What is the structure of furniture?

Construction method of Chinese classical furniture

Shoulder tenon: Shoulder tenon is a tenon-mortise structure used when the legs and feet of waist-binding furniture are combined with waist-binding and teeth. It can also be said that it is a tenon-mortise structure in which the horizontal part and the vertical part of furniture are connected. Shoulder tenon is a complex tenon-mortise structure, because it is necessary to solve the connection between legs and panels, legs and waist, and legs and legs. Take a square table with a waist as an example. Make two perpendicular but unconnected half tenons at the upper ends of the legs and feet, and connect them with the desktop. At the part connected with the girdle, a 45-degree oblique shoulder should be made, and a triangular mortise should be chiseled to connect with the 45-degree oblique tip and triangular tenon of the tooth strip. A "hanging needle" with a small top and a large bottom and a half-silver ingot cross section is left on the inclined tip, which is sleeved with the notch on the back of the spear. In the waist-binding furniture in the early Ming and Qing dynasties, the teeth and the waist-binding were a whole board, so that the waist-binding, the teeth and the legs and feet were firmly connected by hanging nails. This is standard practice for tenons. After the middle of Qing dynasty, the practice of holding shoulder tenon began to be simplified, and the hanging pin was omitted. In order to save materials, the teeth and waist are also made of two pieces of wood. By the end of the Qing dynasty, the practice of holding the shoulder tenon was further simplified, and even the tenon tongue on the tooth strip was gone, only glue was used. The firmness of the table is greatly reduced.

Overlord room: Overlord room is a mortise-and-tenon structure used for square tables and stools, which can also be said to be a mortise-and-tenon structure that does not need to be reinforced by transverse stirrups. When making a table, in order to increase the firmness of the four legs, it is generally necessary to add a crossbar to the upper ends of the legs. But sometimes it is necessary to make a table with exquisite shape. Considering that the four stiles are in the way, but at the same time, the firmness of the table should be considered, so the "overlord stile" can be used. The Wang Ba is S-shaped, with the upper end connected to the threading of the desktop and fixed with pins, and the lower end connected to the legs and feet (where it should be placed horizontally). The tenon at the lower end of the brick is in the shape of half a silver ingot. The mortises on the legs and feet are big at the bottom and small at the top. When assembling, insert the tenon of Wang Ba from the mortise of the leg, pull it up, then hook it and fix it with a wooden wedge.

Barrel tenon: it is a tenon-mortise structure commonly used to make box furniture. The legs and feet have tenons at the top and are combined with mortises at the bottom of the case. The upper ends of legs and feet are open and teeth are embedded, so the appearance of legs and feet is higher than that of teeth and teeth. In this structure, the rack is clamped by four legs and connected into a box to receive the case surface, so that the angle between the case surface and the legs and feet is not easy to change, and the weight of the case surface can be well dispersed and transmitted to the four legs and feet.

Shoulder tenon: it is the tenon-mortise structure for making box furniture. The top ends of the legs and feet are provided with semi-straight tenons, which are connected with mortises on the big side of the case surface; The front faces of the upper ends of the legs and feet are also made into angular inclined shoulders; The front of the tooth plate is also engraved with a notch with the same depth as the inclined shoulder; When assembling, the rack and legs and feet are embedded with inclined shoulders to form a flush surface; When the panel bears the load, the toothed plate is also under pressure, but the pressure can be transmitted to the four legs and feet through the inclined shoulders on the legs and feet.

Brown-horned tenon: Brown-horned tenon is named because it looks like the horn of Zongzi. Seen from three sides, it is a 45-degree diagonal line, which is also called "the triangle is pointed". Mostly used for frame connection. In addition, there are "four-level" tables in Ming-style furniture, and the legs, legs, teeth and panels are connected by brown tenons.

Tenon planting: also known as "pile head" and "walking needle", it is a tenon-mortise structure used between detachable furniture parts. Due to disassembly, the tenon is easy to wear or even damage. In order to facilitate maintenance, it also avoids the situation that furniture parts are scrapped because of tenon damage. Generally, tenons are made of another kind of wood and then planted on furniture parts. Tenon mortise structure is often used. Wooden nails are usually planted between fences of arhat beds and between side fences and beds.

Wedge tenon: used to connect round bar-shaped and arc-shaped furniture parts, such as the tenon-mortise structure of round handrails. Although the two round sticks are half-cut and overlapped like palms, the front end of each half tenon has a small stepped straight tenon which can be inserted into the groove on the other. This prevents the connecting member from moving up and down. Then cut a square hole with a slightly larger end in the middle of the connection part, and then make a long wooden wedge with the size of a quadrangular prism. After insertion, it can be ensured that the two small straight tenons will not come off back and forth. Wedge tenons should be used as handrails for round chairs and round furniture.

Hidden tenon: The two ends of two wooden boards are butted, and the dovetail joint is not exposed, which is called "hidden tenon" or "stuffy tenon" and is a necessary tenon for making several boxes, cases and boxes.

It is difficult to pick out the brains of chairs in Ming and Qing Dynasties. There is no need to use a chuck tenon at the connection with the leg. The tenon is usually dug out with leg material, and the square tenon is dug in the brain cover, hence the name.

Hanging tenon: Hanging tenon is a kind of wedge tenon. One side of the tenon is inclined, and the hole is chiseled in the same shape, but it needs to be twice as long to be chiseled straight. After the tenon is put into the straight hole, it cannot be pulled out by hanging or hanging. If it is disassembled, it can be moved into the straight hole again. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were many ways to pick tenons by setting teeth. Because tenon is actually a loaded wedge, it is also called "hanging wedge". The craftsman in the north is called "riding a horse".

Hook tenon: the mortise is made into a right-angle terrace shape, and the tenon is also made into a corresponding right-angle terrace shape, but the lower bottom surface of the tenon is equal to the bottom surface of the mortise, and the inclined surface engages with the inclined surface after being embedded, resulting in the anti-hook effect. Then wedge-shaped material is used to fill the gap of mortise, which is not easy to come out again, so it is a "hook tenon" every day.

Checked shoulder: The horizontal and vertical materials of traditional furniture intersect, the outer half of tenon material is cut into isosceles triangle tips, and the other material is also cut into isosceles triangle notches at the corresponding half of mortise, and then spliced, commonly known as "plaid shoulder".

Angle tenon: Angle teeth mesh with legs and racks. Generally, notches are dug on legs and feet to mesh with the tongue of angle teeth. When the spear or face is formed with legs and feet, the angle teeth and rack or face are mortised and inserted into the pile head, so the "angle tenon" is a combination of mortise and tenon, not a single structural form.

Long and short tenons: Generally, when the leg is joined with the edge of the face, the tenon of the leg material becomes two tenons, one is long and the other is short, which are perpendicular to each other and combined with the mortise of the edge, so it is called "long and short tenon". Because the edging joint is made of grid tenons, the tenons on both sides of the plastering head collide with the tenons on the big side from the mortise leg, so only the long and short tenons can be firm.

Shoulder tenon: there are several forms of combination of teeth and legs and feet. The method of shoulder tenon is 45 degrees, and the tenon shoulder is tenoned and drilled. The embedded rack forms the same level as the legs and feet, which is a tenon-mortise structure commonly used in Ming and Qing furniture with waist.