Brief introduction of Yingxian wooden pagoda?

Sagata of Buddha Palace Temple in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province is located in the Buddha Palace Temple in the northwest of Yingxian County, commonly known as Ying.

Yingxian Wooden Pagoda Landscape (9 photos)

County wooden tower. It was built in the second year of Qing Ning in Liao Dynasty (AD 1056) and completed in the sixth year of Jin Mingchang (AD 1 195). It is the tallest and oldest existing wooden pagoda building in China, and the only wooden pagoda in the national key cultural relics protection units.

The wooden pagoda is located between the mountain gate and the main hall on the north-south axis of the temple and belongs to the layout of "front pagoda and back hall". The tower is built on a four-meter-high platform, with a height of 67.3 1 m, and the diameter of the ground floor is 30.27 m, showing a plane octagon. The first floor facade has double eaves, and the upper floors are single eaves, with five floors and six eaves, and there is a dark layer between the floors, which is actually nine floors. Because there are double eaves and corridors on the ground floor, the appearance of the tower is six eaves.

Each floor is supported by two circles of wooden columns inside and outside. There are 24 pillars outside each floor and 8 pillars inside. Many braces, beams, beams and short columns are used between wooden columns to form multi-beam wooden frames in different directions. According to some calculations, the whole wooden tower is made of 3000 cubic meters of Korean pine wood and weighs about 2600 tons. The overall proportion is appropriate, the building is magnificent, the art is exquisite, and the shape is steady and solemn.

There is a door in the north and south of the tower bottom building, and a flat railing is set around the second floor. Each floor is equipped with wooden stairs, and visitors can climb to the top step by step. There are four doors from the second floor to the fifth floor.

Wooden Pagoda in Yingxian County, Shuozhou, Shanxi (Panorama)

All of them are equipped with wooden partition fans, and the light is sufficient. When you go out, you can look at the fence. Heng Yue is like a screen, and mulberries are like a belt, which gives you a panoramic view and is refreshing. All floors in the tower are plastic Buddha statues. The first floor is Sakyamuni, which is 1 1 m high, dignified in appearance and pleasant in manner. There are exquisite and gorgeous algae wells at the top, six Tathagata Buddha statues are painted on the wall of the inner groove, and King Kong, King of Heaven and disciples are also painted on both sides of the door. The murals are brightly colored and the characters are lifelike. The altar on the second floor is square, with a Buddha, two bodhisattvas and two mighty attendants on it. The three-story altar is octagonal with a square Buddha statue on it. Four layers of plastic Buddha statues and statues of Arnold, Ye Jia, Manjusri and Pu Xian. Five-layer plastic Pilu Tian Tathagata and National People's Congress Bodhisattva. Each Buddha statue is exquisitely carved, with different shapes and high artistic value.

The top of the tower is octagonal, with iron gates, beautifully made and coordinated with the tower body, making the wooden tower magnificent. Wind chimes are installed under the eaves of each floor of the tower, and the breeze blows, tinkling and very pleasant.

Edit this design result.

The design of Yingxian Wooden Pagoda boldly inherited the heavy architectural form with national characteristics since the Han and Tang Dynasties, made full use of traditional architectural techniques, and widely adopted the bucket arch structure. There are 54 kinds of bucket arches in the whole tower, and each kind of bucket arch has a certain combination form. Some beams, squares and columns form a whole, and each layer forms an octagonal hollow structure layer. Scientific and rigorous design, perfect structure and ingenuity. It is a building with national style, national characteristics and religious requirements. It can be said that it has reached the highest level of ancient architectural art in China, and even now it has high research value.

Wooden Pagoda in Yingxian County, Shuozhou, Shanxi (local)

The tower is designed as a plane octagon with five floors, and a circle of verandahs extends from the bottom floor, which is called "second-order circular turn" and forms double eaves with the eaves of the tower of the ground floor house, so * * * has six tower eaves. There are dark layers under each layer, so the structure is actually nine layers. The appearance of the dark building is a flat seat, and railings are set along the flat seat of each floor, so that you can watch from a distance and your body and mind will blend in with nature. The whole tower is 67.3 meters high, which is about 2.2 times the diameter of the bottom floor. The proportion is quite thick, although it is very high and dignified. The eaves of each tower are basically straight, and the corners are very gentle. The flat seat is coordinated with the tower eaves of each floor in its horizontal direction and compared with the tower body; By comparing with tower eaves in material, color and treatment, coordination with tower body is a necessary transition between tower eaves and tower body. The flat seat, tower body and tower eaves overlap, the division of labor is clear, the explanation is clear, the sense of rhythm is emphasized, the contour line is enriched and the horizontal line is increased. Make the towering tower look back at the earth from time to time and sit firmly on the earth. The treatment of double eaves on the ground floor further strengthens the sense of stability of the whole tower.

Because the tower is built on a 4-meter-high two-story stone platform with two columns inside and outside, it forms a double-layer sleeve structure. There are columns and poppers between columns, horizontal members such as ground and ground between column feet, and cross beams between inner and outer tanks, so that the double-layer sleeve is closely combined. Inclined braces are widely used in underground buildings, which play the role of ring beam in structure and strengthen the integrity of wooden tower structure. When the tower was built more than 300 years ago, it survived a 7-day earthquake and still stood. There are statues in the Ming building of the tower. The Buddha statue on the first floor is tall and solemn, and the dome caisson on the top gives people an unpredictable feeling. There are six Tathagata portraits on the inner wall of the first floor, which are moderately proportioned and brightly colored. The flying on both sides of the top of the Six Tathagata is more lively and full, which is a rare masterpiece in murals. On the second floor, due to the light from all directions, a main Buddha, two bodhisattvas and two colleagues are arranged very vividly. Three-layer plastic square Buddha, facing all directions. Five layers of plastic Buddha sitting in the middle, eight bodhisattvas sitting in eight directions. Decorating statues in the tall space without dark layers in the center of the tower to enhance the solemnity of the Buddha statue is a model of reasonable design of building structure and use function.

Three pagodas in the world

It is called the three largest towers in the world together with the Eiffel Tower and the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Paris.

Edit the cultural accumulation of this paragraph

After the completion of the wooden pagoda, celebrities in past dynasties hung plaques and inscribed couplets, which had profound implications and vigorous brushwork, adding a lot of color to the wooden pagoda.

Yingxian Wooden Pagoda Landscape (2) (16)

Quite a lot. Among them: Ming Taizu Judy, who led the northern expedition in the fourth year of Yongle (A.D. 1406) and stayed in Zhou Suying. When he visited the city, he wrote down the title of the book "Third Runner-up Shen Gong". In the third year of Zhu Houzun's Zheng De (A.D. 1508), when Wu Zong defeated the invading little prince Tatar in Yanghe (Yanggao County, Shanxi Province) and Yingzhou, he boarded the wooden tower to entertain the meritorious generals and wrote "Wonders of the World". There are 54 Ming, Qing and Republic of China plaques and couplets in the tower. There are also excellent couplets, such as "Rise from the ground, Mount Yunshan arch column, ride the wind and step on the moon to catch clouds"; "Look through the clouds and smoke, look at Yanmen in the west, the cave is small, the south of Bihan is exquisite, and the dragon head is low." In addition, like the wooden tower, a number of extremely precious Liao cultural relics were found in the tower, especially the color printing of Liao engraving, which filled the gap in the history of printing in China. Among the cultural relics, there are many scrolls, including manuscripts and woodcut prints of Liao Dynasty, some of which are more than 30 meters long, which are rare in China, providing valuable information for studying the politics, economy and culture of Liao Dynasty in China.

Buddha tooth relic

In the Sakyamuni Tower of the Buddha Palace Temple in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province, there are two Buddhist tooth relics, which are revered by the world Buddhist community. They were placed in two silver profile statues dedicated to the seven treasures, which were confirmed to be the remains of Buddha's teeth by textual research.

Buddha tooth relic

In 486 BC (there are four theories about the extinction year of Buddha: 489 BC, 487 BC, 486 BC, 484 BC, 483 BC, 482 BC, 478 BC, 477 BC), Sakyamuni was nirvana at the age of 80. After the extinction of the Buddha statue, * * * left seven Buddha tooth relics.

Nowadays, the Buddhist community has different views on how many Buddha teeth Sakyamuni left after drinking tea. One said that the Buddha left four teeth after he died, and the other said that the Buddha left seven teeth after he died.

How many teeth did the Buddha leave after his death? And what is the basis of the debate between the parties?

Anyone who has studied Buddhist scriptures knows that the records of Buddha's teeth come from the Great Nirvana Sutra. * * * There are three versions of Mahayana Sutra. The first version is the Mahayana Sutra (three volumes) translated by Fa Xian in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The second edition of * * * has three translations: the first translation is Mahayana Sutra (40 volumes) translated by Tan Shi, the second translation is Mahayana Sutra (36 volumes) added by Saman Yan Hui and others in the Song Dynasty, and the third translation is Buddha's Great Clay Tablet Sutra (6 volumes) translated by Saman Pingyang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The third edition is the Mahayana Sutra (later divided into volumes) translated by Samana Jonabadra of Boling State in the South China Sea of the Tang Dynasty.

The above three versions are all called Mahayana Sutra, and they are all classics that record how Sakyamuni achieved nirvana. The first two versions did not mention that the Buddha's teeth were left after the Buddha died. Only in the third edition, namely the Mahayana Sutra, Volume 4 of the Eucharist Runpin (up and down after the volume), it is recorded that Sakyamuni left a Buddha's tooth after tea:

Great nirvana sutra

Released by the emperor, I went to the tea skin with the Qibao bottle and supporting tools, and the fire naturally went out for a while. The emperor put the Buddha's treasure coffin and wanted to invite the Buddha's tooth. The floor teased him and asked, "What are you?" Answer "I want to ask the Buddha tooth to return to heaven." Lou ridiculed: "If you don't have it for yourself, you can do it for the public." Explain that "the Buddha gives me the relic first, and I will destroy myself when I come to the fire." The emperor explained that the treasure coffin was opened immediately after the words were finished, and the tooth relic was taken out from the right upper jaw of the Buddha's mouth, that is, the tower fell from the sky for support. I have two dying patients, Luo Cha, who disappeared with the release of invisibility, all of them disappeared. Steal a pair of Buddha tooth relics. At that time, men and women in the city wanted to fight for relics for a while. Lou told us: "The public should know how to treat peace. As the Buddha said, they should support each other according to the law. " At that time, all the men and women in the city didn't hear what Lou teased. They each hold spears, bows, arrows, swords and all weapons, and everyone solemnly wants to choose interests. At that time, the public in the city opened Buddhist coffins, and their white hair was not burned. When they saw that they were crying again, their eyes were full of tears, and they all offered their grief and prayed deeply. They cried for a long time and said the same thing.

At that time, the Buddha was saddened by it and broke the diamond body into the last relic. But leave four teeth. Don't break them. At that time, the public saw that the relic was no longer sad and supported with tears.

By quoting the above version, we know that after the death of Buddha, * * * left seven Buddhist tooth relics. That is to say, before the Buddha was cremated, three Buddha teeth were left to the world, one for Indra and two for Ji Jie Luo Cha. After the Buddha statue was cremated, King Kong's body was broken into the last relic, leaving four Buddha teeth. In other words, there are seven Buddha tooth relics in heaven and earth.

Looking through the vast number of Buddhist classics, it is said that there is only one place for a pair of Buddha's teeth in the southern edition of the Great Bodhisattva Sutra, which shows that there is an inseparable relationship between them. The two Buddhist tooth relics found in Sakyamuni Pagoda of Buddha Palace Temple in Yingxian County should be a pair of Buddha teeth invisibly stolen by Ji Jie Luo Cha as recorded in Nanben Nirvana Sutra.

Judging from the historical classics, the content of this matter is recorded in Volume 53 of Buddhist Statistics and Propaganda of Tang and Dao Lawyers in Song Dynasty. "The lawyer is walking in Ximing Temple, and the Prince of the North is a teacher with the Buddha's teeth." Lawyer Daoxuan has always kept the relic of the Buddha's teeth dedicated to this rare treasure, and when he visited Shanxi at the age of 35, he gave a pair of Buddha's teeth to Jincheng, a military town outside Yanmenguan. In the folk literature classics, the pagoda held by the father of Nezha, Tota Li Tianwang, is said to be Yingxian Pagoda. According to ancient legends, it should also explain the relationship between a pair of Buddha's tooth relics and Sakyamuni Tower in Fogong Temple in Yingxian County. Since then, "the first county in the cloud", that is, "the famous area of Mobei, which should be regarded as a great vassal", has become profound and complex, with colorful chapters, which gave birth to the life track of the great integration of the Chinese nation and prompted Brahma's truth.

Yingxian county was called Yingzhou in ancient times.

Scholars in Yingxian county have studied the historical origin of Yingxian place names from many aspects. Tomorrow's meeting explained that it was named after the dragon head of Yanmen echoed with the two mountains, which was obviously a side meeting. According to the Buddhist scriptures, the sacred objects of the Buddha "should go up to heaven, and should sprout under it, which is actually where they should be." "Heaven is full of sprouting" means the gods in the sky and all beings on the earth, and the place where the Buddha's bones and teeth are displayed is "Ying Di". The same is true of the origin of Yingxian's ancient name "Yingzhou". A pair of Buddha's teeth reappear in Yingxian county, which shows the reason of extraordinary victory. Yingxian must be the only place on earth, and Sagata is certainly the only Dojo where Buddha can show the world.

If you have a chance to see the Buddha's teeth enshrined in various temples in China, you will find that their sizes and shapes are obviously different from those of human beings at present, and people will inevitably be confused. Isn't Sakyamuni Buddha also the Prince of Gabriello in ancient India 2500 years ago? Why are Buddha's teeth so different from ours?

Doubt one

Is this really a Buddha tooth? Why is the Buddha's tooth so big and the shape is so obviously different from that of human teeth? Of course, all people who have doubts will naturally think, if the ancients used the teeth of other animals instead, why not choose the teeth of people who are easy to get instead?

In fact, there is a clear record in the Buddhist scriptures: according to the scriptures, the Buddha's treasure is solemn, "thirty-two phases and eighty kinds of goodness." Among the "thirty-two phases and eighty kinds of goodness", there are three phases and two kinds of goodness about "Buddha's tooth".

Its "three stages" are:

1 .22 phase: 40 tooth phase

2. Twenty-three phases: the tooth spacing is close.

3. Twenty-four phases: tooth white butter.

The "second best" is:

1.34 Good: teeth are neat and bright.

2. Thirty-five good: teeth are long and smooth.

Doubt 2

Can a Buddha's tooth be this long? The Buddhist scriptures also say that Sakyamuni Buddha is the body of Liu Zhang, which means that the height of Buddha is 4.5 times that of modern people. Sakyamuni has 8 more "teeth" than normal people, and 20 teeth in the upper and lower jaws. The characteristic of its tooth phase should be that the end face of the square column is flat, and the ratio is 1: 0.0 14. It can be inferred that the length of teeth should be 6-8 cm.

According to the records in Thirty-two Phases and Eighty Kinds of Kindness, the "one phase" and "one goodness" of the tooth refers to the tooth "yellow and white, square column, sparkling and crystal clear".

Because the Buddha has 40 teeth, 20 on the top and 20 on the bottom, its end face must be smooth, otherwise the Buddha's mouth will not disturb, and it looks strange.

According to the Buddhist scriptures, the spiritual teeth left by the Buddha will grow fine lines on the root alveoli and teeth.

Tang Xuanzang's Biography of the Western Regions in the Tang Dynasty Kashmir Republic records that Master Xuanzang once worshipped Buddha's teeth in West India, which were three inches long and shiny.

According to Buddhist classics and historical records, the color, size and shape of the two Buddha's teeth collected by Sagata in the Buddha Palace Temple in Yingxian County are completely consistent with Buddhist classics. As Master Huili, a great monk in Taiwan Province Province and an African Buddhist instructor, said, "Before the tower is built, a bodhisattva must reach the earth and exist in the world, attracting all beings with various conveniences, and the tower can be built."

In the Book of Songs, "the mountain rises and the scenery stops". A pair of Buddha's teeth in Sagata of Buddha Palace Temple in Yingxian County have been regarded as mountains and scenic avenues in people's minds for thousands of years. We should pay tribute to them and practice them. Be kind to the earth, and look at the Buddha's teeth to be kind. Isn't this the meaning of every pilgrim's life?

Edit the structure of Yingxian wooden tower in this section.

Yingxian Wooden Pagoda is the tallest and oldest heavy-duty pure wooden pagoda in China, with a total height of 67.3m, which is16.4m higher than the famous Beijing White Pagoda. The tower is divided into five floors and six eaves, if you add four dark floors inside.

Wooden Pagoda in Yingxian County, Shuozhou, Shanxi (local)

, can also be regarded as nine layers. This tower was built in the second year of Qing Ning in Liao Dynasty (AD 1056), and it has been more than 940 years since. Although it has experienced wind and rain, strong earthquakes and artillery bombardment (there are countless bullet marks on the tower, and embedded warheads can be seen), it still stands. It is made of bucket arches and column beams, which are connected by more than 50 kinds of bucket arches without nails and riveting. The ancient people's skills in solving architectural problems are incredible even for modern people. For example, the eaves of the cloister at the bottom of the tower are supported by 24 wooden columns. At rest, the load of each column in the lower layer is 120 tons, but the stone foundation under the column has no socket at all, and the cross section of the wooden column stands directly on the stone foundation. It is said that there was once a curious person holding a thin rope in both hands and passing between a stone foundation and a wooden column. Therefore, there is a legend among the people that 24 wooden pillars are intermittent in turn. The whole tower is equipped with wooden stairs, which can climb to each floor step by step, and each floor has a different landscape. A pair of silver threshold couplets on the third floor is well written:' I can't see you open three hundred miles, pick up your clothes and try to come to the sixth floor'; The wooden couplets on the east and west sides of the outer trough on the third floor read:' Looking down at the mulberry trunk, the waves are like a belt, and Heng Yue is as green as a screen', which tells the scenery of the surrounding mountains and trees. The most special thing is that the Buddha statues enshrined in this tower are very large and have high carving skills. Siddhartha Gautama Gundam on the first floor 1 1 meter. Looking up from the tower, it is even more magnificent. Surrounded by murals of King Kong, King of Heaven, disciples and diners, the brushwork is exquisite and vivid, which is a unique painting style of Liao Dynasty. The second floor was suddenly illuminated by the light from all directions, and one main Buddha and two bodhisattvas were arranged in a vivid way. The third, fourth and fifth floors are also equipped with bodhisattva statues and Buddha statues. The Buddha statues at different levels have different structures. Among the many pagodas in China, this pagoda is outstanding in architectural technology, interior decoration and carving skills.

Mystery of Millennium Immortality of Yingxian Wooden Pagoda

As the tallest and oldest wooden pagoda in the world, Yingxian wooden pagoda is 67.38+0 meters high. According to research, in the past thousand years, Yingxian Wooden Pagoda not only suffered from day and night, seasonal changes, wind, frost, rain and snow erosion, but also suffered many strong earthquakes, including more than a dozen earthquakes with cracks exceeding five degrees.

According to historical records, in April of the ninth year of Yuan Dade, a strong earthquake of magnitude 6.5 occurred on Datong Road, and thunder rumbled and spread to wooden towers. In Yuan Shundi, on the seventh day of Yingzhou earthquake, all the buildings next to the tower collapsed, but the wooden tower still stood. In modern times, several major earthquakes occurred in Xingtai, Tangshan, Datong and Yanggao, all of which affected Yingxian County. The wooden tower swaggered and all the wind chimes rang for more than a minute. After that, the wooden tower still stands tall. Ruthless lightning strikes and long-term strong winds outside the Great Wall have given the wooden tower arrogance, and the war and chaos have also hurt the wooden tower. 1926 During the warlord melee, the wooden tower was shot more than 200 times, and the bullet marks were still visible. However, the wooden tower is strong and unyielding, and still stands proudly, stabbing the sky.

The mystery of the building structure, the particularity of the surrounding environment and the factors of artificial protection make it reasonable that the wooden tower will not fall down for thousands of years.

Thousands of years later, ancient craftsmen practiced modern architectural theory.

Since 1930s, many experts and scholars in China have devoted themselves to the research and exploration of the mystery of wooden pagoda.

Edit this paragraph. The seismic design of wooden tower is more modern than that of modern one.

Ye Keming and Jiang Huancheng, academicians of China Academy of Engineering, believe that the reason why the wooden tower can not fall down for thousands of years is that from the perspective of structural mechanics, the structure of the wooden tower is very scientific and reasonable, combining rigidity with flexibility, and the energy consumption is huge, even exceeding the scientific and technological level of modern architecture.

From the structural point of view, the general ancient buildings adopt rectangular, single-layer hexagonal or octagonal planes. The wooden tower is octagonal with inner and outer sleeves, and the plane of the wooden tower is divided into inner and outer grooves. The inner groove is dedicated to the Buddha statue, and the outer groove is for personnel activities. There are floor covers, railings, popper, beams, squares, etc. between the inner and outer grooves, which are connected vertically and horizontally to form a double-layer tubular structure with strong rigidity. In this way, the lodging resistance of the wooden tower is greatly enhanced.

The wooden tower is five stories in appearance, but it is actually nine stories. There is a dark layer between every two layers. From the outside, this kind of dark floor is a decorative bucket arch flat seat structure, but from the inside, it is a solid structural floor, and the building treatment is extremely ingenious. In the process of strengthening in past dynasties, many chordal and meridional braces were scientifically added to the dark layer, forming a frame structure layer similar to the modern one. The structural layer has good mechanical properties. With these four ring beams, the strength and seismic performance of the wooden tower are greatly enhanced.

Bucket arch is a unique structural form of ancient Chinese architecture, which connects beams, beams and columns into a whole. Because the bucket arch is not rigidly connected, when subjected to horizontal forces such as strong wind and earthquake, there will be some displacement and friction between the wood, which can absorb and lose some energy and play a role in adjusting deformation. In addition, the structural layer composed of flat-seated bucket arches and beams in the inner and outer grooves of the wooden tower combines the inner and outer circles into a rigid whole. In this way, the elasticity and rigidity will enhance the seismic capacity of the wooden tower. There are nearly 60 kinds of bucket arches in Yingxian Wooden Pagoda with different shapes and functions. It is the most widely used and beautifully designed building among the ancient buildings in China, and it can be called the Dougong Museum.