu Changqing very embarrassed. Wu Zhaoyou, Zhang Guangqian and others were not in Yuan Shikai's eyes, and they tried their best to crowd out the Qing army in an attempt to take it all for themselves. This time, it was almost Yuan Shikai's initiative to send troops, and now it has been investigated. Naturally, all the responsibilities should be borne by Yuan Shikai, and Yuan Shikai's misdeeds such as keeping official prostitutes, selling opium and misappropriating military salaries were also exposed. Li Hongzhang ordered Yuan Shikai to pay full compensation. Guangxu decade (1885) was dismissed on December 16th, and left Korea for home. Then, he returned to his hometown in Chen Zhou to "live in seclusion".

In the first month of the following year, Japan sent Ito Bowen to Tianjin to negotiate the Sino-Japanese conflict with Li Hongzhang. The two sides reached an agreement that China and Japan would withdraw from North Korea at the same time. For Japan's demand to punish Yuan Shikai, Li Hongzhang finally compromised and tried to punish Yuan Shikai privately. Yuan Lingbao wrote to Yuan Shikai, saying that Ito Bowen tried his best to shake you, and Lai Hongzhang was honest with the country, which took a lot of time and was naturally sensible. He also wrote to Li Hongzhang's staff to celebrate his birthday, saying that Yuan Shikai was strongly sheltered by Li Hongzhang, which made him unforgettable.

After China and Japan withdrew their troops from North Korea, Russia took the opportunity to step in and collude with Min in an attempt to turn North Korea into its "protectorate". Li Hongzhang decided to send Li Yunying back to China, restrict Min Group, and replace Chen Shutang, who is loyal to more but wise to less, with Yuan Shikai, who is resourceful, as the Commercial Commissioner in the DPRK. Uncle Yuan still acts as a bridge between Yuan Shikai and Li Hongzhang. Li believes that Yuan is a "rising star in Ran Ran". As soon as Yuan Shikai arrived in Tianjin, Li Hongzhang greeted him and said, "Now the stage has been set and the guests have been invited, just waiting for you to appear." When Yuan Shikai asked to send troops, Li said with a smile, "The North Koreans cheered and thundered when they heard that General Yuan was coming. Who dares to resist ... it is enough for you to take dozens of naval units ashore for guidance. " Yuan Lingbao didn't want Yuan Shikai to venture in North Korea again, but wanted him to join the newly-built Beiyang Navy. Yuan Shikai did not adopt the suggestion. He escorted Li Yunying back to Seoul, met the king of South Korea and told him everything. Confused and resentful, Min Group prohibited civil and military officials from interacting with Li Yun. Yuan Shikai failed to mediate in many ways, and Li Yunzhong made three moves and returned to Tianjin. Li Hongzhang was very appreciative of what Yuan Shikai had done and praised him. In the 11th year (1885), on September 20th, the Qing government formally appointed Yuan Shikai as the plenipotentiary of "the Prime Minister's Office to negotiate trade matters in North Korea", and sent it to the magistrate, who made up for it first, and then promoted it to suggestion history, adding three titles.

Yuan Shikai expressed deep gratitude for Li Hongzhang's support, and wrote: "The humble government is only capable, and I am afraid that Fokker will be incompetent. I have to rely on prestige and respect to do it in order to live up to the appointment. " Yolanda thought it was "too sudden, too long" and wrote to Li Hongzhang saying that "two generations owe each other, and one is a sage". At the same time, Yuan Shikai was warned that he should be careful to speculate on the intentions of the Qing court and Li Hongzhang in the future. "However, if a few things are handled smoothly, the news will get bigger and bigger, and the reputation will gradually rise." "Be loyal to what you want to do, don't use politics, be modest when you receive something, don't show happiness, you will regret it." On the seventh day of October, Yuan Shikai took office in North Korea and set up an office in Seoul. The entourage included more than 20 people, including Tang and Liu Yongqing.

Li Hongzhang gave Yuan Shikai the right to consolidate the "suzerain-vassal relationship" and asked korean king to consult Yuan Shikai on internal and external affairs at any time. After Yuan Shikai took office in the imperial court, he pretended to be the emperor's father, refused to sit at the same meeting with ministers from all over the world, and went straight to the palace whenever something happened. Korean king repeatedly asked the Qing government to replace Yuan Shikai and choose another "just and knowledgeable person". Under the protection of Li Hongzhang, Yuan Shikai's status was not downgraded, but was promoted to a simple record of the customs.

Yuan Shikai had no knowledge of the general trend of the world and international relations, failed to estimate the rapid deterioration of the situation in North Korea, and greatly underestimated the ambitions of the great powers. Yuan Shikai strongly suggested to Li Hongzhang to send troops to take part in the East Learning Party Uprising in North Korea instead of him. At this time, in order to create a war interface, Japan also hoped that China would send troops, so it strongly encouraged Yuan Shikai. After Yuan Shikai single-handedly promised that "Japan will have no other intentions", the Qing government finally decided to send troops, and Japan immediately sent troops.

Yuan Shikai perceived that the situation was not good, and asked the western envoys to the DPRK to mediate and put forward the plan of withdrawing troops at the same time. However, instead of withdrawing its troops, Japan further put forward the conditions for turning North Korea into its protectorate and further increased its heavy troops. Yuan Shikai immediately sent three telegrams in succession, pleading with Li Hongzhang to transfer him back to China, and Li Hongzhang ordered him to be "faithful and awesome". On June 13, Yuan Shikai claimed that he was ill and asked to return to China again, which was approved. On June 19, Yuan Shikai returned to Tianjin and called the police to ask Li Hongzhang to throw North Korea to Japan for occupation. Li Hongzhang ordered Yuan Shikai to rush to Pyongyang to assist Zhou Fu, contact various armies and organize the reimbursement of military supplies and equipment. Yuan Shikai asked to be transferred from his post, and Li Hongzhang strictly ordered to "return to his post". Yuan Shikai asked his cousin Yuan Shixun to find Weng Tonghe and Li Hongzao, and Li Hongzao asked Yuan Shikai to join forces with the former enemy. Yuan Shikai had no choice but to obey. Later, as the troops retreated.

After the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, public opinion condemned Li Hongzhang. As the chief culprit of the war, Yuan Shikai saw that Li Hongzhang was going to lose power and influence, that is, he contacted Weng Tonghe and Li Hongzao from time to time to provide evidence against Li Hongzhang and personally wrote an article to impeach Li Hongzhang. Therefore, it was appreciated by the die-hards and was ordered to train the new army.

In the 21st year (1895), on October 22nd, the Qing government ordered Yuan Shikai to take over the 10th battalion of Ding Wujun, and stationed it in a small station near Tianjin as a base for training new troops. Yuan also recruited more than 2,000 people to form a "new army" according to the German establishment, and hired German officers for training. In the twenty-third year (1897), he was promoted to Zhili provincial judge because of his meritorious training, and he still specializes in training.

In May of the 21st year (1895), Yuan Shikai submitted Kang Youwei's "Wan Yan Shu" to the Military Affairs Office to participate in the Strong Society. Twenty-four years (1898) in July, the political reform movement reached its climax, and Yuan Shikai sent Xu Shichang to Beijing to contact the reformists. Emperor Guangxu accepted the reformist idea of "taking care of Yuan for a rainy day", summoned Yuan Shikai, who was armed to the teeth, and gave him a special reward as an alternate assistant minister, specializing in training. On the morning of the third day of August, Kang Youwei and Tan Sitong received a secret letter from Emperor Guangxu, asking for help and urging Kang Youwei to leave Beijing. That evening, Tan Sitong secretly called on Yu Xueji of Yuan Shikai, asking him to kill Rong Lu, get rid of the old party and help carry out the New Deal. Yuan promised to face to face and said emotionally, "Killing Rong Lu is like killing a dog's ear". Afterwards, after repeated weighing, he thought that the reformists had limited strength and could not achieve great things, so he immediately returned to Tientsin to inform Rong Lu. Cixi imprisoned Emperor Guangxu and killed Tan Sitong and other "six gentlemen", and the Reform Movement of 1898 failed. Therefore, Yuan Shikai gained the trust of Rong Lu and others and made further progress. Yuan Shikai's new army was renamed Wuwei Right Army and became one of the "Wu Weijun" mastered by Rong Lu. Soon, he was promoted to assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry and was still in charge of training. Twenty-six years (1900) on February 14th, he was promoted to the governor of Shandong, and led the right army of Wu Wei to his post. At that time, the Boxer Rebellion in Shandong was in the ascendant, and Yuan Shikai promulgated the Provisional Regulations on Strictly Handling the Boxer Rebellion to suppress the Boxer Rebellion.

After Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, the Qing government ordered Yuan Shikai to lead troops to defend the capital, but Yuan only sent a few troops to the Shandong and Hebei borders to deal with it. Send someone to negotiate with the consulates in Yantai, and reach an agreement according to the Southeast Mutual Protection Law, indicating "neutrality". On the one hand, I pay tribute to the fleeing Cixi, and please both sides.

Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China resulted in the complete destruction of Wu Weijun, the fourth route in Rong Lu, leaving only Yuan Shikai's right army in Wei Wu intact. And in the process of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion, Yuan Shikai took the opportunity to expand the 20 th Battalion of "Pioneer of Wuwei Right Army", with about 20,000 troops under his command, becoming the largest armed force in the north.

In the twenty-seventh year (190 1), Li Hongzhang died. Yuan Shikai, who was cursed by Li Hongzhang as a villain, acted as the governor of Zhili and served as the minister of Beiyang (changed to real grant the following year). In terms of internal and external policies, he completely inherited Li Hongzhang's mantle, absorbed all Huai departments, and his political and military forces expanded rapidly. The Qing government organized the New Deal, set up the "Governor's Office", and made Yuan Shikai concurrently minister of government affairs and minister of political discipline. He founded the Beiyang Military and Political Department (later changed to Beiyang Supervision Department) in Baoding and personally supervised it. There are three divisions: military equipment, staff officers and coaches. With Liu Yongqing, Duan and Feng as general managers, the Beiyang Standing Army, the Beiyang Army, has been compiled. At the same time, Zhao Bingjun was sent to set up inspectors in Tianjin and Zhili counties, and the police forces in both capitals were in their hands. Since then, he has also served as Minister of Commerce, Minister of Electricity and Minister of Railways. In 29 years (1903) 1 1 month, he suggested that the Qing government set up a training camp to train the new army, and asked the Qing prince to be the prime minister training minister, and he himself was the co-minister. It was organized into six towns of Beiyang Army, with more than 60,000 people. Except for 1 town, which is the flag of Tie Liang, all the others are Yuan Shikai's cronies, and the Beiyang warlord group headed by Yuan Shikai was basically formed. At that time, "North Korea has six governments, one from the military to Beiyang" before making a decision.

In thirty-three years (1907), Yuan Shikai was Gao Zhen's master. The Qing government transferred him to minister of military affairs and foreign affairs, and deprived him of military power. In thirty-four years (1908), Emperor Guangxu and Cixi died successively, and Xuan Tong succeeded to the throne, and Regent Zai Feng supervised the country. In the name of Yuan Shikai's foot disease, he was ordered to return to Zhangde, Henan Province to recuperate.

In the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), Wuchang Uprising broke out. The Qing court was forced to use Yuan Shikai as Governor of Huguang and later as Prime Minister of the Cabinet. Yuan Shikai took the opportunity to force the Qing emperor to abdicate, and the Nanjing Senate had to elect Yuan Shikai as the president. Later, Yuan ordered the dissolution of the National Assembly, abolished the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, accepted the "Twenty-one Articles" proposed by Japan, implemented the emperor system, and changed Yuan Hongxian.

Cai E and others launched a national defense war in Yunnan, and Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces responded one after another. In the fifth year of the Republic of China (19 16), on February 19th, Yuan Shikai was forced to announce the abolition of the monarchy and still called the great president. On the sixth day of May, Yuan Shikai died of uremia in kidney calculi and was scolded by the whole country. At the age of 57.

Yuan Shikai has 10 wives and 32 children. 17 years, the eldest son Yuan, the second son Yuan and the sixth son Yuan Keheng are well known. Yuan's wife is her son. She knows English, French, German and Japanese. He married the daughter of Wu Dacheng, the governor of Hunan Province, and donated candidates. He has served as Right Member of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, Right Cheng, Ministry of Postal Services, Kailuan Mining Supervision and Chairman. 1955 died in Beijing at the age of 77. Yuan is the third concubine. Korean Kim was born in Seoul. Won the foreign minister of the Ministry of Justice with Yin Sheng. He is the editor of Qing History Museum and the chairman of China Literature and Art Association. He edited the talk for half a month. He died in Tianjin in the 20th year of the Republic of China (193 1) at the age of 42. He is the author of Leng Yun's Poems and Meta-Tales. Yuan Keheng, general manager of Qixin Lime Company, is the richest and the worst among all the scholars.

When Yuan Shikai was seriously ill, he summoned Wang Xitong, put a list on the table, and pointed out to Wang Xitong that "the rest of my family property is in Sri Lanka." Zhang Boju said that after Yuan Shikai's death, his father Zhang divided the property for the Yuan family, and each child received 20,000 yuan in cash and 20,000 yuan in stock. The original land in Xiangcheng is more than 2,000 mu, all of which are owned by Yuan Shikai's sixth brother. In addition, there are about 400 hectares of land in Zhangde, Jixian and Huixian.